Complete NMR assignment of a bisecting hybrid-type oligosaccharide transferred by Mucor hiemalis endo-ß-N-acetylglucosaminidase.

This study describes the complete nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral assignment of a bisecting hybrid-type oligosaccharide 1, transferred by Mucor hiemalis endo-ß-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo-M). Through (1)H- and (13)C-NMR, DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY, and NOESY experiments, we determine the structure of the glycoside linkage formed by the Endo-M transglycosylation, i.e., the connection between GlcNAc and GlcNAc in oligosaccharide 1.

Synthesis, structure, and evaluation of a ß-cyclodextrin-artificial carbohydrate conjugate for use as a doxorubicin-carrying molecule.

This paper describes the synthesis of a ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CyD) derivative conjugated with a C,C-glucopyranoside containing a benzene unit. Its doxorubicin-inclusion ability and structure are also discussed. SPR analysis revealed that the ß-CyD conjugate had a high inclusion association value of 3.8×10(6)M(-1) for immobilized doxorubicin. NMR structural analysis suggested that its high doxorubicin-inclusion ability was due to the formation of the inclusion complex as a result of the π-π stacking interaction between the benzene ring of the conjugate and the A ring of doxorubicin.

Sugar-sensitive supramolecular structures based on phenylboronic Acid-modified cyclodextrins.

Supramolecular structures were developed from phenylboronic acid-modified cyclodextrins (PBA-CyDs). The intermolecular interaction between the PBA moiety and the CyD cavity was proved using two dimensional (2D)-NMR and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. PBA-α-CyD formed a head-to-tail supramolecular polymer, whereas PBA-ß-CyD formed a head-to-head dimer. The supramolecular structures were disintegrated in the presence of sugars owing to the resulting boronate sugar interactions.

Improvement of some physicochemical properties of arundic acid, (R)-(-)-2-propyloctanonic acid, by complexation with hydrophilic cyclodextrins.

Arundic acid, (R)-(-)-2-propyloctanonic acid, is a novel neurological agent for intractable neurodegenerative diseases. However, arundic acid, an oily drug, has low aqueous solubility and severe bitter/irritating tastes. Consequently, these physicochemical properties of arundic acid need to be improved to develop its pharmaceutical preparations. In the present study, we evaluated whether parent cyclodextrins (CyDs) and 2-hydroxypropylated CyDs (HP-CyDs) can interact with arundic acid, and have powderization, solubilization and taste-masking properties. Of various CyDs, HP-ß-CyD had the most potent solubilizing effect for arundic acid. UV and (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrated that arundic acid formed inclusion complexes with CyDs at a molar ratio of 1:1 in solution. The complexation with CyDs changed an oily form of arundic acid to a solid form. The gustatory sensation studies indicate that of various CyDs, HP-ß-CyD and γ-CyD showed the most significant taste-masking effects in solution and powders, respectively. HP-ß-CyD significantly reduced the response of the electric potential caused by the adsorption of arundic acid to the taste sensor. These results suggest that hydrophilic CyDs have potential as multifunctional excipients for preparing solutions and powders containing arundic acid.

Glycoside hydrolase family 89 alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens specifically acts on GlcNAc alpha1,4Gal beta1R at the non-reducing terminus of O-glycans in gastric mucin.

In mammals, α-linked GlcNAc is primarily found in heparan sulfate/heparin and gastric gland mucous cell type mucin. α-N-acetylglucosaminidases (αGNases) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 89 are widely distributed from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. Human lysosomal αGNase is well known to degrade heparin and heparan sulfate. Here, we reveal the substrate specificity of αGNase (AgnC) from Clostridium perfringens strain 13, a bacterial homolog of human αGNase, by chemically synthesizing a series of disaccharide substrates containing α-linked GlcNAc. AgnC was found to release GlcNAc from GlcNAcα1,4Galß1pMP and GlcNAcα1pNP substrates (where pMP and pNP represent p-methoxyphenyl and p-nitrophenyl, respectively). AgnC also released GlcNAc from porcine gastric mucin and cell surface mucin. Because AgnC showed no activity against any of the GlcNAcα1,2Galß1pMP, GlcNAcα1,3Galß1pMP, GlcNAcα1,6Galß1pMP, and GlcNAcα1,4GlcAß1pMP substrates, this enzyme may represent a specific glycosidase required for degrading α-GlcNAc-capped O-glycans of the class III mucin secreted from the stomach and duodenum. Deletion of the C-terminal region containing several carbohydrate-binding module 32 (CBM32) domains significantly reduced the activity for porcine gastric mucin; however, activity against GlcNAcα1,4Galß1pMP was markedly enhanced. Dot blot and ELISA analyses revealed that the deletion construct containing the C-terminal CBM-C2 to CBM-C6 domains binds strongly to porcine gastric mucin. Consequently, tandem CBM32 domains located near the C terminus of AgnC should function by increasing the affinity for branched or clustered α-GlcNAc-containing glycans. The agnC gene-disrupted strain showed significantly reduced growth on the class III mucin-containing medium compared with the wild type strain, suggesting that AgnC might have an important role in dominant growth in intestines.

