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Electricity-driven oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a highly attractive strategy for biomass transformation. However, achieving industrial-grade current densities remains a great challenge. Herein, by modulating the water content in a solvothermal system, Ni3S2/NF with stabilized and shorter Ni-S bonds as well as a tunable coordination environment of Ni sites was fabricated. The prepared Ni3S2/NF was highly efficient for electrocatalytic oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA, and the FDCA yield and Faraday efficiency could reach 98.8% and 97.6% at the HMF complete conversion. More importantly, an industrial-grade current density of 1000 mA cm-2 could be achieved at a potential of only 1.45 V vs. RHE for HMFOR and the current density could exceed 500 mA cm-2 with other bio-based compounds as the reactants. The excellent performance of Ni3S2/NF originated from the shorter Ni-S bonds and its better electrochemical properties, which significantly promoted the dehydrogenation step of oxidizing HMF. Besides, the gram-scale FDCA production could be realized on Ni3S2/NF in a MEA reactor. This work provides a robust electrocatalyst with high potential for practical applications for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived compounds.
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Natural polymer-derived nanofibrils have gained significant interest in diverse fields. However, production of bio-nanofibrils with the hierarchical structures such as fibrillar structures and crystalline features remains a great challenge. Herein, an all-natural strategy for simple, green, and scalable top-down exfoliation silk nanofibrils (SNFs) in novel renewable deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed by amino acids and D-sorbitol is innovatively developed. The DES-exfoliated SNFs with a controllable fibrillar structures and intact crystalline features, novelty preserving the hierarchical structure of natural silk fibers. Owing to the amphiphilic nature, the DES-exfoliated SNFs show excellent capacity of assisting the exfoliation of several 2D-layered materials, i.e., h-BN, MoS2, and WS2. More importantly, the SNFs-assisted dispersion of BNNSs with a concentration of 59.3% can be employed to construct SNFs/BNNSs nanocomposite membranes with excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 416.7 MPa, tensile modulus of 3.86 GPa and toughness of 1295.4 KJ·m-3) and thermal conductivity (in-plane thermal conductivity coefficient of 3.84 W·m-1·K-1), enabling it to possess superior cooling efficiency compared with the commercial silicone pad.
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BACKGROUND: Statins are lipid-lowering drugs with favorable anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to explore different statin-based lipid-lowering strategies to reduce high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). HYPOTHESIS: The hypothesis is that different statin-based lipid-lowering strategies might reduce hs-CRP. METHODS: This retrospective study included 3653 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Three statin-based lipid-lowering strategies were investigated, including different types of statins (atorvastatin vs. rosuvastatin), statin combined with ezetimibe therapy (vs. without), and intensive statin therapy (vs. regular). The hs-CRP levels and blood lipid indicators were measured at baseline and after 1-month lipid-lowering therapy. Multivariable linear regression analysis and structural equation mode analysis were conducted to verify the association between different lipid-lowering strategies, Δhs-CRP (%) and ΔLDL-C (%). RESULTS: Totally, 3653 patients were enrolled with an average age of 63.81 years. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that statin combined with ezetimibe therapy was significantly associated with decreased Δhs-CRP (%) (ß = -0.253, 95% CI: [-0.501 to -0.005], p = 0.045). The increased ΔLDL-C (%) was an independent predictor of elevated levels of Δhs-CRP (%) (ß = 0.487, 95% CI: [0.15-0.824], p = 0.005). Furthermore, structural equation model analysis proved that statin combined with ezetimibe therapy (ß = -0.300, p < 0.001) and intensive statin therapy (ß = -0.032, p = 0.043) had an indirect negative effect on Δhs-CRP via ΔLDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with routine statin use, statin combined with ezetimibe therapy and intensive statin therapy could further reduce hs-CRP levels.
