MDGA2 Constrains Glutamatergic Inputs Selectively onto CA1 Pyramidal Neurons to Optimize Neural Circuits for Plasticity, Memory, and Social Behavior.

Synapse organizers are essential for the development, transmission, and plasticity of synapses. Acting as rare synapse suppressors, the MAM domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (MDGA) proteins contributes to synapse organization by inhibiting the formation of the synaptogenic neuroligin-neurexin complex. A previous analysis of MDGA2 mice lacking a single copy of Mdga2 revealed upregulated glutamatergic synapses and behaviors consistent with autism. However, MDGA2 is expressed in diverse cell types and is localized to both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Differentiating the network versus cell-specific effects of MDGA2 loss-of-function requires a cell-type and brain region-selective strategy. To address this, we generated mice harboring a conditional knockout of Mdga2 restricted to CA1 pyramidal neurons. Here we report that MDGA2 suppresses the density and function of excitatory synapses selectively on pyramidal neurons in the mature hippocampus. Conditional deletion of Mdga2 in CA1 pyramidal neurons of adult mice upregulated miniature and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 intensity, and neuronal excitability. These effects were limited to glutamatergic synapses as no changes were detected in miniature and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic potential properties or vesicular GABA transporter intensity. Functionally, evoked basal synaptic transmission and AMPAR receptor currents were enhanced at glutamatergic inputs. At a behavioral level, memory appeared to be compromised in Mdga2 cKO mice as both novel object recognition and contextual fear conditioning performance were impaired, consistent with deficits in long-term potentiation in the CA3-CA1 pathway. Social affiliation, a behavioral analog of social deficits in autism, was similarly compromised. These results demonstrate that MDGA2 confines the properties of excitatory synapses to CA1 neurons in mature hippocampal circuits, thereby optimizing this network for plasticity, cognition, and social behaviors.

Early Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is Decelerated by Improved Endothelial Barrier Function via ALDH2-LIN28B-ELK3 Signaling.

The involvement of endothelial barrier function in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and its upstream regulators remains unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing shows that disrupted endothelial focal junction is an early (3 days) and persistent (28 days) event during Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AAA progression. Consistently, mRNA sequencing on human aortic dissection tissues confirmed downregulated expression of endothelial barrier-related genes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), a negative regulator of AAA, is found to be upregulated in the intimal media of AAA samples, leading to testing its role in early-stage AAA. ALDH2 knockdown/knockout specifically in endothelial cells (ECs) significantly increases expression of EC barrier markers related to focal adhesion and tight junction, restores endothelial barrier integrity, and suppresses early aortic dilation of AAA (7 and 14 days post-Ang II). Mechanically, ELK3 acts as an ALDH2 downstream regulator for endothelial barrier function preservation. At the molecular level, ALDH2 directly binds to LIN28B, a regulator of ELK3 mRNA stability, hindering LIN28B binding to ELK3 mRNA, thereby depressing ELK3 expression and impairing endothelial barrier function. Therefore, preserving vascular endothelial barrier integrity via ALDH2-specific knockdown in ECs holds therapeutic potential in the early management of AAAs.

Whole brain inputs to major descending pathways of the anterior lateral motor cortex.

The anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) is critical to subsequent correct movements and plays a vital role in predicting specific future movements. Different descending pathways of the ALM are preferentially involved in different roles in movements. However, the circuit function mechanisms of these different pathways may be concealed in the anatomy circuit. Clarifying the anatomy inputs of these pathways should provide some helpful information for elucidating these function mechanisms. Here, we used a retrograde trans-synaptic rabies virus to systematically generate, analyze, and compare whole brain maps of inputs to the thalamus (TH)-, medulla oblongata (Med)-, superior colliculus (SC)-, and pontine nucleus (Pons)-projecting ALM neurons in C57BL/6J mice. Fifty-nine separate regions from nine major brain areas projecting to the descending pathways of the ALM were identified. Brain-wide quantitative analyses revealed identical whole brain input patterns between these descending pathways. Most inputs to the pathways originated from the ipsilateral side of the brain, with most innervations provided by the cortex and TH. The contralateral side of the brain also sent sparse projections, but these were rare, emanating only from the cortex and cerebellum. Nevertheless, the inputs received by TH-, Med-, SC-, and Pons-projecting ALM neurons had different weights, potentially laying an anatomical foundation for understanding the diverse functions of well-defined descending pathways of the ALM. Our findings provide anatomical information to help elucidate the precise connections and diverse functions of the ALM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Distinct descending pathways of anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) share common inputs. These inputs are with varied weights. Most inputs were from the ipsilateral side of brain. Preferential inputs were provided by cortex and thalamus (TH).

