Generation of out-of-plane polarized spin current by non-uniform oxygen octahedral tilt/rotation.

The free-field switching of the perpendicular magnetization by the out-of-plane polarized spin current induced spin-orbit torque makes it a promising technology for developing high-density memory and logic devices. The materials intrinsically with low symmetry are generally utilized to generate the spin current with out-of-plane spin polarization. However, the generation of the out-of-plane polarized spin current by engineering the symmetry of materials has not yet been reported. Here, we demonstrate that paramagnetic CaRuO3 films are able to generate out-of-plane polarized spin current by engineering the crystal symmetry. The non-uniform oxygen octahedral tilt/rotation along film's normal direction induced by oxygen octahedral coupling near interface breaks the screw-axis and glide-plane symmetries, which gives rise to a significant out-of-plane polarized spin current. This spin current can drive field-free spin-orbit torque switching of perpendicular magnetization with high efficiency. Our results offer a promising strategy based on crystal symmetry design to manipulate spin current and could have potential applications in advanced spintronic devices.

Recent Advances in Tactile Sensory Systems: Mechanisms, Fabrication, and Applications.

Flexible electronics is a cutting-edge field that has paved the way for artificial tactile systems that mimic biological functions of sensing mechanical stimuli. These systems have an immense potential to enhance human-machine interactions (HMIs). However, tactile sensing still faces formidable challenges in delivering precise and nuanced feedback, such as achieving a high sensitivity to emulate human touch, coping with environmental variability, and devising algorithms that can effectively interpret tactile data for meaningful interactions in diverse contexts. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of tactile sensory systems, such as piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric tactile sensors. We also review the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for artificial tactile sensors. Next, we focus on the potential applications of HMIs, such as intelligent robotics, wearable devices, prosthetics, and medical healthcare. Finally, we conclude with the challenges and future development trends of tactile sensors.

Direct Observation of Magnetic Skyrmions and Their Current-Induced Dynamics in Epitaxial Single-Crystal Oxide Films.

Magnetic skyrmions are scarcely investigated for single-crystal quality films, for which skyrmions may have a remarkable performance. Even in the limited studies in this aspect, the skyrmions are usually probed by the topological Hall effect, missing important information on dynamic properties. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation on the generation/manipulation of magnetic skyrmions in La0.67Ba0.33MnO3 single-crystal films. Using the technique of magnetic force microscopy, the current-driven skyrmion dynamics are directly observed. Unlike isolated skyrmions produced by magnetic field alone, closely packed skyrmions can be generated by electric pulses in a magnetic background, with a high density (∼60/µm2) and a small size (dozens of nanometers). The threshold current moving skyrmions is ∼2.3 × 104 A/cm2, 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that required by metallic multilayers or van der Waals ferromagnetic heterostructures. Our work demonstrates the great potential of single-crystal oxide films in developing skyrmion-based devices.

Effects of Calcium and pH on Rheological Thermal Resistance of Composite Xanthan Gum and High-Methoxyl Apple Pectin Matrices Featuring Dysphagia-Friendly Consistency.

High-methoxyl apple pectin (AP) derived from apple was employed as the main ingredient facilitating rheological modification features in developing dysphagia-friendly fluidized alimentary matrices. Xanthan gum (XG) was also included as a composite counterpart to modify the viscoelastic properties of the thickened system under different thermal processes. The results indicate that AP is extremely sensitive to thermal processing, and the viscosity is greatly depleted under a neutral pH level. Moreover, the inclusion of calcium ions echoed the modification effect on the rheological properties of AP, and both the elastic property and viscosity value were promoted after thermal processing. The modification effect of viscoelastic properties (G' and G″) was observed whne XG was incorporated into the composite formula. Increasing the XG ratio from 7:3 to 6:4 (AP:XG) triggers the rheological transformation from a liquid-like form to a solid-like state, and the viscosity value shows that the AP-XG composite system exhibits better thermal stability after thermal processing. The ambient modifiers of pH (pH < 4) and calcium chloride concentration (7.5%) with an optimal AP-XG ratio of 7:3 led to weak-gel-like behavior (G″ < G'), helping to maintain the texture properties of dysphagia-friendly features similar to those prior to the thermal processing.