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Biomarcadores , Proteína C-Reativa , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Ezetimiba , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Feminino , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores/sangue , Resultado do Tratamento , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Ezetimiba/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Idoso , Rosuvastatina Cálcica/uso terapêutico , Atorvastatina/uso terapêutico , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Dislipidemias/diagnósticoRESUMO
The Nickel-based catalysts have a good catalytic effect on the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural electrooxidation reaction (HMFOR), but limited by the conversion potential of Ni2+ /Ni3+ , 1.35 V versus RHE, the HMF electrooxidation potential of nickel-based catalysts is generally greater than 1.35 V versus RHE. Considering fluorine has the highest Pauling electronegativity and similar atomic radius of oxygen, the introduction of fluorine into the lattice of metal oxides might promote the adsorption of intermediate species, thus improving the catalytic performance. F is successfully doped into the lattice structure of NiCo2 O4 spinel oxide by the strategy of hydrothermal reaction and low-temperature fluorination. As is confirmed by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, the introduction of F weakens the interaction force of metal-oxygen covalent bonds of the asymmetric MT -O-MO backbone and improves the valence of Ni in tetrahedra structure, which makes it easier to be oxidized to higher valence active Ni3+ under the action of electric field and promotes the adsorption of OH- , while the decrease of Co valence enhances the adsorption of HMF with the catalyst. Combining the above reasons, F-NiCo2 O4 shows superb electrocatalytic performance with a potential of only 1.297 V versus RHE at a current density of 20 mA cm-2 , which is lower than the most catalyst.
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Background: Cardiomyocyte ischemia and hypoxia are important causes of oxidative stress damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in coronary heart disease (CHD). Epidemiological investigation has shown that eating more plant-based foods, such as vegetables and fruits, may significantly decrease the risk of CHD. As natural antioxidants, botanicals have fewer toxic side effects than chemical drugs and have great potential for development. Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is composed of flavan-3-ol and epicatechin and has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether PB2 exerts protective effects on hypoxic cardiomyocytes has remained unclear. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of PB2 against cardiomyocyte hypoxia and to provide new treatment strategies and ideas for myocardial ischemia and hypoxia in CHD. Methods and results: A hypoxic cardiomyocyte model was constructed, and a CCK-8 assay proved that PB2 had a protective effect on cardiomyocytes in a hypoxic environment. DCFH fluorescence staining, DHE staining, and BODIPY lipid oxidation assessment revealed that PB2 reduced the oxidative stress levels of cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions. TUNEL staining, Annexin V/PI fluorescence flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis of the expression of the apoptosis marker protein cleaved caspase-3 confirmed that PB2 reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. JC-1 staining indicated that PB2 reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. In addition, transcriptomic analysis proved that the expression of 158 genes in cardiomyocytes was significantly changed after PB2 was added during hypoxia, of which 53 genes were upregulated and 105 genes were downregulated. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that the activity of cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins and other molecules was changed significantly in the biological process category. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the IL-17 signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway underwent significant changes. We also performed metabolomic analysis and found that the levels of 51 metabolites were significantly changed after the addition of PB2 to cardiomyocytes during hypoxia. Among them, 39 metabolites exhibited increased levels, while 12 metabolites exhibited decreased levels. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism and other metabolic pathways underwent remarkable changes. Conclusion: This study proves that PB2 can reduce the oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes during hypoxia to play a protective role. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses preliminarily revealed signaling pathways and metabolic pathways that are related to its protective mechanism. These findings lay a foundation for further research on the role of PB2 in the treatment of CHD and provide new ideas and new perspectives for research on PB2 in the treatment of other diseases.
