Efficient open-air synthesis of Mg2+-doped CsPbI3 nanocrystals for high-performance red LEDs.

Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit remarkable optoelectronic properties for illumination. However, their poor stability has hindered the development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on these materials. In this study, we propose a facile method to synthesize Mg2+-doped CsPbI3 NCs with enhanced stability and high photoluminescence (PL) intensity under ambient air conditions. Theoretical calculations confirm that doped NCs possess stronger formation energy compared to undoped NCs. The undoped CsPbI3 NCs emit red light at approximately 653 nm. We optimize the doping ratio to 1/30, which significantly enhances the photoluminescence of single-particle CsPbI3 NCs. Subsequently, we fabricate a red LED by combining the CsPbI3 NCs with a blue chip. The resulting LED, based on the doped CsPbI3 NCs, exhibits excellent performance with a high luminance of 4902.22 cd m-2 and stable color coordinates of (0.7, 0.27). This work not only presents a simple process for synthesizing perovskite NCs but also provides a design strategy for developing novel red LEDs for various applications.

Salvianolic acid A inhibits ferroptosis and protects against intracerebral hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebral vascular disease with high incidence, disability, and mortality. Ferroptosis is a regulated type of iron-dependent, non-apoptotic programmed cell death. There is increasing evidence that ferroptosis may lead to neuronal damage mediated by hemorrhagic stroke mediated neuronal damage. Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a natural bioactive polyphenol compound extracted from salvia miltiorrhiza, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrosis activities. SAA is reported to be an iron chelator that inhibits lipid peroxidation and provides neuroprotective effects. However, whether SAA improves neuronal ferroptosis mediated by hemorrhagic stroke remains unclear. The study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SAA on Ferroptosis mediated by Intracerebral hemorrhage and explore its potential mechanisms. We constructed in vivo and in vitro models of intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Multiple methods were used to analyze the inhibitory effect of SAA on ferroptosis in both in vivo and in vitro models of intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Then, network pharmacology is used to identify potential targets and mechanisms for SAA treatment of ICH. The SAA target ICH network combines SAA and ICH targets with protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Find the specific mechanism of SAA acting on ferroptosis through molecular docking and functional enrichment analysis. In rats, SAA (10 mg/kg in vivo and 50 µM in vitro, p < 0.05) alleviated dyskinesia and brain injury in the ICH model by inhibiting ferroptosis (p < 0.05). The molecular docking results and functional enrichment analyses suggested that AKT (V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog) could mediate the effect of SAA. NRF2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) was a potential target of SAA. Our further experiments showed that salvianolic acid A enhanced the Akt /GSK-3ß/Nrf2 signaling pathway activation in vivo and in vitro. At the same time, SAA significantly expanded the expression of GPX4, XCT proteins, and the nuclear expression of Nrf2, while the AKT inhibitor SH-6 and the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 could reduce them to some extent. Therefore, SAA effectively ameliorated ICH-mediated neuronal ferroptosis. Meanwhile, one of the critical mechanisms of SAA inhibiting ferroptosis was activating the Akt/GSK-3ß/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Encapsulated allyl isothiocyanate improves soil distribution, efficacy against soil-borne pathogens and tomato yield.