Sign Change of Spin-Orbit Torque in Pt/NiO/CoFeB Structures.

Antiferromagnetic insulators have recently been proved to support spin current efficiently. Here, we report the dampinglike spin-orbit torque (SOT) in Pt/NiO/CoFeB has a strong temperature dependence and reverses the sign below certain temperatures, which is different from the slight variation with temperature in the Pt/CoFeB bilayer. The negative dampinglike SOT at low temperatures is proposed to be mediated by the magnetic interactions that tie with the "exchange bias" in Pt/NiO/CoFeB, in contrast to the thermal-magnon-mediated scenario at high temperatures. Our results highlight the promise to control the SOT through tuning the magnetic structure in multilayers.

Rheological and Textural Properties of Apple Pectin-Based Composite Formula with Xanthan Gum Modification for Preparation of Thickened Matrices with Dysphagia-Friendly Potential.

Modifying the consistency of a given edible fluid matrix by incorporating food thickeners is a common nursing remedy for individuals with dysphagia when adequate water consumption is a concern. As apple pectin (AP) offers nutraceutical benefits, properly formulated apple pectin (AP)-based thickeners featuring xanthan gum (XG) can be superior candidates for preparation of dysphagia-friendly matrices (DFMs). Our recruited DFMs exhibit fluid-like behavior (loss modulus > storage modulus, G" > G') at lower AP concentrations (2 and 5%, w/w); they turn into weak/critical gels (G' ≈ G") as the concentration becomes higher (9%). In contrast, XG-DFMs display gel-like attributes with G' > G", even at rather low concentrations (<1%) and become more resistant to sugar, Na+, and Ca2+ modifications. The composite matrix of AP1.8XG0.2 (constraint at 2%) exhibits a confined viscosity of 278 ± 11.7 mPa∙s, which is considered a DFM, in comparison to only AP- or XG-thickened ones. The hardness measurements of XG0.6 and AP1.2XG0.8 are 288.33 ± 7.506 and 302.00 ± 9.849 N/m2, respectively, which potentially represent a promising formulation base for future applications with DFMs; these textural values are not significantly different from a commercially available product (p > 0.05) for dysphagia nursing administrations.

Effect of Thermal Processing on Flow Properties and Stability of Thickened Fluid Matrices Formulated by Tapioca Starch, Hydroxyl Distarch Phosphate (E-1442), and Xanthan Gum Associating Dysphagia-Friendly Potential.

The flow behavior of the administrated fluid matrices demands careful assessments for stability when consumed by individuals with dysphagia. In the present study, we incorporated tapioca starch (TS), hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HDP), and xanthan gum (XG) as thickeners into different nectars (300 ± 20 mPa.s) undergoing thermal processing and evaluated their stability. The thickened nectars presented better water holding and oil binding capacities at 25 °C than 4 °C, and the nectars with TS provided the best results for both capacities as well as the highest solubility index and swelling power (p < 0.05). All prepared nectars appeared to be shear-thinning fluids with yield stress closely fitting the power law and Casson models. XG-containing nectars presented a higher yield stress and consistency index. Matrices thickened by HDP exhibited a higher viscoelastic property compared to those thickened by TS during thermal processing. TS nectars presented viscous behavior, whereas HDP and XG nectars presented elastic behavior at 80 °C processing. The 3 min thermal processing HDP nectars remained stable and met dysphagia-friendly requirements under 4 °C storage for 28 days, regardless of the type of fluid base (distilled water, sport drink, or orange juice). The employed thickeners present adequate physicochemical properties to be potentially utilized for producing dysphagia-friendly formulations.

Two Kinds of Metastable Structures in an Epitaxial Lanthanum Cobalt Oxide Thin Film.