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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are excellent catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of their tunable properties, including chemical composition and structural morphology. An interplay between these adjustable properties and other (including external) factors might not always benefit the OER catalytic activity of LDHs. Therefore, we applied machine learning algorithms to simulate the double-layer capacitance to understand how to design/tune LDHs with targeted catalytic properties. The key factors of solving this task were identified using the Shapley Additive explanation and cerium was identified as an effective element to modify the double-layer capacitance. We also compared different modelling methods to identify the most promising one and the results revealed that binary representation is better than directly applying atom numbers as inputs for chemical compositions. Overpotentials of LDH-based materials as predicted targets were also carefully examined and evaluated, and it turns out that overpotentials can be predicted when measurement conditions about overpotentials are added as features. Finally, to confirm our findings, we reviewed additional experimental literature data and used them to test our machine algorithms to predict LDH properties. This analysis confirmed the very credible and robust generalization ability of our final model capable of achieving accurate results even with a relatively small dataset.
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BACKGROUNDS: There have pieces of evidence of the distinct aberrant functional network topology profile in bipolar disorder (BD) across mania, depression, and euthymic episodes. However, the underlying anatomical network topology pattern in BD across different episodes is unclear. METHODS: We calculated the whole-brain probabilistic structurally connectivity across 143 subjects (72 with BD [34 depression; 13 mania; 25 euthymic] and 53 healthy controls), and used graph theory to examine the trait- and state-related topology alterations of the structural connectome in BD. The correlation analysis was further conducted to explore the relationship between detected network measures and clinical symptoms. RESULTS: There no omnibus alteration of any global network metrics were observed across all diagnostic groups. In the regional network metrics level, bipolar depression showed increased clustering coefficient in the right lingual gyrus compared with all other groups, and the increased clustering coefficient in the right lingual gyrus positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and illness burden symptoms but negatively correlated with mania symptoms; manic and euthymic patients showed decreased clustering coefficient in the left inferior occipital gyrus compared with HCs. LIMITATIONS: The moderate sample size of all patient groups (especially for subjects with mania) might have contributed to the negative findings of the trait feature in this study. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the altered regional connectivity pattern in the occipital lobe of the bipolar depression and mania episode, especially the lingual gyrus. The association of the clustering coefficient in the lingual gyrus with clinical symptoms helps monitor the state of BD.
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Transtorno Bipolar , Conectoma , Humanos , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico por imagem , Mania , Depressão/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The 2D layered metal hydroxides (LMHs) have been developed for electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In this work, an effective strategy is proposed to tailor the electronic structure of active sites at the atomic level, which is by introducing defects into the lattice structure. As an example, a series of ultrathin crumpled ternary NiVW-LMH electrocatalysts with abundant lattice vacancies (denoted as NiVWv -LMH) are prepared in this way. The introduction of tungsten (W) endows the catalyst with a special crumpled structure, which promotes the generation of lattice vacancies and thus exposes more unsaturated Ni activity sites. The NiVWv -LMH displays superb performance in the electrooxidation of HMF. The Tafel slope for electrodehydrogenation of Ni2+ OH bond to Ni(OH)O species is 12.04 mV dec-1 . The current density at 1.43 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) toward the oxidation reaction of HMF reaches about 193 mA cm-2 , which is better than most of the common electrocatalysts, with an 5.37-fold improvement compared with Ni(OH)2 electrode. The preparation strategy demonstrates in this work can be useful for developing highly efficient electrocatalysts.
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Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major challenge to cardiovascular health worldwide, with poor healing leaving a direct impact on patients' quality of life and survival. Metabolic abnormalities after MI are receiving increasing attention. Our previous studies showed that enhancing proline catabolism ameliorates hypoxic damage to myocardial cells; therefore, we sought to determine whether reducing the synthesis of endogenous proline also affects MI. We analysed GEO datasets associated with MI and western blot of mouse heart tissue in an MI model to demonstrate pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (Pycr1) expression level after MI. We constructed Pycr1 KO mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to explore the effect of Pycr1 gene KO after MI using transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques. In this study, we found reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of Pycr1 in the hearts of mice after MI. We observed that Pycr1 gene KO has a protective effect against MI, reducing the area of MI and improving heart function. Using transcriptomics approaches, we found 215 upregulated genes and 247 downregulated genes after KO of the Pycr1 gene, indicating that unsaturated fatty acid metabolism was affected at the transcriptional level. Metabolomics results revealed elevated content for 141 metabolites and decreased content for 90 metabolites, among which the levels of fatty acids, glycerol phospholipids, bile acids, and other metabolites increased significantly. The changes in these metabolites may be related to the protective effect of Pycr1 KO on the heart after MI. Pycr1 gene KO has a protective effect against MI and our research will lay a solid foundation for the development of future Pycr1-related drug targets.