BACKGROUND: Crop quality, yield and farmer income are reduced by soil-borne diseases, nematodes and weeds, although these can be controlled by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a plant-derived soil fumigant. However, its efficacy against soil-borne pathogens varies, mainly because of its chemical instability and uneven distribution in the soil. Formulation modification is an effective way to optimize pesticide application. We encapsulated AITC in modified diatomite granules (GR) and measured the formulation's loading content and stability, environmental fate and efficacy against soil-borne pathogens, and its impact on the growth and yield of tomatoes. RESULTS: We observed that an AITC loading content in the granules of 27.6% resulted in a degradation half-life of GR that was 1.94 times longer than 20% AITC emulsifiable concentrate in water (EW) and shorter than AITC technical (TC) grade. The stable and more even distribution of GR in soil resulted in relatively consistent and acceptable control of soil-borne pathogens. Soil containing AITC residues that remained 10-24 days after GR fumigation were not phytotoxic to cucumber seeds. GR significantly reduced soil-borne pest populations, and tomato growth and yield increased as AITC dosage increased. GR containing an AITC dose of 20 g m-2 effectively controlled pathogens in soil for about 7 months and improved tomato yield by 108%. CONCLUSION: Our research demonstrates the benefits of soil fumigation with loaded AITC over other formulations for effective pest control, and improved tomato plant growth and fruit yield. Fumigant encapsulation appears to be a useful method to improve pest and disease control, environmental performance and fumigant commercial sustainability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells decrease neuroinflammation and facilitate the restoration of nerve function in rats suffering from intracerebral hemorrhage.

Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSC-ex) have become a hopeful substitute for whole-cell therapy due to their minimal immunogenicity and tumorigenicity. The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that hUCMSC-ex can alleviate excessive inflammation resulting from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and facilitate the rehabilitation of the nervous system in rats. In vivo, hemorrhagic stroke was induced by injecting collagenase IV into the striatum of rats using stereotactic techniques. hUCMSC-ex were injected via the tail vein at 6 h after ICH model establishment at a dosage of 200 µg. In vitro, astrocytes were pretreated with hUCMSC-ex and then stimulated with hemin (20 µmol/mL) to establish an ICH cell model. The expression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins and inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-10, was assessed both in vivo and in vitro to investigate the impact of hUCMSC-ex on inflammation. The neurological function of the ICH rats was evaluated using the corner turn test, forelimb placement test, Longa score, and Bederson score on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day. Additionally, RT-PCR was employed to examine the mRNA expression of TLR4 following hUCMSC-ex treatment. The findings demonstrated that hUCMSC-ex downregulated the protein expression of TLR4, NF-κB/P65, and p-P65, reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß, and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Ultimately, the administration of hUCMSC-ex improved the behavioral performance of the ICH rats. However, the results of PT-PCR indicated that hUCMSC-ex did not affect the expression of TLR4 mRNA induced by ICH, suggesting that hUCMSCs-ex may inhibit TLR4 translation rather than transcription, thereby suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. We can conclude that hUCMSC-ex mitigates hyperinflammation following ICH by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides preclinical evidence for the potential future application of hUCMSC-ex in the treatment of cerebral injury.

The potential for reducing aflatoxin B1 contamination of stored peanuts by soil disinfection.

Aflatoxins from the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) that contaminate stored peanuts is a major hazard to human health worldwide. Reducing A. flavus in soil can decrease the risk of aflatoxins in stored peanuts. In this experiment, we determined whether peanuts grown on soil fumigated with dazomet (DZ), metham sodium (MS), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), chloropicrin (PIC) or dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) would reduce of the quantity of A. flavus and its toxin's presence. The results of bioassays and field tests showed that PIC was the most effective fumigant for preventing and controlling A. flavus, followed by MS. PIC and MS applied to the soil for 14 d resulted in LD50 values against A. flavus of 3.558 and 4.893 mg kg-1, respectively, leading to almost 100% and 98.82% effectiveness of A. flavus, respectively. Peanuts harvested from fumigated soil and then stored for 60 d resulted in undetectable levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compared to unfumigated soil that contained 0.64 ug kg-1 of AFB1, which suggested that soil fumigation can reduce the probability of aflatoxin contamination during peanut storage and showed the potential to increase the safety of peanuts consumed by humans. Further research is planned to determine the practical value of our research in commercial practice.

Fumigation alters the manganese-oxidizing microbial communities to enhance soil manganese availability and increase tomato yield.