LincRNA-p21 Upregulates Nuclear Orphan Receptor Nr4a2 and Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Targeting MiR-466i-5p.

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can bring about more cardiomyocyte death and aggravate cardiac dysfunction, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of long intergenic noncoding RNA-p21 (LincRNA-p21) in myocardial I/R injury and its underlying mechanism. Mice were subjected to myocardial I/R injury by ligation and release of the left anterior descending artery, and HL-1 cardiomyocytes were treated with hydrogen peroxide. Infarct area, cardiac function, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were determined. Consequently, LincRNA-p21 was found to significantly be elevated both in the reperfused hearts and H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes. Moreover, genetic inhibition of LincRNA-p21 brought about reduced infarct area and improved cardiac function in mice subjected to myocardial I/R injury. LincRNA-p21 knockdown was also demonstrated to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, LincRNA-p21 silencing increased the expression of microRNA-466i-5p (miR-466i-5p) and suppressed the expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (Nr4a2). Mechanically, LincRNA-p21 downregulated and directly interacted with miR-466i-5p, while application of miR-466i-5p inhibitor promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis that was improved by LincRNA-p21 inhibition. Furthermore, Nr4a2 upregulation caused by LincRNA-p21 overexpression was partially reversed by miR-466i-5p mimics. Thus, LincRNA-p21 positively regulated the expression of Nr4a2, through sponging miR-466i-5p, promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis in myocardial I/R injury. The current study revealed a novel LincRNA-p21/miR-466i-5p/Nr4a2 pathway for myocardial I/R injury, indicating that LincRNA-p21 may serve as a potential target for future therapy.

Hydrogen therapy after resuscitation improves myocardial injury involving inhibition of autophagy in an asphyxial rat model of cardiac arrest.

Hydrogen (H2) therapy is a therapeutic strategy using molecular H2. Due to its ability to regulate cell homeostasis, H2 therapy has exhibited marked therapeutic effects on a number of oxidative stress-associated diseases. The present study investigated the effectiveness of H2 therapy in protecting against myocardial injury in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Rats underwent 10-min asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and were randomly divided into control and H2 therapy groups. After resuscitation, the H2 therapy group was administered room air mixed with 2% H2 gas for respiration. During CA/CPR, the arterial pressure and heart rate were measured every minute. Survival rate, cardiac function, myocardial injury biomarkers creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin-T, and histopathological changes were evaluated to determine the protective effects of H2 therapy in CA/CPR. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were used to determine the expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins. In vitro, H9C2 cells were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation and H2-rich medium was used in H2 treatment groups. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to observe the expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins. Moreover, an adenovirus-monomeric red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein-LC3 construct was used to explore the dynamics of autophagy in the H9C2 cells. The results showed that H2 therapy significantly improved post-resuscitation survival and cardiac function. H2 therapy also improved mitochondrial mass and decreased autophagosome numbers in cardiomyocytes after resuscitation. The treatment inhibited autophagy activation, with lower expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins and decreased autophagosome formation in vivo and vitro. In conclusion, H2 gas inhalation after return of spontaneous circulation improved cardiac function via the inhibition of autophagy.