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Infarto do Miocárdio , Pirrolina Carboxilato Redutases , Animais , Camundongos , Metabolômica , Infarto do Miocárdio/genética , Prolina , Pirrolina Carboxilato Redutases/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , delta-1-Pirrolina-5-Carboxilato RedutaseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics among pharmacists in medical institutions in Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China, in order to determine the problems and provide support for the correct management of antibiotics. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted, which included the basic information of the respondents, the basic knowledge of antimicrobial management, and the related knowledge of antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS: 462 pharmacists were investigated. The average score of the knowledge related to the rational use of antibiotics was 10.49±4.05. It showed that the hospital type, grade, pharmacist's education, professional title and working years all had an effect on the pharmacist's mastery of antimicrobial-related knowledge (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hospital grade and pharmacist's education were the main influencing factors (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Pharmacists have insufficient knowledge about the rational application of antibacterial drugs. It is essential to strengthen the training of management regulations and the application of antibacterial drugs.
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Hospitais , Farmacêuticos , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , ChinaRESUMO
Selective dissolution of industrial biowaste is of significant importance for the valorization of biomass. Especially, fractionation of polysaccharides with similar structures is more challenging. Herein, a new kind of cationic hydrotrope, tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH), has been developed for rapid, efficient, and selective dissolution of industrial biowastes-xylan type hemicelluloses from viscose fiber mills. When the concentration of TEAH is 15 wt%, the solubility of industrial crystalline xylan reaches to 13.39 wt% at room temperature. Crystalline or amorphous xylan can be regenerated by adding water or ethanol, with 57.98 % and 95.45 % yields, respectively. Additionally, we showcase hemicelluloses were near-completely extracted from holocellulose without degrading cellulose under ambient temperature by simply adjusting the concentration of TEAH, demonstrating the advantage of the hydrotropic feature. This hydrotrope solvent system features selective, rapid, and room temperature dissolution polysaccharides, which will shed new light in technological applications of the industrial spinning or biorefining processes.
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Polissacarídeos , Xilanos , Solubilidade , Temperatura , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
Utilization of naturally occurring resources to construct functional catalytic materials is significantly important, and facile and environmental-benign strategies are highly desired to afford the materials having a specific structure and good catalytic activity. Herein, we reported an innovative deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted strategy to synthesize zirconium phytate with a thin nanosheet structure (denoted as Zr-Phy-DES) using plant-originated phytic acid (PhyA) as the renewable building block. This strategy was eco-friendly and adjustable owing to the designability of DESs. The Zr-Phy-DES as an acidic catalyst showed high activity on two important biomass transformations, i.e., dehydration of carbohydrates and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of ethyl levulinate. Interestingly, Zr-Phy-DES showed higher catalytic performance than the zirconium phytates prepared in ethylene glycol and N,N-dimethylformamide, confirming the advantage of DESs for preparing functional materials. Notably, the unique feature of this proposed strategy is that renewable catalysts are prepared in an environmental-benign solvent for efficiently catalyzing biomass transformation.
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Acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADESs) have been utilized in various applications. Clearly, it is crucial to obtain acidity information that could reveal the relationship with performance. However, appropriate methods for measuring acidity are limited. Herein, we developed two promising approaches (without additional solvents) to identify and characterize both Lewis and Brønsted acidities by applying acetonitrile as an infrared probe and trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO) as a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. The acetonitrile IR approach is suitable for measuring the acidity of Lewis ADESs by monitoring the peak of ν(CîN) around 2300 cm-1, and the 31P-TMPO NMR approach could identify and scale both Lewis and Brønsted acidities precisely. Moreover, a perfect linear relationship between the IR shift of ν(CîN) and the effective charge density of metal cations was established, which provides a better understanding of Lewis acidity. In short, this study not only offers two efficient acidity measurement methods but also provides a molecular basis for optimizing the performance of ADESs in applications.
