Pathological characteristics analysis of children with intermittent and persistent hydronephrosis due to uretero-pelvic junction obstruction.

Objective: To analyze from a pathological perspective the differences between intermittent and persistent hydronephrosis in children with uretero-pelvic junction obstruction. Methods: 23 children who underwent unilateral dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes operation) for intermittent hydronephrosis from September 2017 to March 2024 were included in the observation group. They were compared with a control group consisting of 23 children with persistent hydronephrosis matched for age, gender, and affected side. All children had the narrowed segment surgically excised during the operation, while other obstructive causes (such as polyps, crossing vessels, or tumor compression) were excluded. The specimens were analyzed for muscle and collagen content using Masson's trichrome staining, and the collagen-to-muscle ratio (CMR) was calculated. The number of Cajal-like cells was quantified with c-kit immunohistochemical staining. For all slides, 10 random fields of view were selected under a 400× optical microscope to record pathological data and calculate mean values. Pathological indicators between the two groups were compared using the T-test and the Chi-square test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The observation group showed a significant difference in the number of fields with low, medium, and high densities of Cajal-like cells compared to the control group [132 (57.4%) vs. 173 (75.2%); 70 (30.4%) vs. 38 (16.5%); 28(12.2%) vs. 19 (8.3%), P < 0.001]. The uretero-pelvic junction in children with intermittent hydronephrosis had lower collagen content, higher muscle content, and a more regular arrangement. The collagen-muscle ratio was significantly lower than that in children with persistent hydronephrosis [(1.59 ± 0.65) vs. (3.98 ± 1.19), P < 0.001]. Conclusion: Compared with persistent hydronephrosis, the narrowed segment at the uretero-pelvic junction in children with intermittent hydronephrosis has a higher density of Cajal-like cells; lower collagen content, and higher muscle content (lower collagen-muscle ratio).

Impact of hyperglycemia on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a cohort study.

Hyperglycemia is prevalent and closely associated with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study aimed to investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on the outcomes of PTB treatment. This study comprised 791 patients with PTB in total. Patients with fasting plasma glucose levels of ≥ 6.1 mmol/L were diagnosed with hyperglycemia. Anthropometric and baseline demographic data were also collected. The treatment response was assessed based on clinical symptoms (sputum production, cough, chest pain, fever, hemoptysis, night sweats, loss of appetite, and fatigue), sputum smear, chest computed tomography (CT), and adverse gastrointestinal responses (vomiting, nausea, abdominal distension, diarrhea, and constipation). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to evaluate these relationships. Hyperglycemia affected 266 (33.6%) of the 791 patients with PTB. In GEE analyses, patients with hyperglycemia exhibited a greater incidence of elevated tuberculosis (TB) scores (odds ratio (OR) 1.569; 95% CI 1.040-2.369), cough (OR 1.332; 95% CI 1.050-1.690), and night sweats (OR 1.694; 95% CI 1.288-2.335). Hyperglycemia was linked with a higher risk of positive sputum smears (OR 1.941; 95% CI 1.382-2.727). During therapy, hyperglycemia was also associated with an increased incidence of vomiting (OR 2.738; 95% CI 1.041-7.198), abdominal distension (OR 2.230; 95% CI 1.193-4.171), and constipation (OR 2.372; 95% CI 1.442-3.902). However, the CT results indicated that hyperglycemia did not affect pulmonary lesions in patients with TB. Patients with TB and hyperglycemia are at a higher risk of severe clinical manifestations, positive sputum smears, and adverse gastrointestinal effects and, therefore, the special situation of hyperglycemic patients should be considered in the prevention and treatment of TB.

Status and associated factors of food and nutrition literacy among young adults aged 15-44 years in Shenzhen City, China.