Macrophage ALDH2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2) Stabilizing Rac2 Is Required for Efferocytosis Internalization and Reduction of Atherosclerosis Development.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies show that the most common single-point mutation in humans, ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2) rs671 mutation, is a risk factor for the development and poor prognosis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Apoptotic cells are phagocytosed and eliminated by macrophage efferocytosis during atherosclerosis, and enhancement of arterial macrophage efferocytosis reduces atherosclerosis development. METHODS: Plaque areas, necrotic core size, apoptosis, and efferocytosis in aortic lesions were investigated in APOE-/- mice with bone marrow transplanted from APOE-/-ALDH2-/- and APOE-/- mice. RNA-seq, proteomics, and immunoprecipitation experiments were used to screen and validate signaling pathways affected by ALDH2. Efferocytosis and protein levels were verified in human macrophages from wild-type and rs671 mutation populations. RESULTS: We found that transplanting bone marrow from APOE-/-ALDH2-/- to APOE-/- mice significantly increased atherosclerosis plaques compared with transplanting bone marrow from APOE-/- to APOE-/- mice. In addition to defective efferocytosis in plaques of APOE-/- mice bone marrow transplanted from APOE-/-ALDH2-/- mice in vivo, macrophages from ALDH2-/- mice also showed significantly impaired efferocytotic activity in vitro. Subsequent RNA-seq, proteomics, and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that wild-type ALDH2 directly interacted with Rac2 and attenuated its degradation due to decreasing the K48-linked polyubiquitination of lysine 123 in Rac2, whereas the rs671 mutant markedly destabilized Rac2. Furthermore, Rac2 played a more crucial role than other Rho GTPases in the internalization process in which Rac2 was up-regulated, activated, and clustered into dots. Overexpression of wild-type ALDH2 in ALDH2-/- macrophages, rather than the rs671 mutant, rescued Rac2 degradation and defective efferocytosis. More importantly, ALDH2 rs671 in human macrophages dampened the apoptotic cells induced upregulation of Rac2 and subsequent efferocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has uncovered a pivotal role of the ALDH2-Rac2 axis in mediating efferocytosis during atherosclerosis, highlighting a potential therapeutic strategy in cardiovascular diseases, especially for ALDH2 rs671 mutation carriers.

Inhaled B7 alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

Treatment options for the progression of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which ultimately causes respiratory failure, are limited. According to recent studies, recombinant human relaxin is potentially therapeutic against fibrosis and contraction during pulmonary damage. However, the production of recombinant H2 relaxin is laborious and expensive, limiting its extensive application. Thankfully, alternative research has revealed that treatment with a single-chain peptide of relaxin attenuates organ fibrosis in rodent models too, with the production of a single-chain peptide of relaxin simple and cheap; it could be therapeutic against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we explored the probable inhibiting effects of B7, a B chain of recombinant human relaxin, on bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation. Inhaled B7 efficiently reduced the number of inflammatory leukocytes and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice with bleomycin-induced PF, significantly improved the structure of the damaged alveolar, reduced collagen deposition, suppressed the main pathological features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, i.e. the expression of both pulmonary α-smooth muscle actin and pulmonary vimentin, and inhibited the transcription of inflammation and collagen deposition-related mRNAs, including fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and alpha-1 type 1 collagen (Col-1a), and the expression of inflammation-related proteins, such as IL-1ß, IL-6, chemokines (KC), TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), and hydroxyproline (Hyp). Overall, our findings suggest that inhaled B7 exerts beneficial effects against pulmonary fibrosis via attenuating inflammation. It could be developed into a simple, highly effective therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis.

Cross-Streams Through the Ventral Posteromedial Thalamic Nucleus to Convey Vibrissal Information.

Whisker detection is crucial to adapt to the environment for some animals, but how the nervous system processes and integrates whisker information is still an open question. It is well-known that two main parallel pathways through Ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) ascend to the barrel cortex, and classical theory suggests that the cross-talk from trigeminal nucleus interpolaris (Sp5i) to principal nucleus (Pr5) between the main parallel pathways contributes to the multi-whisker integration in barrel columns. Moreover, some studies suggest there are other cross-streams between the parallel pathways. To confirm their existence, in this study we used a dual-viral labeling strategy and high-resolution, large-volume light imaging to get the complete morphology of individual VPM neurons and trace their projections. We found some new thalamocortical projections from the ventral lateral part of VPM (VPMvl) to barrel columns. In addition, the retrograde-viral labeling and imaging results showed there were the large trigeminothalamic projections from Sp5i to the dorsomedial section of VPM (VPMdm). Our results reveal new cross-streams between the parallel pathways through VPM, which may involve the execution of multi-whisker integration in barrel columns.