Thin films have attracted much interest because they often have novel properties different from those of their bulk counterparts. In this work, we tune two metastable states in three kinds of lanthanum cobalt oxide thin films by electron beam irradiation and record their dynamic transition process in situ in a transmission electron microscope. The lanthanum cobalt oxide thin films exhibit a homogeneous microstructure in the initial state and then transfer to a stripelike superstructure with 3a0 periodicity (a0 is the perovskite lattice parameter), further developing into a superstructure with 2a0 periodicity in dark stripes (brownmillerite structure). To explore the inherent energy discrepancy within the two metastable states, we perform first-principles calculations on a LaCoO3-δ (0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5) thin film system by geometry optimization. The calculation results suggest that the forming energy of the 3a0 periodicity stripelike structure is a little lower than that of the 2a0 periodicity in the LaCoO3-δ thin film. Our work explains why the two stripelike structures coexist in lanthanum cobalt oxide thin films and extends prospective applications related to oxygen vacancies in thin films.

Ultra-efficient spin-orbit torque induced magnetic switching in W/CoFeB/MgO structures.

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetic switching in heavy metal/ferromagnet structures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is promising for energy efficient spintronic devices. Here, we studied the SOT induced magnetic switching in perpendicular W/Co20Fe60B20/MgO structures. We demonstrated the critical current density for the SOT induced switching is as low as 1.15 × 106 A cm-2 in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field, which is very energy efficient in terms of magnetic switching. We attribute this ultra-efficient magnetic switching to the high spin Hall angle of the W layer and the ultra-low domain wall pinning field of the CoFeB. The SOT induced switching procedure was directly observed by a high-resolution Kerr microscopy. Furthermore, the weak Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interactions are shown to be favorable for switching. Our experiments physically explained the ultra-efficient SOT induced magnetic switching in W/CoFeB/MgO structures, and direct observation of the switching procedure can improve the comprehensive understanding of this dynamic process and further promote the study of SOT based memory devices.

Quenching of Spin Polarization Switching in Organic Multiferroic Tunnel Junctions by Ferroelectric "Ailing-Channel" in Organic Barrier.

The ferroelectric control of spin-polarization at ferromagnet (FM)/ferroelectric organic (FE-Org) interface by electrically switching the ferroelectric polarization of the FE-Org has been recently realized in the organic multiferroic tunnel junctions (OMFTJs) and gained intensive interests for future multifunctional organic spintronic applications. Here, we report the evidence of ferroelectric "ailing-channel" in the organic barrier, which can effectively pin the ferroelectric domain, resulting in nonswitchable spin polarization at the FM/FE-Org interface. In particular, OMFTJs based on La0.6Sr0.4MnO3/P(VDF-TrFE) ( t)/Co/Au structures with different P(VDF-TrFE) thickness ( t) were fabricated. The combined advanced electron microscopy and spectroscopy studies clearly reveal that very limited Co diffusion exists in the P(VDF-TrFE) organic barrier when the Au/Co electrode is deposited around 80K. Pot-hole structures at the boundary between the P(VDF-TrFE) needle-like grains are evidenced to induce "ailing-channels" that hinder efficient ferroelectric polarization of the organic barrier and result in the quenching of the spin polarization switching at Co/P(VDF-TrFE) interface. Furthermore, the spin diffusion length in the negatively polarized P(VDF-TrFE) is measured to be about 7.2 nm at 20K. The evidence of the mechanism of ferroelectric "ailing-channels" is of essential importance to improve the performance of OMFTJ and master the key condition for an efficient ferroelectric control of the spin polarization of "spinterface".

Current-induced magnetization switching in atom-thick tungsten engineered perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with large tunnel magnetoresistance.