Syntheses and doxorubicin-inclusion abilities of beta-cyclodextrin derivatives with a hydroquinone alpha-glycoside residue attached at the primary side.

This paper describes syntheses and doxorubicin-inclusion abilities of beta-cyclodextrin (CyD) derivatives with a hydroquinone alpha-glycoside residue attached at the primary side. The hydroquinone glycoside having an alpha-D-glucosidic or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucosidic linkage became a useful component for providing an alpha-D-glucose- or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose-beta-CyD conjugate. The surface plasmon resonance analyses of these beta-CyD derivatives for the anticancer agent, doxorubicin, indicated that they had excellent inclusion associations on the order of 10(5 m)-1 for the immobilized doxorubicin.

Synthesis of a novel D-glucose-conjugated 15-crown-5 ether with a spiro ketal structure.

This paper describes a synthetic approach to a novel D-glucose-conjugated 15-crown-5 ether having a spiroketal structure starting from a 1-C-vinylated glucose derivative. The approach consists of the glycosylation of the vinylated glucose derivative to give an ethyleneoxy spacer derivative using bismuth(III) triflate, the conversion of the 1-C-vinyl group of the glucoside produced into a carboxylic acid group, and the intramolecular condensation between the carboxyl group and the terminal hydroxyl group in the ethyleneoxy spacer. A D-glucose-conjugated 15-crown-5 ether having a unique spiroketal structure was thus successfully synthesized.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of D-galactose-beta-cyclodextrin conjugates as drug-carrying molecules.

Several kinds of D-galactose-beta-cyclodextrin conjugates having a phenyl group in the spacers between the D-galactose and beta-cyclodextrin were designed and synthesized as drug-carrying molecules. Their evaluation as drug-carrying molecules was done by measuring the molecular interactions with the anticancer agent, doxorubicin, and with the d-galactose-binding peanut lectin using an SPR optical biosensor. The SPR analyses showed that these conjugates had remarkably high inclusion associations of 10(5) approximately 10(7)M(-1) levels for the immobilized doxorubicin. Their association constants for immobilized peanut lectin were at the level of 10(4) approximately 10(5)M(-1), as we expected. These conjugates will be useful drug-carrying models which can site-specifically carry doxorubicin to the cells containing D-galactose-binding lectin.

Beta-cyclodextrin conjugates with glucose moieties designed as drug carriers: their syntheses, evaluations using concanavalin A and doxorubicin, and structural analyses by NMR spectroscopy.

Three kinds of beta-cyclodextrin derivatives conjugated with glucose moieties, which were expected as models for a drug carrier targeting the drug delivery systems, were designed and synthesized from beta-cyclodextrin and the natural product, 4-hydroxyphenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside called arbutin. Arbutin was used because it had a phenyl group with a hydroxyl function which could be used to link the glucose moiety to beta-cyclodextrin. The evaluations of these conjugates as the drug-carrying molecules were done by investigating the molecular interactions with the carbohydrate-binding Concanavalin A (Con A) lectin and the anticancer agent, doxorubicin (DXR), using an SPR optical biosensor. The association constants of the conjugates with immobilized Con A were 2.0 x 10(3) approximately 8.8 x 10(3) M(-1). The result showed that the Con A bound to the glucose moieties from arbutin in the conjugates with prospective association constants. The inclusion associations of the conjugates with immobilized DXR reached 2.2 x 10(5) approximately 1.4 x 10(8) M(-1). The extremely high inclusion associations for DXR suggested their potential abilities as drug-carrying molecules for carrying DXR. The NMR analyses indicated that the phenyl group of the conjugates greatly served to increase the inclusion associations for DXR. In their DXR inclusion complexes, the formation of the stacking complexes by the pi;-pi interactions between the phenyl groups and the included DXR also enhanced their inclusion abilities for DXR.

