Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 06CC2 upregulates intestinal ZO-1 protein and bile acid metabolism in Balb/c mice fed high-fat diet.

The effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 06CC2 (LP06CC2), which was isolated from a Mongolian dairy product, on lipid metabolism and intestinal tight junction-related proteins in Balb/c mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were evaluated. The mice were fed the HFD for eight weeks, and the plasma and hepatic lipid parameters, as well as the intestinal tight junction-related factors, were evaluated. LP06CC2 slightly reduced the adipose tissue mass. Further, it dose-dependently decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC). The HFD tended to increase the plasma level of endotoxin and suppressed intestinal ZO-1 expression, whereas a low LP06CC2 dose increased ZO-1 expression and tended to reduce the plasma lipopolysaccharide level. Furthermore, a low LP06CC2 dose facilitated a moderate accumulation of Lactobacillales, a significant decrease in Clostridium cluster IV, and an increase in Clostridium cluster XVIII. The results obtained from analyzing the bile acids (BAs) in feces and cecum contents exhibited a decreasing trend for secondary and conjugated BAs in the low LP06CC2-dose group. Moreover, a high LP06CC2 dose caused excess accumulation of Lactobacillales and failed to increase intestinal ZO-1 and occludin expression, while the fecal butyrate level increased dose dependently in the LP06CC2-fed mice. Finally, an appropriate LP06CC2 dose protected the intestinal barrier function from the HFD and modulated BA metabolism.

Deep Learning Models for Predicting Left Heart Abnormalities From Single-Lead Electrocardiogram for the Development of Wearable Devices.

BACKGROUND: Left heart abnormalities are risk factors for heart failure. However, echocardiography is not always available. Electrocardiograms (ECGs), which are now available from wearable devices, have the potential to detect these abnormalities. Nevertheless, whether a model can detect left heart abnormalities from single Lead I ECG data remains unclear.Methods and Results: We developed Lead I ECG models to detect low ejection fraction (EF), wall motion abnormality, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular dilatation, and left atrial dilatation. We used a dataset comprising 229,439 paired sets of ECG and echocardiography data from 8 facilities, and validated the model using external verification with data from 2 facilities. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of our model was 0.913 for low EF, 0.832 for wall motion abnormality, 0.797 for LVH, 0.838 for left ventricular dilatation, and 0.802 for left atrial dilatation. In interpretation tests with 12 cardiologists, the accuracy of the model was 78.3% for low EF and 68.3% for LVH. Compared with cardiologists who read the 12-lead ECGs, the model's performance was superior for LVH and similar for low EF. CONCLUSIONS: From a multicenter study dataset, we developed models to predict left heart abnormalities using Lead I on the ECG. The Lead I ECG models show superior or equivalent performance to cardiologists using 12-lead ECGs.

Acute type B aortic dissection with multiple cholesterol embolism: an autopsy case report.

Background: Most cases of cholesterol embolism are known to be triggered by cardiac catheterization, cardiovascular surgery, anticoagulation, or fibrinolytic therapy; however, spontaneous cases after aortic dissection are rare. In this report, we describe a case of cholesterol embolism after type B aortic dissection, which rapidly developed into multiple organ failure and death. Case summary: A 65-year-old man with untreated hypertension was admitted to our hospital with sudden back pain and diagnosed with type B aortic dissection. The patient experienced a rapid progression of inflammation and developed respiratory and renal failure, despite computed tomography showing no obvious progression of dissection. We attributed them to a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome, but steroid pulse therapy did not alleviate the symptoms. Finally, the patient died on Day 6 after admission, and an autopsy was performed, which revealed cholesterol crystal occlusions in the kidney, spleen, and the left lower leg. The lumen in the aorta is filled with atheroma and thrombus, and we suspect that aortic dissection triggered failure of the aortic plaques and released cholesterol crystals to distal arteries that led to cholesterol embolism. Discussion: We experienced a patient with a type B aortic dissection that led to cholesterol embolism and rapid progression of respiratory and renal failure, resulting in death. The aortic dissection combined with cholesterol embolism was considered to trigger the subsequent severe inflammation, leading to rapid respiratory and renal failure. Our case points to the possibility that cholesterol embolism can extensively escalate inflammation after aortic dissection.