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions based on MgO/CoFeB structures are of particular interest for magnetic random-access memories because of their excellent thermal stability, scaling potential, and power dissipation. However, the major challenge of current-induced switching in the nanopillars with both a large tunnel magnetoresistance ratio and a low junction resistance is still to be met. Here, we report spin transfer torque switching in nano-scale perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with a magnetoresistance ratio up to 249% and a resistance area product as low as 7.0 Ω µm2, which consists of atom-thick W layers and double MgO/CoFeB interfaces. The efficient resonant tunnelling transmission induced by the atom-thick W layers could contribute to the larger magnetoresistance ratio than conventional structures with Ta layers, in addition to the robustness of W layers against high-temperature diffusion during annealing. The critical switching current density could be lower than 3.0 MA cm-2 for devices with a 45-nm radius.

Electrical spin injection and detection in molybdenum disulfide multilayer channel.

Molybdenum disulfide has recently emerged as a promising two-dimensional semiconducting material for nano-electronic, opto-electronic and spintronic applications. However, the demonstration of an electron spin transport through a semiconducting MoS2 channel remains challenging. Here we show the evidence of the electrical spin injection and detection in the conduction band of a multilayer MoS2 semiconducting channel using a two-terminal spin-valve configuration geometry. A magnetoresistance around 1% has been observed through a 450 nm long, 6 monolayer thick MoS2 channel with a Co/MgO tunnelling spin injector and detector. It is found that keeping a good balance between the interface resistance and channel resistance is mandatory for the observation of the two-terminal magnetoresistance. Moreover, the electron spin-relaxation is found to be greatly suppressed in the multilayer MoS2 channel with an in-plane spin polarization. The long spin diffusion length (approximately ∼235 nm) could open a new avenue for spintronic applications using multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides.

Unraveling the Characteristic Shape for Magnetic Field Effects in Polymer-Fullerene Solar Cells.

Spin-dependent effects in organic solar cells (OSCs) are responsible for tuning the electric current when an external magnetic field is applied. Here, we report the magnetic field effect (MFE) on wide-bandgap (WBG) solar cells based on the polymers PBDT(O)-T1 and PBDT(Se)-T1 blended with PC70BM. Furthermore, we propose an experimental method based on the electrical transport (i-V) measurements to unveil the negative magneto conductance (MC) at small bias. The observed curves in a double-logarithmic scale display a particular S-like shape, independent of the OSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) or MC amplitudes. Additionally, from the slope of the S-like shape curve, it is possible to identify the fullerene concentrations that would result in the minimum MC and the maximum PCE. Our work opens up a door to find more patterns to describe MFE and PCE in polymer-fullerene solar cells, without the application of external magnetic or luminous sources.

Ferroelectric Control of Organic/Ferromagnetic Spinterface.

Organic multiferroic tunnel junctions based on La0.6 Sr0.4 MnO3 /poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/Co structures are fabricated. The tunneling magneto-resistance sign can be changed by electrically switching the ferroelectric polarization of PVDF barrier. It is demonstrated that the spin-polarization of the PVDF/Co spinterface can be actively controlled by tuning the ferroelectric polarization of PVDF. This study opens new functionality in controlling the injection of spin polarization into organic materials via the ferroelectric polarization of the barrier.

Structural and Magnetic Properties of LaCoO3/SrTiO3 Multilayers.

Structural and magnetic properties of the LaCoO3/SrTiO3 (LCO/STO) multilayers (MLs) with a fixed STO layer of 4 nm but varied LCO layer thicknesses have been systematically studied. The MLs grown on Sr0.7La0.3Al0.65Ta0.35O3 (LSAT) and SrTiO3 (STO) exhibit the in-plane lattice constant of the substrates, but those on LaAlO3 (LAO) show the in-plane lattice constant between those of the first two kinds of MLs. Compared with the LCO single layer (SL), the magnetic order of the MLs is significantly enhanced, as demonstrated by a very slow decrease, which is fast for the SL, of the Curie temperature and the saturation magnetization as the LCO layer thickness decreases. For example, clear ferromagnetic order is observed in the ML with the LCO layer of ∼1.5 nm, whereas it vanishes below ∼6 nm for the LCO SL. This result is consistent with the observation that the dark stripes, which are believed to be closely related to the magnetic order, remain clear in the MLs while they are vague in the corresponding LCO SL. The present work suggests a novel route to tune the magnetism of perovskite oxide films.