Background: Food and nutrition literacy (FNL) plays an important role in young adults' dietary habits and nutrition. This study aimed to investigate FNL status and its associated factors among young adults aged 15-44 years in Shenzhen. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 5,390 participants was conducted in June 2021. FNL was measured using the Food and Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for Chinese Adults (FNLQ). A generalized linear model was employed to analyze the factors associated with FNL. Results: The median FNL score (total score = 100) was 68.00, which was below the adequate level of 80. FNL was divided into the two different domains of knowledge and skills, with significantly different scoring rate of 85.30 and 67.77%, respectively. The overall proportion of respondents with adequate FNL was 19.52%. The FNL score was significantly higher among the participants who were female (ß = 2.665; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.031-3.299) and with higher education levels (ß ranging from 5.632 [CI: 3.845-7.419] to 10.756 [CI: 8.973-12.538]), healthcare-related work experience (ß = 4.197; CI: 3.557-4.837) and a higher economic status (ß ranging from 0.753 [CI: 0.079-1.426] to 6.217 [CI: 5.208-7.227]). Those who were divorced or with an unknown marital status (ß = -8.438; CI: -9.701, -7.175), abnormal body mass index (thin [ß = -2.115; CI: -3.063, -1.166], overweight [ß = -1.427; CI: -2.254, -0.600]), and suffering from chronic diseases (single disease [ß = -3.483; CI: -4.485, -2.480], multimorbidity [ß = -5.119; CI: -5.912, -4.327]) had significantly lower FNL scores. Conclusion: Generally, the level of FNL among young adults in Shenzhen, China, was relatively low. Thus, nutrition education programs targeted at promoting improved FNL status call for additional emphasis, especially in subgroups with lower scores.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae-incorporated and sucrose-rich sodium alginate film: An effective antioxidant packaging film for longan preservation.

A sodium alginate (SA) film incorporated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SE) and sucrose (SU) was fabricated to control the quality and pericarp browning of longan. The SE with satisfactory glutathione production was selected as the antioxidant agent. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed that the SU-rich SA film could be used as an effective carrier to protect the cell integrity of SE. The FTIR and mechanical property results indicated that the SA-SE film with the incorporation of SU has good flexibility due to the existence of hydrogen bonds. Notably, the cell viability of the SE was significantly improved with the addition of SU, which positively affects the antioxidant property of the film during the storage period. Finally, the SA-SE-3.0%SU films obviously improved the quality and pericarp browning of longan. The SA-based film incorporated with SU and SE may be established as a novel antioxidant fruit packaging material.

Zinc-dependent histone deacetylases drive neutrophil extracellular trap formation and potentiate local and systemic inflammation.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) driven by viruses or bacteria, as well as in numerous immune-mediated disorders. Histone citrullination by the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and the consequent decondensation of chromatin are hallmarks in the induction of NETs. Nevertheless, additional histone modifications that may govern NETosis are largely overlooked. Herein, we show that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play critical roles in driving NET formation in human and mouse neutrophils. HDACs belonging to the zinc-dependent lysine deacetylases family are necessary to deacetylate histone H3, thus allowing the activity of PAD4 and NETosis. Of note, HDAC inhibition in mice protects against microbial-induced pneumonia and septic shock, decreasing NETosis and inflammation. Collectively, our findings illustrate a new fundamental step that governs the release of NETs and points to HDAC inhibitors as therapeutic agents that may be used to protect against ARDS and sepsis.

Diagnosis of a giant left atrial appendage aneurysm by contrast-enhanced echocardiography: Case report and literature review.

Left atrial appendage aneurysm (LAAA) is a rare pathologic entity that can be congenital or, more frequently, acquired. Its complications include arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, palpitations, hiccups, chest pain, dyspnea, and myocardial infarction. LAAA can be isolated or associated with other congenital anomalies such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, anomalous renal artery, Noonan syndrome, and Hurler-Scheie syndrome. We report a rare case of giant LAA with intra-aneurysmal thrombus diagnosed by contrast-enhanced echocardiography.

The kite flap for reconstructing tumour excision wounds in the middle and lower face: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present our experience with a kite flap in reconstruction of facial wounds after malignant tumour excision. METHOD: From October 2008 to September 2017, patients with facial malignant tumour were treated in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Bazhou People's Hospital with kite flaps after complete excision. The survival rate, colour, cicatrix of the flap and patient satisfaction were recorded after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were included in the study. During follow-up, from six months to 8 years, all the kite flaps achieved primary closure and survived well, and the colour and texture were similar to the surrounding skin with no obvious scar. Dysfunction, complications and recurrence had not been reported. CONCLUSION: The kite flap may be a good option in reconstructing facial wounds after malignant tumour excision (diameters 1-5cm). It is a simple surgical method with sufficient blood supply and extensive adaptability. For patients in this study, no obvious scars were formed and the recipient site matched well with the donor site.

Modeling COVID-19 with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cells Reveals Synergistic Effects of Anti-inflammatory Macrophages with ACE2 Inhibition Against SARS-CoV-2.