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Absorption and Functional Mechanisms of Quercetin.

SCOPE: Quercetin (QUE), a phytochemical found in various plant foods, has been shown to have a variety of physiological activities in vivo, though biological sites where it has activities and the mechanisms of transport have not been fully elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, intracellular uptake of QUE into HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells is found to result in spontaneous release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are subsequently embedded with QUE. In addition, QUE-embedded EVs are detected in serum of QUE-administered Sprague-Dawley rats. Interestingly, the rate of cellular uptake of QUE-encapsulated EVs (EV-QUE) into RAW264.7 macrophages is markedly higher than that of free QUE. Moreover, EV-QUE suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide at a lower concentration than free QUE. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that QUE may be embedded in EVs in the gastrointestinal tract, then become absorbed and enter the bloodstream to exhibit biological activities.

Blueberry Stem Extract Prevents Lacrimal Hyposecretion in Non-obese Diabetic Mice via Activation of AMPK.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Tears secreted from the lacrimal gland are essential for preserving the ocular surface. Thus, dysfunction of the lacrimal gland in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) can lead to dry eye, resulting in a reduced quality of life. We previously reported that blueberry 'leaf' water extract prevents lacrimal hyposecretion in male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice in a SS-like model. In this study, we investigated the effect of blueberry 'stem' water extract (BStEx) on lacrimal hyposecretion in NOD mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male NOD mice were fed 1% BStEx or control (AIN-93G) for 2, 4, or 6 weeks from 4 weeks of age. Pilocarpine-induced tear secretion was measured using a phenol red-impregnated thread. The lacrimal glands were histologically evaluated by HE staining. Inflammatory cytokine levels in the lacrimal glands were measured using ELISA. Immunostaining was performed to examine aquaporin 5 (AQP5) localization. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, AQP5, and phosphorylated AMPK were measured using western blotting. RESULTS: After feeding BStEx to mice for 4 or 6 weeks, tear volume was observed to have increased in the BStEx group compared with that in the control group. There were no significant differences in inflammatory cell infiltration, autophagy-related protein expression, or the localization and expression of AQP5 in the lacrimal glands between the two groups. In contrast, AMPK phosphorylation increased in the BStEx group. CONCLUSION: BStEx prevented lacrimal hyposecretion in the SS-like model of male NOD mice, probably by opening tight junctions via the activation of AMPK in lacrimal acinar cells.

Comparison of Proanthocyanidin Content in Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) Leaves and the Promotion of Apoptosis against HL-60 Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells Using 'Kunisato 35 Gou' Leaf Extract.

Polyphenol-rich rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) leaves have attracted attention as a food material. In this study, we compared the total polyphenols, total proanthocyanidin content, and antioxidant activity of the leaves of 18 blueberry varieties and investigated the seasonal variation in polyphenols. We also evaluated the anti-cancer cell proliferation properties of the rabbiteye blueberry leaf specific cultivar 'Kunisato 35 Gou'. Rabbiteye blueberry leaves had significantly higher total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin values than northern highbush blueberry and southern highbush blueberry leaves. The antioxidant activity of blueberry leaves was highly positively correlated with both the total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin content. Variations were observed in the total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin content of rabbiteye blueberry leaves harvested at different points in the growing season; leaves collected in fall to winter contained more epicatechin in addition to proanthocyanidins. In the evaluation of anti-cancer cell proliferation properties against HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, the September-harvested extracts of rabbiteye blueberry 'Kunisato 35 Gou' showed strong properties, and the use of an FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit with propidium iodide confirmed that this HL-60 cell death occurred via apoptosis. Limiting the harvest time would make rabbiteye blueberry leaves a more functional food ingredient.