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The default mode network (DMN) is related to brain functions and its abnormalities were associated with mental disorders' pathophysiology. To further understand the common and distinct DMN alterations across disorders, we capitalized on the probability tracing method and graph theory to analyze the role of DMN across three major mental disorders. A total of 399 participants (156 schizophrenia [SCZ], 90 bipolar disorder [BP], 58 major depression disorder [MDD], and 95 healthy controls [HC]) completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-scanning, clinical, and cognitive assessment. The MRI preprocessing of diffusion-tensor-imaging was conducted in FMRIB Software Library and probabilistic fiber tracking was applied by PANDA. This study had three main findings. First, patient groups showed significantly lower cluster coefficient in whole-brain compared with HC. SCZ showed significantly longer characteristic path compared with HC. Second, patient groups showed inter-group specificity in abnormalities of DMN connections. Third, SCZ was sensitive to left_medial_superior_frontal_gyrus (L_SFGmed)-right_anterior_cingulate_gyrus (R_ACG) connection relating to positive symptoms; left_ACG-right_ACG connection was the mania's antagonistic factor in BP. This trans-diagnostic study found disorder-specific structural abnormalities in the fiber connection of R_SFGmed-L_SFGmed-R_ACG_L_ACG within DMN, where SCZ showed more disconnections compared with other disorders. And these connections are diagnosis-specifically correlated to phenotypes. The current study may provide further evidence of shared and distinct endo-phenotypes across psychopathology.
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Encéfalo , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Mapeamento Encefálico , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , ProbabilidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thalamocortical circuit imbalance characterized by prefronto-thalamic hypoconnectivity and sensorimotor-thalamic hyperconnectivity has been consistently documented at rest in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, this thalamocortical imbalance has not been studied during task engagement to date, limiting our understanding of its role in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. METHODS: Both n-back working memory (WM) task-fMRI and resting-state fMRI data were collected from 172 patients with SCZ and 103 healthy control subjects (HC). A replication sample with 49 SCZ and 48 HC was independently obtained. Sixteen thalamic subdivisions were employed as seeds for the analysis. RESULTS: During both task-performance and rest, SCZ showed thalamic hyperconnectivity with sensorimotor cortices, but hypoconnectivity with prefrontal-cerebellar regions relative to controls. Higher sensorimotor-thalamic connectivity and lower prefronto-thalamic connectivity both relate to poorer WM performance (lower task accuracy and longer response time) and difficulties in discriminating target from nontarget (lower d' score) in n-back task. The prefronto-thalamic hypoconnectivity and sensorimotor-thalamic hyperconnectivity were anti-correlated both in SCZ and HCs; this anti-correlation was more pronounced with less cognitive demand (rest>0-back>2-back). These findings replicated well in the second sample. Finally, the hypo- and hyper-connectivity patterns during resting-state positively correlated with the hypo- and hyper-connectivity during 2-back task-state in SCZ respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The thalamocortical imbalance reflected by prefronto-thalamic hypoconnectivity and sensorimotor-thalamic hyperconnectivity is present both at rest and during task engagement in SCZ and relates to working memory performance. The frontal reduction, sensorimotor enhancement pattern of thalamocortical imbalance is a state-invariant feature of SCZ that affects a core cognitive function.