Dysfunctional immune responses contribute critically to the progression of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) from mild to severe stages including fatality, with pro-inflammatory macrophages as one of the main mediators of lung hyper-inflammation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the interactions among SARS-CoV-2 permissive cells, macrophage, and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, thereby offering important insights into new therapeutic strategies. Here, we used directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to establish a lung and macrophage co-culture system and model the host-pathogen interaction and immune response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the hPSC-derived lung cells, alveolar type II and ciliated cells are the major cell populations expressing the viral receptor ACE2 and co-effector TMPRSS2, and both were highly permissive to viral infection. We found that alternatively polarized macrophages (M2) and classically polarized macrophages (M1) had similar inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, only M1 macrophages significantly up-regulated inflammatory factors including IL-6 and IL-18, inhibiting growth and enhancing apoptosis of lung cells. Inhibiting viral entry into target cells using an ACE2 blocking antibody enhanced the activity of M2 macrophages, resulting in nearly complete clearance of virus and protection of lung cells. These results suggest a potential therapeutic strategy, in that by blocking viral entrance to target cells while boosting anti-inflammatory action of macrophages at an early stage of infection, M2 macrophages can eliminate SARS-CoV-2, while sparing lung cells and suppressing the dysfunctional hyper-inflammatory response mediated by M1 macrophages.

Antitumor activities of Liver-targeting peptide modified Recombinant human Endostatin in BALB/c-nu mice with Hepatocellular carcinoma.

In our previous study, a liver-targeting peptide CSP I-plus modified recombinant human Endostatin (rEndostatin, endostar) (rES-CSP) was constructed and showed potent antiangiogenic capability and could specifically bind to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to make a direct inhibition in vitro. In this study, the biological activities of rES-CSP in vivo were evaluated by subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft nude mice model of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2. We found that rES-CSP significantly decreased tumor volume to 54.9% in the nude mice with subcutaneous xenograft compared with the control. In orthotopic xenograft model, rES-CSP not only decreased tumor volume (to 39.6% compared with the control) and tumor weight, it also increased its biodistribution in the liver tissue and hepatoma tissue. Moreover, lower microvessel density (MVD) and higher apoptotic index (AI) were also observed in the tumor tissues. It had no significant side-effects on the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of mice. Results indicated CSP I-plus modified Endostar may be a potential candidate for a targeting therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma.

Use of microsatellite and SNP markers for biotype characterization in Hessian fly.

Exploration of the biotype structure of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), would improve our knowledge regarding variation in virulence phenotypes and difference in genetic background. Microsatellites (simple sequence repeats) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly variable genetic markers that are widely used in population genetic studies. This study developed and tested a panel of 18 microsatellite and 22 SNP markers to investigate the genetic structure of nine Hessian fly biotypes: B, C, D, E, GP, L, O, vH9, and vH13. The simple sequence repeats were more polymorphic than the SNP markers, and their neighbor-joining trees differed in consequence. Microsatellites suggested a simple geographic association of related biotypes that did not progressively gain virulence with increasing genetic distance from a founder type. Use of the k-means clustering algorithm in the STRUCTURE program shows that the nine biotypes comprise six to eight populations that are related to geography or history within laboratory cultures.

Characterization and rapid identification of chemical constituents of NaoXinTong capsules by UHPLC-linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometry.

The BuChang NaoXinTong (BNC) capsule is a well-known, traditional, prescribed Chinese medication for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the chemical profile of BNC has not been established. In the present study, ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap) has been developed for rapid and high-throughput screening of the preliminary chemical profile of BNC in both positive and negative ion modes. Twenty-five compounds were identified as the standard available compounds by comparing the retention time and high-resolution accurate mass. For the standard unavailable compounds, the structures were presumed based on high-accuracy protonated precursors and multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) using the proposed strategy. In particular, flavones, isoflavones, and tanshinones had the same skeleton. Therefore, the standards were utilized to characterize the fragment pathways and diagnostic fragment ions that could be applied for structural elucidation of their derivatives. Meanwhile, all the constituent groups of the compounds were detected in the individual herbs comprising BNC. Finally, a total of 178 components were identified or tentatively characterized in BNC, including 21 flavones and 6 flavone glycosides, 18 phenanthraquinones, and 22 terpenoids. The identification and structure elucidation of these chemicals provide essential data for further phytochemical studies, quality control, and pharmacological studies of BNC.