Clinical features and predictors of non-cardiac death in patients hospitalised for acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the Tokyo CCU network multicentre registry.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) commonly have multiple comorbidities, and some die in hospitals due to causes other than cardiac complications. However, limited information is available on noncardiac death in patients hospitalised for AMI. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the incidence, annual trend, clinical characteristics, and predictors of in-hospital non-cardiac death in patients with AMI using the Tokyo Cardiovascular Care Unit (CCU) network registry. METHODS: The registry included 38,589 consecutive patients with AMI who were admitted to the CCU between 2010 and 2019. The primary endpoint was in-hospital noncardiac death. Further, predictors of cardiac and non-cardiac death were identified. RESULTS: The incidence of all-cause in-hospital mortality was 7.0% (n = 2700), and the proportion of mortality was 15.6% (n = 420) and 84.4% (n = 2280) for noncardiac and cardiac causes, respectively. The proportion of noncardiac deaths did not change annually over the last decade (p = 0.66). After adjusting for all variables, age, Killip classification grade, peak creatine kinase, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and C-reactive protein were common predictors of cardiac and non-cardiac deaths. Indicators of malnutrition, such as lower body mass index (kg/m2) [odds 0.94, 95%CI (0.90-0.97), p < 0.001] and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (per 10 mg/dl) [odds 0.92, 95%CI (0.89-0.96), p < 0.001] were the specific predictors for non-cardiac deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of in-hospital noncardiac death was significant in patients with AMI, accounting for 15.6% of all in-hospital mortalities. Thus, prevention and management of non-cardiac complications are vital to improve acute-phase outcomes, especially those with predictors of non-cardiac death.

Blueberry stem extract and stem active components prevent blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro.

Blue light causes retinal damage that can lead to ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we determined the protective effect of blueberry stem extract (BStEx) and active components on blue light-emitting diode (LED) light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. Photoreceptor cells cultured in the presence of BStEx or components were exposed to blue light to induce cell damage. BStEx, fractions of BStEx containing proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin prevented the cell damage and/or inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, BStEx reduced apoptosis and cell death, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase leading to cellular apoptosis induced by blue light exposure. These findings suggest that BStEx and components exert a protective effect against blue light-induced photoreceptor cell damage through the inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation and ROS production.

Blueberry Leaf Extract Prevents Lacrimal Hyposecretion in Sjögren's Syndrome-like Model of Non-obese Diabetic Mice.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study evaluated the effect of blueberry leaf hot water extract (BLEx) on Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like lacrimal hyposecretion in male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NOD or BALB/c mice were fed 1% BLEx or control (AIN-93G) for 2 weeks from the age of 4 to 6 weeks. Pilocarpine-induced tear volume was measured using a phenol red-impregnated thread. The lacrimal glands were evaluated histologically by H&E staining. The IL-1ß and TNF-α levels in the lacrimal gland tissue were measured by ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of secretion-related proteins were measured by real-time PCR. LC3 I/II and arginase 1 expression levels were measured by western blot. RESULTS: After feeding with BLEx, pilocarpine-induced tear secretion in NOD mice was increased. In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of the cholinergic muscarinic M3 receptor, aquaporin 5, and ion channels related to lacrimal secretion were not changed by BLEx administration. In addition, the protein expression of arginase 1, which was recently reported to be involved in tear hyposecretion in NOD mice, was also not improved by BLEx administration. Although infiltration in the lacrimal gland of NOD mice was not decreased, the levels of TNF-α and the autophagy-related protein LC3 were significantly suppressed by BLEx treatment. CONCLUSION: BLEx treatment may ameliorate lacrimal hyposecretion in NOD mice by delaying the progression of autoimmune disease by suppressing autophagy in lacrimal glands.