4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Promotes Cardiomyocyte Necroptosis via Stabilizing Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 1.

Background: Necroptosis is a vital regulator of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Meanwhile, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is abundantly increased during MI/R injury. However, whether 4-HNE induces cardiomyocyte necroptosis during MI/R remains unknown. Methods: To observe the relationship between 4-HNE and necroptosis during MI/R, C57BL/6 mice and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2-transgenic (ALDH2-Tg) mice were both exposed to left anterior descending artery ligation surgery to establish MI/R injury models. For further study, isolated mouse hearts and H9c2 cells were both treated with 4-HNE to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results: Necroptosis and 4-HNE were both upregulated in I/R-injured hearts. Cardiomyocyte necroptosis was significantly decreased in I/R-injured hearts from ALDH2-Tg mice as compared with that of wild-type mice. In vitro studies showed that necroptosis was enhanced by 4-HNE perfusion in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Knockdown of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIP1) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented 4-HNE-induced cardiomyocyte necroptosis, manifesting that RIP1 played a key role in the upregulation of cell necroptosis by 4-HNE. Further studies found that 4-HNE reduced the protein degradation of RIP1 by preventing K48-polyubiquitination of RIP1. Conclusion: 4-HNE contributes to cardiomyocyte necroptosis by regulating ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation of RIP1.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 protects against acute kidney injury by regulating autophagy via the Beclin-1 pathway.

The mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) catalyzes the detoxification of acetaldehyde and endogenous lipid aldehydes. Approximately 40% of East Asians, accounting for 8% of the human population, carry the E504K mutation in ALDH2 that leads to accumulation of toxic reactive aldehydes and increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer disease, among others. However, the role of ALDH2 in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains poorly defined and is therefore the subject of the present study using various cellular and organismal sources. In murine models, in which AKI was induced by either the contrast agent iohexol or renal ischemia/reperfusion, KO, activation/overexpression of ALDH2 were associated with increased and decreased renal injury, respectively. In murine renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs), ALDH2 upregulated Beclin-1 expression, promoted autophagy activation, and eliminated ROS. In vivo and in vitro, both 3-MA and Beclin-1 siRNAs inhibited autophagy and abolished ALDH2-mediated renoprotection. In mice with iohexol-induced AKI, ALDH2 knockdown in RTECs using AAV-shRNA impaired autophagy activation and aggravated renal injury. In human renal proximal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells exposed to iohexol, ALDH2 activation potentiated autophagy and attenuated apoptosis. In mice with AKI induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, ALDH2 overexpression or pretreatment regulated autophagy mitigating apoptosis of RTECs and renal injury. In summary, our data collectively substantiate a critical role of ALDH2 in AKI via autophagy activation involving the Beclin-1 pathway.

Two sensitive characteristics and their overlap with two questions per card.

In this paper, we developed a new unique unrelated question randomized response model in which each card has two questions, either both questions on the sensitive characteristics or both questions on the two unrelated characteristics. The proposed model is unique in the sense this is the only way of asking two questions printed on each card that leads to protection of the privacy of the respondent. We first develop estimators of the prevalence of the two sensitive characteristics and of their overlap. Then we show that the resultant estimators are unbiased. Next we derive variance expressions for the developed estimators of the proportions. We also compute the relative efficiency and relative privacy protection of the proposed model with respect to its competitors. The variances of the proposed estimators are also verified by comparing them to the Cramer-Rao lower bounds of variance-covariance of the estimators. Estimators of conditional proportion, relative risk, and correlation coefficient are also discussed. Lastly, a real data application of the proposed model is considered, which shows the importance of the use of the proposed model in medical and social science studies.