Influence of various breast factors on the quality of strain elastograms.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of the depth and size of breast lesions, the thickness of the adipose layer, and the thickness of the breast on the quality of strain elastograms obtained from Chinese women. METHODS: Ultrasound elastography was conducted on 326 breast lesions in 272 women. The quality of the images was evaluated according to criteria for satisfactory and unsatisfactory elastograms. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between measured factors and image quality. RESULTS: Among the 326 lesions, 300 (92%) had satisfactory images, and 26 (8%) had unsatisfactory images. Univariate analyses indicated that all of the data from the unsatisfactory group were higher than the data from the satisfactory group in terms of the distance from the deep and superficial edges of the lesion to the skin, the thickness of the adipose layer anterior to the lesion, and the breast thickness at the location of the lesion (all P < .05 ). Lesions in the unsatisfactory group were larger than those in the satisfactory group when the distance from the deep edge of the lesion to the skin was between 2.1 and 2.5 cm and the distance from the superficial edge of the lesion to the skin was between 1.6 and 2.3 cm (all P< .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both the distance from the superficial edge of the lesion to the skin (odds ratio, 18.335; P = .029) and the breast thickness at the location of the lesion (odds ratio, 20.447; P < .001) were the independent influencing factors that affected the quality of elastograms. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory images are more easily acquired if the lesion is relatively superficial or located in areas of thinner breast thickness. Furthermore, among deeper lesions, satisfactory images are more common in large lesions.

The evolution of Hessian fly from the Old World to the New World: Evidence from molecular markers.

Eighteen polymorphic microsatellite loci and 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 1,095 individual Hessian fly specimens representing 23 populations from North America, southern Europe, and southwest Asia. The genotypes were used to assess genetic diversity and interrelationship of Hessian fly populations. While phylogenetic analysis indicates that the American populations most similar to Eurasian populations come from the east coast of the United States, genetic distance is least between (Alabama and California) and (Kazakhstan and Spain). Allelic diversity and frequency vary across North America, but they are not correlated with distance from the historically documented point of introduction in New York City or with temperature or precipitation. Instead, the greatest allelic diversity mostly occurs in areas with Mediterranean climates. The microsatellite data indicate a general deficiency for heterozygotes in Hessian fly. The North American population structure is consistent with multiple introductions, isolation by distance, and human-abetted dispersal by bulk transport of puparia in infested straw or on harvesting equipment.

Progestin as an alternative treatment option for multi-treated recurrent triple-negative breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with recurrent triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) currently have no established treatment option other than chemotherapy. However, long-term chemotherapy is often difficult due to adverse effects. A previous study documented a 10%-30% response rate of progestins in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medroxyprogesterone/megestrol acetate (MPA/MA) in patients with recurrent TNBC. METHODS: This retrospective observational analysis included 51 patients with recurrent TNBC; 17 were treated with MPA/MA and 34 underwent chemotherapy. The two groups were matched at a 1:2 ratio according to age, metastatic sites, and salvage treatment lines. Efficacy was compared using the χ2 and rank-sum tests. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the two groups were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: The two groups were well balanced in terms of age, disease-free survival, number of metastases, and salvage therapy lines. Clinical benefit rates in the MPA/MA and chemotherapy groups were 52.94% and 73.53%, respectively (χ2 test, p = 0.208), and median PFS was comparable between groups (log-rank test, p = 0.135). Median PFS of 1st-6th-line salvage treatments was shorter in the MPA/MA group than in the chemotherapy group (log-rank test, p = 0.036), but median PFS of ≥7th-line salvage treatments was comparable (log-rank test, p = 0.139). Eight patients discontinued chemotherapy due to adverse effects, and one patient withdrew from MPA treatment because of weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: Progestins (MPA/MA) are an alternative treatment option for multi-treated recurrent TNBC.

Cardiac adaptive mechanisms of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) at high altitudes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify cardiac mechanisms that contribute to adaptation to high altitudes in Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). ANIMALS: 9 male Tibetan antelope and 10 male Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries). PROCEDURES: Tibetan antelope and Tibetan sheep inhabiting a region with an altitude of 4,300 m were captured, and several cardiac variables were measured. Expression of genes for atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II δ was measured via real-time PCR assay. RESULTS: Ratios of heart weight to body weight for Tibetan antelope were significantly greater than those of Tibetan sheep, but ratios of right-left ventricular weights were similar. Mean ± SD baseline heart rate (26.33 ± 6.15 beats/min) and systolic arterial blood pressure (97.75 ± 9.56 mm Hg) of antelope were significantly lower than those of sheep (34.20 ± 6.57 beats/min and 130.06 ± 17.79 mm Hg, respectively). The maximum rate of rise in ventricular pressure in antelope was similar to that in Tibetan sheep, but after exposure to air providing a fraction of inspired oxygen of 14.6% or 12.5% (ie, hypoxic conditions), the maximum rate of rise in ventricular pressure of the antelope increased significantly to 145.1% or 148.1%, respectively, whereas that of the sheep decreased to 68.4% or 70.5%, respectively. Gene expression of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II δ and atrial natriuretic peptide, but not brain natriuretic peptide, in the left ventricle of the heart was significantly higher in antelope than in sheep. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hearts of the Tibetan antelope in this study were well adapted to high-altitude hypoxia as shown by higher heart weight ratios, cardiac contractility in hypoxic conditions, and expression of key genes regulating cardiac contractility and cardiac hypertrophy, compared with values for Tibetan sheep.