Manganese is one of the essential trace elements for plants to maintain normal life activities. Soil fumigation, while effectively controlling soil-borne diseases, can also improve the cycling of soil nutrient elements. MiSeq amplicon sequencing is used to determine the composition of soil microbial communities, and structural equation modeling and the random forest algorithm are employed to conduct a correlation analysis between key manganese-oxidizing microorganisms and soil manganese availability. This experiment investigated the microbial mechanisms behind the observed increase in available manganese in soil after fumigation. The key findings revealed that Bacillus, GeoBacillus, GraciliBacillus, Chungangia, and Pseudoxanthomonas play crucial roles in influencing the variation in soil available manganese content. Fumigation was found to elevate the abundance of Bacillus. Moreover, laccase activity emerged as another significant factor impacting soil manganese availability, showing an indirect correlation with available manganese content and contributing to 58 % of the observed variation in available manganese content. In summary, alterations in the communities of manganese-oxidizing microorganisms following soil fumigation are pivotal for enhancing soil manganese availability.

Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells pretreated by monosialoteterahexosyl ganglioside alleviate intracerebral hemorrhage by down-regulating autophagy.

PURPOSE: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in substantial morbidity, mortality, and disability. Depleting neural cells in advanced stages of ICH poses a significant challenge to recovery. The objective of our research is to investigate the potential advantages and underlying mechanism of exosomes obtained from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) pretreated with monosialoteterahexosyl ganglioside (GM1) in the prevention of secondary brain injury (SBI) resulting from ICH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In vitro, hUMSCs were cultured and induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells after they were pretreated with 150 µg/mL GM1. The exosomes extracted from the culture medium following a 6-h pretreatment with 150 µg/mL GM1 were used as the treatment group. Striatal infusion of collagenase and hemoglobin (Hemin) was used to establish in vivo and in vitro models of ICH. RESULTS: After being exposed to 150 µg/mL GM1 for 6 h, specific cells displayed typical neuron-like cell morphology and expressed neuron-specific enolase (NSE). The rate of differentiation into neuron-like cells was up to (15.9 ± 5.8) %, and the synthesis of N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT), which is upstream of GM1, was detected by Western blot. This study presented an increase in the synthesis of GalNAcT. Compared with the ICH group, apoptosis in the treatment group was remarkably reduced, as detected by TUNEL, and mitochondrial membrane potential was restored by JC-1. Additionally, Western blot revealed the restoration of up-regulated autophagy markers Beclin-1 and LC3 and the down-regulation of autophagy marker p62 after ICH. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that GM1 is an effective agent to induce the differentiation of hUMSCs into neuron-like cells. GM1 can potentially increase GalNAcT production through "positive feedback", which generates more GM1 and promotes the differentiation of hUMSCs. After pretreatment with GM1, exosomes derived from hUMSCs (hUMSCs-Exos) demonstrate a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting autophagy in the ICH model. This study reveals the potential mechanism by which GM1 induces differentiation of hUMSCs into neuron-like cells and confirms the therapeutic effect of hUMSCs-Exos pretreated by GM1 (GM1-Exos) on an ICH model, potentially offering a new direction for stem cell therapy in ICH.

Systematic assessment of the antifungal mechanism of soil fumigant methyl isothiocyanate against Fusarium oxysporum.