Chemical sectioning fluorescence tomography: high-throughput, high-contrast, multicolor, whole-brain imaging at subcellular resolution.

A thorough neuroanatomical study of the brain architecture is crucial for understanding its cellular compositions, connections, and working mechanisms. However, the fine- and multiscale features of neuron structures make it challenging for microscopic imaging, as it requires high contrast and high throughput simultaneously. Here, we propose chemical sectioning fluorescence tomography (CSFT) to solve this problem. By chemically switching OFF/ON the fluorescent state of the labeled proteins (FPs), we light only the top layer as thin as submicron for imaging without background interference. Combined with the wide-field fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST) system, we have shown multicolor CSFT imaging. We also demonstrate mouse whole-brain imaging at the subcellular resolution, as well as the power for quantitative acquisition of synaptic-connection-related pyramidal dendritic spines and axon boutons on the brain-wide scale at the complete single-neuron level. We believe that the CSFT method would greatly facilitate our understanding of the brain-wide neuron networks.

Cytochrome c injection induced embryo loss.

Cytochrome c has been used as first-aid in the clinic for organs which are lacking oxygen. But recent report show cytochrome c injection destroys dendritic cells (DCs) which play a pivotal role in feto-maternal tolerance. However, it is not clear whether cytochrome c injection causes abortion. The cytochrome c was injected by tail vein of mice at the Day 5.5 of pregnancy (E5.5) after mating with male BALB/c mice. The total number of implantations and resorption sites was recorded at the E12.5 in pregnant mice. Expression of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis-α interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12 and transforming growth factor-ß in the mouse endometrium was measured by ELISA. Injection of cytochrome c via tail vein at the E5.5 induced fetal resorption at E12.5, and evoked an immune imbalance at the maternal-fetal interface. Notably, injection of mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) rescued the cytochrome c-evoked embryo resorption. The present study suggests cytochrome c injection causes embryo resorption in mice, hinting caution regarding the use of cytochrome c in pregnant women. In addition, it may provide an easy and novel way to establish a mouse model of abortion.HighlightsCytochrome c injection induced fetal rejection.Cytochrome c injection leads to a T helper 1/T helper 2 imbalance at the maternal-fetal interface.A mouse model of abortion was established by injecting tail vein with cytochrome c.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 protects against sympathetic excitation-induced cardiac fibrosis.

Sympathetic stimulated-cardiac fibrosis imposes great significance on both disease progression and survival in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. However, there are few effective therapies targeting it clinically. The cardioprotective effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has been explored in many pathological conditions, whether it can exert benefit effects on chronic sympathetic stimulus-induced cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we determined to explore the role of ALDH2 on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibroblasts (CF) proliferation and cardiac fibrosis. It was found that ALDH2 enzymatic activity was impaired in ISO-induced HCF proliferation and Aldh2 deficiency promoted mouse CF proliferation. Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, exerted obvious suppressive effect on ISO-induced HCF proliferation, together with the induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and decreased expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Mechanistically, the inhibitory role of Alda-1 on HCF proliferation was achieved by decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which was partially reversed by rotenone, an inducer of ROS. In addition, wild-type mice treated with Alda-1 manifested with reduced fibrosis and better cardiac function after ISO pump. In summary, Alda-1 alleviates sympathetic excitation-induced cardiac fibrosis via decreasing mitochondrial ROS accumulation, highlighting ALDH2 activity as a promising drug target of cardiac fibrosis.

Trophoblast H2S Maintains Early Pregnancy via Regulating Maternal-Fetal Interface Immune Hemostasis.