Effect of sodium chloride on sulfur speciation of chalcopyrite bioleached by the extreme thermophile Acidianus manzaensis.

The influence of sodium chloride on dissolution of chalcopyrite and surface sulfur speciation during bioleaching of chalcopyrite with the extreme thermophile Acidianus manzaensis YN-25 was studied. The addition of sodium chloride accelerated the dissolution of chalcopyrite by reducing the accumulation of elemental sulfur layers on the mineral surface, resulting in an increase in the concentration of copper ions from 2.37g/L to 2.67g/L. Jarosite and elemental sulfur were found in the bioleached residues, while the amount of elemental sulfur accumulating on the mineral surface decreased drastically from 25.4% to 3.0% when 0.66g/L of sodium chloride was present during bioleaching. Therefore, the accumulation of elemental sulfur on the mineral surface is likely mainly responsible for the slowdown in the dissolution rate. The results indicated that bioleaching chalcopyrite with extreme thermophiles possessing high sulfur oxidation activity likely enhances dissolution of chalcopyrite by effectively removing elemental sulfur accumulating on the mineral surface.

Prevalence and risk factors for depression in older people in Xi'an China: a community-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and to determine the impact of socio-demographic variables, chronic diseases and health-related events on depression in a community sample of older adults in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. METHODS: Cross sectional, multistage community survey. A semi-structured questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, physical health, chronic diseases and health-related events was administered to 1587 older adults from eight communities. Depression was assessed using the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) with a threshold of <11/11+. Analysis was conducted using SPSS16.0 Complex Samples Logistic analysis procedure. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression was 27.0% (95% CI 24.7-29.2%). In a univariate analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with depression: female gender, low max income, coronary heart disease, suffering 3 or above chronic diseases and functional impairments, 4 adverse life events (financial problems, death of closely related person, unpleasantness experience and horrifying experience) and suffering 1 or above adverse life events. After adjustment for age and gender, odds ratios for depression were significantly higher for coronary heart disease, suffering 3 or above chronic diseases and functional impairments, adverse life event (financial problems, unpleasantness experience) and suffering 3 or above adverse life events. CONCLUSIONS: According to GDS estimates, 27.0% Chinese urban older adult had depression symptoms. In designing prevention programs, detection and management of older patients with depression should be a high priority in developing countries.

Simultaneous determination of ten active components in 12 Chinese Piper species by HPLC.

Piper is a genus that is recently valued for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The major constituents, amides and lignans, are responsible for the antinociceptive and antidepressant activities. This study developed a RP-HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of eight amides and two lignans in twelve different species of Piper. HPLC separation was accomplished on a C18 analytical column (5 µm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d.) with a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. All the calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients (r > 0.9997) over the test ranges. The relative standard deviation of the current method was less than 2.90% for intra- and inter-day assays and the average recoveries were between 98.25% and 103.08%. The HPLC method established is appropriate for quality control purposes and allows for the differentiation of Piper species.

Studies on antidepressant and antinociceptive effects of ethyl acetate extract from Piper laetispicum and structure-activity relationship of its amide alkaloids.

Piper laetispicum C.DC. (Piperaceae), is an endemic climbing, glabrous plant distributed in the southern part of China. A novel alkaloid amide, Laetispicine, from it has been proven to possess antidepressant activity. In this present study, antidepressant and antinociceptive effects of the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of P. laetispicum have been studied in forced swimming, open field, acetic acid writhing and formalin tests in KM mice. A significantly antidepressant-like effect was showing at doses of higher than 60 mg/kg, which was not due to an increase in locomotive activity. The EAE also presented an analgesic effect, in our studies. At lower doses (30 mg/kg) the antinociceptive effect was likely mediated via peripheral inflammation and changes in central processing, and at higher doses (120 mg/kg) that was due to both central and peripheral pathways. We also quantitatively analyzed the major components of EAE by HPLC and approached the structure-activity relationship between structure of amide alkaloids and its antidepressant activities. The antidepressant effective components of EAE might be Leatispiamide A and Laetispicine. In their molecular structures, the isolated double bond from benzene ring and conjugated double bond located at 2-3 and 4-5 were necessary for its antidepressant activity.