Preparation of partially benzylated mono-, di-, and trisaccharides by selective cleavage of the beta-fructofuranosidic linkage in fully benzylated sucrose and sucrose-related oligosaccharides under acidic conditions.

Several partially benzylated mono-, di-, and trisaccharides having an anomeric hydroxyl group were successfully prepared by selective cleavage of the beta-fructofuranosidic linkage in fully benzylated sucrose and sucrose-related oligosaccharides derived from lactosucrose, raffinose, melezitose, stachyose, and nystose under acidic conditions using 1:10 75% aqueous sulfuric acid-dioxane at room temperature for 1h.

Synthesis of mono-glucose-branched cyclodextrins with a high inclusion ability for doxorubicin and their efficient glycosylation using Mucor hiemalis endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.

The mono-glucose-branched cyclodextrins having an appropriate spacer between the beta-cyclodextrin and a glucose moiety were synthesized from beta-cyclodextrin and arbutin. They had the significantly high association constants for doxorubicin, the anticancer agent, in the range of 10(5)-10(6)M(-1), and worked as highly reactive glycosyl acceptors for the transglycosylation reaction by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Mucor hiemalis to produce sialo-complex type oligosaccharide-branched cyclodextrins in the high yields of 65-67%.

Mucor hiemalis endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase can transglycosylate a bisecting hybrid-type oligosaccharide from an ovalbumin glycopeptide.

We found that the recombinant endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Mucor hiemalis (Endo-M) expressed in Candida boidinii had the transglycosylation activity of transferring a bisecting hybrid-type oligosaccharide from an ovalbumin glycopeptide to the acceptor (p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside) in a good yield of 43%.

Molecular cloning and characterization of Bifidobacterium bifidum 1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase (AfcA), a novel inverting glycosidase (glycoside hydrolase family 95).

A genomic library of Bifidobacterium bifidum constructed in Escherichia coli was screened for the ability to hydrolyze the alpha-(1-->2) linkage of 2'-fucosyllactose, and a gene encoding 1,2-alpha-l-fucosidase (AfcA) was isolated. The afcA gene was found to comprise 1,959 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 205 kDa and containing a signal peptide and a membrane anchor at the N and C termini, respectively. A domain responsible for fucosidase activity (the Fuc domain; amino acid residues 577 to 1474) was localized by deletion analysis and then purified as a hexahistidine-tagged protein. The recombinant Fuc domain specifically hydrolyzed the terminal alpha-(1-->2)-fucosidic linkages of various oligosaccharides and a sugar chain of a glycoprotein. The stereochemical course of the hydrolysis of 2'-fucosyllactose was determined to be inversion by using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance. The primary structure of the Fuc domain exhibited no similarity to those of any glycoside hydrolases (GHs) but showed high similarity to those of several hypothetical proteins in a database. Thus, it was revealed that the AfcA protein constitutes a novel inverting GH family (GH family 95).

Transglycosylation reaction of Mucor hiemalis endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase using sugar derivatives modified at C-1 or C-2 as oligosaccharide acceptors.

We investigated the transglycosylation reaction of the recombinant endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Mucor hiemalis (Endo-M) expressed in Candida boidinii using such sugar derivatives as N-acylated d-glucosamines, C-glucosyl derivatives, and a 2-O-glycosylated disaccharide as acceptors. We found that a variety of sugar derivatives modified at C-1 or C-2 could be used as acceptors for transglycosylation by Endo-M to create novel oligosaccharides.

High efficiency of transferring a native sugar chain from a glycopeptide by a microbial endoglycosidase in organic solvents.

We examined the transglycosylation reaction by the recombinant endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Mucor hiemalis (Endo-M) expressed in Candida boidinii in media containing organic solvents. The recombinant Endo-M could transglycosylate a disialo biantennary complex-type oligosaccharide from hen egg yolk glycopeptide to p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide even in the presence of 30% acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, or methanol. The yield of the transglycosylation product reached 21-34% of the total amount of acceptor, while the yield was only about 14% in aqueous solution.