CONTEXT: Dysregulated immune hemostasis occurs in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Synthesized by cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) promotes regulatory T-cell differentiation and regulates immune hemostasis; yet, its role in URSA is elusive. OBJECTIVE: To determine if H2S plays a role in early pregnancy and if dysregulated H2S signaling results in recurrent spontaneous abortion. DESIGN: First trimester placenta villi and decidua were collected from normal and URSA pregnancies. Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Human trophoblast HTR8/SVneo and JEG3 cells were treated with H2S donors; HTR8/SVneo cells were transfected with CBS ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) or complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Cell migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays; trophoblast transcriptomes were determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Wild-type, CBS-deficient, and CBA/J × DBA/2 mice were treated with CBS and CSE inhibitors or H2S donors to determine the role of H2S in early pregnancy in vivo. RESULTS: CBS and CSE proteins showed cell-specific expressions, but only CBS decreased in the villous cytotrophoblast in URSA versus normal participants. H2S donors promoted migration and invasion and MMP-2 and VEGF expression in human placenta trophoblast cells that contain SV40 viral deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (HTR8/SVneo) and human placenta trophoblast cells (JEG3 cells), similar to forced CBS expression in HTR8/SVneo cells. The CBS-responsive transcriptomes in HTR8/SVneo cells contained differentially regulated genes (ie, interleukin-1 receptor and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2) that are associated with nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory response. In vivo, dysregulated CBS/H2S signaling significantly increased embryonic resorption and decidual T-helper 1/T-helper 2 imbalance in mice, which was partially rescued by H2S donors. CONCLUSION: CBS/H2S signaling maintains early pregnancy, possibly via regulating maternal-fetal interface immune hemostasis, offering opportunities for H2S-based immunotherapies for URSA.

Changes in the Th9 cell population and related cytokines in the peripheral blood of infants with recurrent wheezing.

INTRODUCTION: T helper type 9 (Th9) cells have been shown to play a key role in initiating allergic reactions and promoting airway inflammation. However, to the best of our knowledge, their role has not been analyzed in infants with recurrent wheezing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a case-control study including 34 infants with recurrent wheezing and the same number of healthy infants as controls; all subjects were aged 1- to 3-years-old. The Th9 cell populations in the peripheral blood of these subjects were analyzed using flow cytometry, along with the assessment of Th9- and Th2-related plasma cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-33, and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) using a Luminex 200 immunoassay. RESULTS: Our results indicatedthat infants with recurrent wheezing had higher percentages of Th9 cells (median, 0.69%; range, 0.46-1.08%) as compared to healthy infants (median, 0.25%, range, 0.13-0.36%; p < 0.05). In addition, infants with recurrent wheezing also exhibited higher plasma levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-33, and TGF-ß1. Furthermore, the percentage of Th9 cells was positively correlated with the levels of IL-4 (r = 0.408, p < 0.05) and IL-9 (r = 0.644, p < 0.05) in the peripheral blood of wheezing infants. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the percentage of Th9 cells is increased in infants with recurrent wheezing; thus, Th9 cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheezing.

Prevention of aortic dissection and aneurysm via an ALDH2-mediated switch in vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype.

AIMS: Aortic aneurysm/dissection (AAD) is a life-threatening disorder lacking effective pharmacotherapeutic remedies. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) polymorphism is tied with various risk factors for AAD including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and hypercholesterolaemia although direct correlation between the two remains elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two independent case-control studies were conducted involving 307 AAD patients and 399 healthy controls in two geographically distinct areas in China. Our data revealed that subjects carrying mutant ALDH2 gene possessed a ∼50% reduced risk of AAD compared with wild-type (WT) alleles. Using 3-aminopropionitrile fumarate (BAPN)- and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AAD animal models, inhibition of ALDH2 was found to retard development of AAD. Mechanistically, ALDH2 inhibition ablated pathological vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypical switch through interaction with myocardin, a determinant of VSMC contractile phenotype. Using microarray and bioinformatics analyses, ALDH2 deficiency was found to down-regulate miR-31-5p, which further altered myocardin mRNA level. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies verified that miR-31-5p significantly repressed myocardin level and aggravated pathological VSMC phenotypical switch and AAD, an effect that was blunted by ALDH2 inhibition. We next noted that ALDH2 deficiency increased Max expression and decreased miR-31-5p level. Moreover, ALDH2 mutation or inhibition down-regulated levels of miR-31-5p while promoting myocardin downstream contractile genes in the face of Ang II in primary human VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS: ALDH2 deficiency is associated with a lower risk of AAD in patients and mice, possibly via suppressing VSMC phenotypical switch in a miR-31-5p-myocardin-dependent manner. These findings favour a role for ALDH2 and miR-31-5p as novel targets for AAD therapy.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Protects Against Post-Cardiac Arrest Myocardial Dysfunction Through a Novel Mechanism of Suppressing Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production.