Fusarium oxysporum is an important phytopathogenic fungus, it can be controlled by the soil fumigant methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). However, the antimicrobial mechanism of MITC against F. oxysporum, especially at the transcriptional level, is still unclear. In this experiment, the antimicrobial mechanism of MITC against F. oxysporum was investigated. Our results indicated that when F. oxysporum was exposed to 6 mg/L MITC for 12 h, the inhibitory rate of MITC on F. oxysporum was 80%. Transmission electron microscopes showed that the cell wall and membrane of F. oxysporum had shrunk and folded, vacuoles increased, and mitochondria swelled and deformed. In addition, the enzyme activity of F. oxysporum treated with MITC showed a decrease of 32.50%, 8.28% and 74.04% in catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, respectively. Transcriptome sequencing of F. oxysporum was performed and the results showed that 1478 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were produced in response to MITC exposure. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the DEGs identified were involved in substance and energy metabolism, signal transduction, transport and catalysis. MITC disrupted cell homeostasis by influencing the expression of some key genes involved in chitin synthase and detoxification enzymes production, but F. oxysporum also protected itself by up-regulating genes involved in energy synthesis (such as upregulating acnA, CS and LSC2 in TCA). qRT-PCR data validated the reliability of transcriptome data. Our research used biochemical and genetic techniques to identify molecular lesions in the mycelia of F. oxysporum exposed to MITC, and provide valuable insights into the toxic mechanism of pathogenic fungi mediated by MITC. These techniques are also likely to be useful for rapidly screening and identifying new, environmentally-friendly soil fumigants that are efficacious against fungal pathogens.

Life cycle assessment of coal mines of diverse scales over time in China.

Coal mining has important detrimental effects on the environment and human health. By the end of 2022, China mined more than 4 billion tons of raw coal, and coal mining contributed to adverse environmental impacts. The objective of this work is to evaluate the environmental impacts emanated from coal mines in different periods (construction period, production period and closing period) and to find the relationship between coal mine scale and ecological impacts. This study uses coal mines that produce 0.45 Mt/a (considered a medium sized mine), 3 Mt/a and 8 Mt/a (both classified as large mines in this study) and a 12 Mt/a extra-large coal mine. Based on the time dimension, the mine life cycle was classified into construction, production and closing period, and the life cycle assessment method was used to conduct environmental assessment. The main influencing substances and key processes were tracked. The results indicated that mining engineering and gangue are the main factors affecting the construction and production periods of coal mines. Freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and human toxicity are the main environmental effects of coal produce, and they are mostly brought up by the release of hazardous elements like copper, chromium, zinc, nickel, and copper. Furan, formaldehyde, and chromium emissions during mine closure can be effectively reduced through environmental compensation, however coal mines' environmental compensation during mine closure is minimal. The environmental impact of coal mines producing 3 Mt and 8 Mt annually is minimal. The environmental impact of 0.45 Mt/a and 3 Mt/a coal mines is more prominent in the construction period. The pollutant discharge throughout the production phase, particularly the metal leaching discharge from gangue, needs to receive more attention from the 8 Mt/a and 12 Mt/a coal mines. Additionally, the larger the scale of coal mine production, the greater the proportion of the total environmental impact in the production stage.

Transcriptome reveals the toxicity difference of dimethyl disulfide by contact and fumigation on Meloidogyne incognita through calcium channel-mediated oxidative phosphorylation.

The prevention and control of root-knot nematode disease has been posing a severe challenge worldwide. Fumigant dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) has excellent biological activity against nematodes. However, DMDS displays significant differences in contact and fumigation toxicity on nematodes. The specific regulatory mechanisms of DMDS on nematodes were investigated by characterizing the ultrastructure of nematodes, examining the physiological and biochemical indicators, and conducting transcriptome high-throughput sequencing. As indicated by the results, DMDS fumigation exhibited the biological activity of against M. incognita 121 times higher than DMDS contact. DMDS contact destroyed nematode body wall cells. Besides, DMDS fumigation destroyed the structure of pseudocoelom. DMDS treatment expedited the oxygen consumption of nematode while inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity. As indicated by the analysis of vital signaling pathways based on transcriptome, DMDS based on the contact mode penetrated directly into the nematode through the body wall and subsequently affected calcium channels in the body wall and muscle, disrupting their structure; it serves as an uncoupling agent to interfere with ATP synthase. Moreover, DMDS based on the fumigation mode entered the body through the respiratory pathway of olfactory perception-oxygen exchange and subsequently affected calcium channels in the nerve; eventually, DMDS acted on complex IV or complex I.