10-Year Temporal Trends of In-Hospital Mortality and Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background: The mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has improved dramatically because of reperfusion therapy during the last 40 years; however, recent temporal trends for AMI have not been fully clarified in Japan. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the temporary trend in in-hospital mortality and treatment of AMI for the last decade in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. Methods: We enrolled 30,553 patients from the Tokyo Cardiovascular Care Unit Network Registry, diagnosed with AMI from 2007 to 2016, as part of an ongoing, multicenter, cohort study. We analyzed the temporal trends in basic characteristics, treatment, and in-hospital mortality of AMI. Results: The overall emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) rate significantly increased (P < 0.001). In particular, it remarkably increased in patients older than 80 years of age (58.3% to 70.3%, P < 0.001) and patients with Killip III or IV (Killip III, 46.9% to 65.7%; Killip IV, 65.2% to 76.6%, P < 0.001 for both). The crude and age-adjusted in-hospital mortality remained low (5.2% to 8.2% and 3.4% to 5.5%, respectively) and significantly decreased during the decade (P < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality remarkably decreased in patients older than 80 years of age (17.3% to 12.7%, P < 0.001) and in those with cardiogenic shock (38.5% to 27.3%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: This large cohort study from Tokyo revealed that in-hospital mortality of AMI significantly decreased with the increase in emergency percutaneous coronary intervention rate over the decade, particularly for high-risk patients such as older patients and those with cardiogenic shock.

Autophagy in adipogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and regulation by bioactive compounds.

White adipose tissue expands rapidly due to increased adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy), which results in obesity. Adipogenesis is a process of the formation of mature adipocytes from precursor cells. Additionally, obesity-related metabolic complications, such as fatty liver and insulin resistance, are linked to adipogenesis. On the contrary, autophagy is a catabolic process; essential to maintain cellular homeostasis via the degradation or recycling of unnecessary or damaged components. Importantly, autophagy dictates obesity and adipogenesis. Hence, a clear understanding of how autophagy regulates adipogenesis is crucial for drug development and the prevention and treatment of obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the crosstalk between adipogenesis and autophagy, as well as the molecules involved. Furthermore, the review discussed how bioactive compounds regulate adipogenesis by manipulating autophagy and underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on in vitro and animal studies, we summarized the effects of bioactive compounds on adipogenesis and autophagy. Hence, human studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness and optimal dosage of these bioactive compounds.

Association of ambient temperature and acute heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: Evidence on the association between ambient temperature and the onset of acute heart failure (AHF) is scarce and mixed. We sought to investigate the incidence of AHF admissions based on ambient temperature change, with particular interest in detecting the difference between AHF with preserved (HFpEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Individualized AHF admission data from January 2015 to December 2016 were obtained from a multicentre registry (Tokyo CCU Network Database). The primary event was the daily number of admissions. A linear regression model, using the lowest ambient temperature as the explanatory variable, was selected for the best-estimate model. We also applied the cubic spline model using five knots according to the percentiles of the distribution of the lowest ambient temperature. We divided the entire population into HFpEF + HFmrEF and HFrEF for comparison. In addition, the in-hospital treatment and mortality rates were obtained according to the interquartile ranges (IQRs) of the lowest ambient temperature (IQR1 <5.5°C; IQR25.5-13.3°C; IQR3 13.3-19.7°C; and IQR4 >19.7°C). The number of admissions for HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF were 2736 (36%), 1539 (20%), and 3354 (44%), respectively. The lowest ambient temperature on the admission day was inversely correlated with the admission frequency for both HFpEF + HFmrEF and HFrEF patients, with a stronger correlation in patients with HFpEF + HFmrEF (R2  = 0.25 vs. 0.05, P < 0.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the decrease in the ambient temperature was associated with the greatest incremental increases in HFpEF, followed by HFmrEF and HFrEF patients (3.5% vs. 2.8% vs. 1.5% per -1°C, P < 0.001), with marked increase in admissions of hypertensive patients (systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg vs. 140-100 mmHg vs. <100 mmHg, 3.0% vs. 2.0% vs. 0.8% per -1°C, P for interaction <0.001). A mediator analysis indicated the presence of the mediator effect of systolic blood pressure. The in-hospital mortality rate (7.5%) did not significantly change according to ambient temperature (P = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Lower ambient temperature was associated with higher frequency of AHF admissions, and the effect was more pronounced in HFpEF and HFmrEF patients than in those with HFrEF.

Prediction of the Adult T-Cell Leukemia Inhibitory Activity of Blueberry Leaves/Stems Using Direct-Injection Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics.