Post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction significantly contributes to early mortality after the return of spontaneous circulation. However, no effective therapy is available now. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzyme has been shown to protect the heart from aldehyde toxicity such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated the effect of enhanced activity or expression of ALDH2 on post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction and survival in a rat cardiac arrest model. Furthermore, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms with a focus on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a cell hypoxia/reoxygenation model. A total of 126 rats were used for the ALDH2 activation or cardiac overexpression of ALDH2 studies. Randomization was done 10 min before the respective agonist injection or in vivo gene delivery. We showed that enhanced activity or expression of ALDH2 significantly improved contractile function of the left ventricle and survival rate in rats subjected to cardiac arrest-cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedure. Moreover, ALDH2 prevented cardiac arrest-induced cardiomyocyte death from apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. Mechanistically, 4-HNE, a representative substrate of ALDH2, was dominantly increased in the hypoxia/reoxygenation-exposed cardiomyocytes. Direct addition of 4-HNE led to significantly augmented succinate accumulation and mitochondrial ROS production. Through metabolizing 4-HNE, ALDH2 significantly inhibited mitochondrial ROS production. Our findings provide compelling evidence of the cardioprotective effects of ALDH2 and therapeutic targeting this enzyme would provide an important approach for treating post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction.

rAAV2-Retro Enables Extensive and High-Efficient Transduction of Lower Motor Neurons following Intramuscular Injection.

The motor system controls muscle movement through lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Lower motor neurons are efferent neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by axonal projections that reach specific targets in the periphery. Lower motor neuron lesions result in the denervation and dysfunction of peripheral skeletal muscle. Great progress has been made to develop therapeutic strategies to transduce lower motor neurons with genes. However, the widespread distribution of lower motor neurons makes their specific, extensive, and efficient transduction a challenge. In this study, we demonstrated that, compared to the other tested recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotypes, rAAV2-retro mediated the most efficient retrograde transduction of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord following intramuscular injection in neonatal mice. A single injection of rAAV2-retro in a single muscle enabled the efficient and extensive transduction of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem rather than transducing only the lower motor neurons connected to the injected muscle. rAAV2-retro achieved the extensive transduction of lower motor neurons by the cerebrospinal fluid pathway. Our work suggests that gene delivery via the intramuscular injection of rAAV2-retro represents a promising tool in the development of gene therapy strategies for motor neuron diseases.

ALDH2 Activation Inhibited Cardiac Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transformation Via the TGF-ß1/Smad Signaling Pathway.

Pathological stimulus-triggered differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts plays a major role in the development of myocardial fibrosis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) was reported to exert a protective role in cardiovascular disease, and whether ALDH2 is involved in cardiac fibroblast differentiation remains unclear. In this study, we used transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) to induce the differentiation of human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and adopted ALDH2 activator Alda-1 to verify the influence of ALDH2 on HCF differentiation. Results showed that ALDH2 activity was obviously impaired when treating HCFs with TGF-ß1. Activation of ALDH2 with Alda-1 inhibited the transformation of HCFs into myofibroblasts, demonstrated by the decreased smooth muscle actin (α-actin) and periostin expression, reduced HCF-derived myofibroblast proliferation, collagen production, and contractility. Moreover, application of Smad2/3 inhibitor alleviated TGF-ß1-induced HCF differentiation and improved ALDH2 activity, which was reversed by the application of ALDH2 inhibitor daidzin. Finally, Alda-1-induced HCF alterations alleviated neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, supported by the immunostaining of α-actin. To summarize, activation of ALDH2 enzymatic activity inhibited the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts via the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway, which might be a promising strategy to relieve myocardial fibrosis of various causes.