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Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Conectoma , Transtornos da Memória/fisiopatologia , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Córtex Sensório-Motor/fisiopatologia , Tálamo/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Rede Nervosa/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Sensório-Motor/diagnóstico por imagem , Tálamo/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: MiR-582-5p has been demonstrated to protect against ischemic stroke. However, its implication in the progression of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) has not been explored. METHODS: In this study, we used an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to investigate the protective effect of miR-582-5p on PC12 cells. OGD-induced inhibition of cell viability and promotion of cell death was assessed by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were utilized to examine the levels of inflammatory cytokines. The effects of miR-582-5p on OGD-induced oxidative injury were assessed by the determination of oxidative stress indicators. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter assay and gain-offunction assay were used to determine the mechanism of miR-582-5p in OGD-induced cell injury. RESULTS: The expression of miR-582-5p was reduced upon OGD treatment in PC12 cells. Overexpression of miR-582-5p inhibited OGD-induced PC12 cell injury by regulating cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. MiR-582-5p targeted and negatively regulated high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). MiR-582-5p presented protective effects on OGD-induced PC12 cell injury by targeting HMGB1. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that miR-582-5p ameliorates neuronal injury by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through targeting HMGB1.
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Proteína HMGB1 , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica , MicroRNAs , Animais , Apoptose , Glucose/metabolismo , Proteína HMGB1/genética , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Estresse Oxidativo , RatosRESUMO
The development of robust solvent systems for cellulose dissolution is of significant importance for cellulose utilization and transformation. Herein, six kinds of novel superbase-based solvents were designed by a combination of 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) with pyridine N-oxide (PyO) or 2-picoline-N-oxide (PiO) for dissolution of cellulose. It was observed that the prepared superbase-based solvents (denoted as DBN-PyO-x and DBN-PiO-4) could efficiently dissolve cellulose at mild temperatures (<80 °C). The chemical structure of the prepared superbase-based solvents and the molar ratio of the components significantly affected the solubility of cellulose, and DBN-PyO-4 showed the best performance with a cellulose solubility of 14.1 wt% 70 °C. The systematic study revealed that the good performance of the prepared superbase-based solvents on cellulose dissolution resulted from the synergistic effect of their ability to form hydrogen bonds and their polarizability.
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Celulose/química , Solventes/química , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Picolinas/química , Piridinas/química , Solubilidade , Temperatura , Difração de Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Correction for 'Eutectics: formation, properties, and applications' by Dongkun Yu et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2021, DOI: .
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Auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) is one of the most remarkable symptoms of schizophrenia, with great impact on patients' lives and unclear pathogenesis. Neuroimaging studies have indicated that the development of AVHs is associated with white matter alteration, however, there are still inconsistencies in specific findings across previous investigations. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in first-episode schizophrenia patients who experience auditory hallucinations. Atlas-based Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) analysis was performed to evaluate the white matter integrity in 37 first-episode schizophrenia patients with AVH, 60 schizophrenia patients without AVH, and 50 healthy controls. Compared with the healthy controls group, AVH showed decreased mean fractional anisotropy (FA) in the genu and body of corpus callosum, right posterior corona radiata, left superior corona radiata, left external capsule, right superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and higher mean diffusivity (MD) in genu of corpus callosum and left fornix and stria terminalis; whereas the nAVH group showed a much more significant reduction of FA and increased MD in broader brain regions. In addition, a significant positive correlation between FA and the severity of AVHs was observed in right posterior corona radiate. These observations collectively demonstrated that a certain degree of preserved fronto-temporal and interhemispheric connectivity in the early stage of schizophrenia might be associated with the brain capability to generate AVHs.
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Esquizofrenia , Substância Branca , Anisotropia , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Alucinações/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Various eutectic systems have been proposed and studied over the past few decades. Most of the studies have focused on three typical types of eutectics: eutectic metals, eutectic salts, and deep eutectic solvents. On the one hand, they are all eutectic systems, and their eutectic principle is the same. On the other hand, they are representative of metals, inorganic salts, and organic substances, respectively. They have applications in almost all fields related to chemistry. Their different but overlapping applications stem from their very different properties. In addition, the proposal of new eutectic systems has greatly boosted the development of cross-field research involving chemistry, materials, engineering, and energy. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of these typical eutectics and describe task-specific strategies to address growing demands.