Although Vaccinium virgatum Aiton leaves and stems inhibit adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells, leaves and stems can differ between individual plants and by time and location. In this study, leaf and stem components were profiled in the same individual plant using direct-injection electron ionization-mass spectrometry (DI-EI-MS) metabolomics, with the aims of analyzing the anti-ATL activity, and quantifying proanthocyanidins (PACs). Leaves, stems, and leaf/stem mixtures showed distinct and characteristic spectra. Anti-ATL activity was stronger in stems than leaves, and the PAC content was higher in stems than leaves. These data were subjected to bivariate analysis to identify the factor (m/z) responsible for the inhibitory effect of ATL based on the highest coefficient of determination (R2). The results of this DI-EI-MS metabolomics analysis suggest that among PACs contained in V. virgatum stems and leaves, the fragment ion at m/z 149 contributes significantly to anti-ATL activity.

Asymptomatic Myocarditis with Mild Cardiac Marker Elevation Following Nivolumab-Induced Myositis.

Although myocarditis following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is rarely reported, it is considered clinically important because of its high mortality rate. Although various tests may be used for early diagnosis, abnormalities suggestive of myocarditis may not be detected. We report a case of ICI-induced myositis and concurrent asymptomatic myocarditis with mild cardiac marker elevation following nivolumab therapy in a 79-year-old man with metastatic gastric cancer. In this case, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was useful for diagnosis. Treatment with oral prednisolone rapidly improved the patient's symptoms and creatine kinase levels. Follow-up examination revealed no flare-up of myositis and exacerbation of myocarditis. Since ICI-induced myositis is often complicated by myocarditis, this case report highlights the importance of detecting concurrent myocarditis in patients with ICI-induced myositis through intensive cardiac assessments to improve clinical outcomes.

Vaccinium virgatum Aiton Leaves Extract Suppressed Lipid Accumulation and Uric Acid Production in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton; Kinisato 35 Gou) leaves have recently attracted increasing attention as a useful material for the prevention of lifestyle diseases. Here, we examined the effects of the hot water extract of blueberry leaves (BLEx) on lipogenesis and uric acid production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that BLEx suppressed lipid accumulation and the mRNA expression of differentiation markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A fractionation study showed that the highly polymerized proanthocyanidin-rich fraction was responsible for this effect. Upon maturation to adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells produced uric acid and tumor necrosis factor-α, and hypoxia stimulated the production of uric acid and xanthine oxidoreductase activity. BLEx suppressed the production of uric acid under these conditions. Although BLEx inhibited the enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidase, this activity was observed in several fractions containing catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and low molecular weight proanthocyanidins. Taken together, these results indicate that BLEx contains various compounds with the ability to suppress lipid accumulation and uric acid production in adipocytes.

Effect of Hinge Motion on Stent Edge-Related Restenosis After Right Coronary Artery Treatment in the Current Drug-Eluting Stent Era.

BACKGROUND: Stent edge-related restenosis (SER) remains a potential limitation of drug-eluting stent (DES). Hinge motion at the stent edge could lead to mechanical stress and contribute to incidents of SER. We investigated the effect of hinge motion on SER after implantation of current-generation DES in the right coronary artery (RCA), where excessive vessel movement is commonly observed.Methods and Results:Of 647 consecutive lesions in the RCA treated with second-generation or later DESs, 426 with follow-up angiography were included in this study. Intravascular imaging analysis was performed for 584 stent edges and reference segments. Binary restenosis occurred in 42 lesions (9.9%), and 55% were SERs. The hinge angle was significantly larger in the SER group than in the other restenosis or the no-restenosis group (17.9° vs. 11.6° and 10.6°, respectively; P<0.001). Lesions with an excessive hinge angle (>11.5°) had an increased rate of target lesion revascularization (19.1% vs. 7.2%; P<0.001) during the median follow-up period of 1,578 days. In per-edge analysis, hinge angle and residual plaque burden were independent predictors of SER. The coexistence of excessive hinge motion and residual plaque burden had a synergistic effect on stenotic progression in quantitative angiographic analysis (Pinteraction<0.001) at follow-up angiography. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial stress determined by angulation at a stent edge and its interaction with residual plaque can be considered as one plausible mechanism for SER.

Reliability and validity of D-dimer monitoring for pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with unresectable, advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer treated with bevacizumab.

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is one of the leading causes of death among cancer outpatients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reliability and validity of D-dimer monitoring for PTE in patients with unresectable, advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer treated with bevacizumab. A total of 25 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who received bevacizumab combination chemotherapy as primary treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The selection criteria included that D-dimer tests were performed repetitively, and that chest and abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scans were completed. The D-dimer levels and the presence or absence of PTE on CT images were retrospectively examined. Four cases (16%) were detected as having asymptomatic PTE. The D-dimer values at the onset of PTE were 14.2, 4.6, 1.1 and 0.9 µg/ml. The negative predictive value was 90.5% when 3.0 µg/ml was set as the D-dimer level cutoff value. The incidence of PTE, including asymptomatic PTE, in the present study was higher compared with that reported in previous studies on various types of cancer, of various stages and treated with different chemotherapy regimens. In patients with bevacizumab-treated unresectable, advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer, the D-dimer test was found to be less useful for exclusion diagnosis; however, along with chest CT, it may be useful in the detection and diagnosis of PTE. However, the determination of the optimal reference values and appropriate measurement timing of D-dimer testing requires further study.

Onion (Allium cepa L.)-Derived Nanoparticles Inhibited LPS-Induced Nitrate Production, However, Their Intracellular Incorporation by Endocytosis Was Not Involved in This Effect on RAW264 Cells.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of nanoparticles prepared from Allium cepa L. as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, we identified nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. using the ultracentrifugation exosome purification method. The nanoparticles were referred to as 17,000× g and 200,000× g precipitates, and they contained quercetins, proteins, lipids, and small-sized RNA. The nanoparticles inhibited nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264 cells without cytotoxic properties. Cellular incorporation was confirmed by laser microscopic observation after PKH26 staining. The inhibition of caveolae-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis significantly prevented the incorporation of the nanoparticles but had no effect on the inhibition of nitric oxide in RAW264 cells. Collectively, the identified nanoparticles were capable of inhibiting the LPS response via extracellular mechanisms. Taken together, the way of consuming Allium cepa L. without collapsing the nanoparticles is expected to provide an efficient anti-inflammatory effect.

Enhanced water dispersibility and permeability through a Caco-2 cell monolayer of ß-cryptoxanthin extracted from kumquats by complexation with casein.

ß-Cryptoxanthin (BCX) possesses potential therapeutic and health benefits. However, BCX absorption is low because of its poor aqueous solubility. In this study, a complex between BCX and casein (Cas) was prepared to improve the water dispersibility and bioavailability of BCX. BCX was recovered quantitatively from freeze-dried kumquat powder through solid-liquid extraction and saponification. The complexation significantly improved the apparent solubility of BCX under acidic and neutral conditions. A cell membrane permeation test using a Caco-2 cell monolayer was performed to evaluate the bioavailability of the BCX-Cas complex. This complex and a blank sample were digested in vitro and added to the apical side of the Caco-2 cell membrane. The quantity of BCX that permeated using the BCX-Cas complex after 24 h was 22.7 times greater than that of the blank. Thus, complexation of BCX with Cas improved dramatically the bioavailability of BCX from a kumquat extract.

Role of macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis: modulation by bioactive compounds.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with lipid metabolism disorder. Autophagy is a catabolic process and contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Substantial evidence suggests that defective autophagy is implicated in several diseases, including atherosclerosis, while increased autophagy mitigates atherosclerosis development. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of autophagy regulation and its association with atherosclerosis is vital to develop new therapies against atherosclerosis. Dietary bioactive compounds are non-nutrient natural compounds that include phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Importantly, these bioactive compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties that may alleviate various chronic diseases. Recently, examining the effects of bioactive compounds on autophagy activity in atherogenesis has drawn considerable attention. The current review discusses the role of macrophage autophagy in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We also summarize our current knowledge of the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds on atherosclerosis and autophagy.