Structure versus properties in α-Fe2O3 nanowires and nanoblades.

We report structure/property relationships in bicrystalline α-Fe2O3 nanowires (NWs) and nanoblades (NBs), synthesized by thermal oxidation of iron foils with different surface roughness. The electrical properties of individual nanostructures were studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements using gold electrodes showed that a Schottky contact forms between α-Fe2O3 NWs whereas an ohmic contact forms between α-Fe2O3 NBs. The difference in transport properties is attributed to the existence of oxygen vacancies in the coincidence-site-lattice boundary region of α-Fe2O3 NBs. Magnetic measurements indicate that the temperature-dependent zero-field-cooled magnetization rises more rapidly near the Morin transition temperature for α-Fe2O3 NBs than that for NWs. The distinct magnetic properties of the NBs are ascribed to the enhanced magnetic order induced by the structural order in the two-dimensional NBs. These α-Fe2O3 NBs are promising building blocks for electronic and magnetic devices since their 2D geometries facilitate integration into devices with realistic pathways to manufacturing. In addition, our study shows that boundary engineering is an effective approach for tailoring the physical properties of nanomaterials.

Effect of thermal treatments on anti-nutritional factors and antioxidant capabilities in yellow soybeans and green-cotyledon small black soybeans.

BACKGROUND: The effects of different thermal processes on the anti-nutritional factors (tannins, phytic acids and trypsin inhibitors) and antioxidant capacity of yellow soybeans (YS) and green-cotyledon small black soybeans (GCSBS) were investigated. The soybean samples were subjected to roasting, microwaving and boiling as the thermal treatments. RESULTS: Sixty-minute boiling was most effective for eliminating the tannins in both YS and GCSBS, and also resulted in the maximal reduction of phytic acids. Trypsin inhibitors were most effectively reduced (76.92-97.91%) by microwaving, and boiling was least favourable for retaining total phenolic content. The total flavonoid content was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by all thermal processes, and particularly by employing 60-min boiling. The total anthocyanin content of GCSBS was higher than that of YS, but significantly declined upon boiling (P < 0.05). Roasting did not significantly affect the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of GCSBS (P > 0.05). Microwaving increased the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) of GCSBS up to 6.07%. CONCLUSION: Our raw GCSBS possesses much better antioxidant capacity than raw YS. Microwaving resulted in a substantial reduction of the trypsin inhibitors of our soybean samples. Dry thermal treatments caused slight increase of FRAP in GCSBS.

Influence of preheating on antioxidant activity of the water extract from black soybean and color and sensory properties of black soybean decoction.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study indicated that black soybean (BS) tea (BST) made from preheated BS showed a significant protective effect against CCl4 -induced liver damage in Sprague Dawley rats due to BS's antioxidant activity. In this study, we investigated three different preheating methods on the antioxidant activity of water extract from BS (WBS) (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), as well as on the color and sensory properties of BST. RESULTS: WBS baked at 130 °C for 5 min showed high total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents among three preheating methods, as well as high DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability and reducing power. BST baked at 130 °C for 5 min had higher polyphenol oxidase activity and L*, a* and b* values but lower peroxidase activity then BST made from unheated BS. Sensory evaluation indicated that BST made from baked BS produced better aroma and flavor than the tea made from unheated BS or a commercial preheated BS. CONCLUSION: An appropriate preheating process improved the amount of extractable antioxidant and the antioxidant activity in WBS. BST baked at 130 °C for 5 min had good flavor properties, as well as high amount of antioxidant.

Structures and electronic properties of the SiAu(n) (n = 17-20) clusters.

The structures and electronic properties of the SiAu(n) (n = 17-20) clusters are systematically investigated using DFT calculations. The result shows that doping with silicon would significantly change the structures of the gold clusters. For the SiAu(n) (n = 17-20) clusters, the lowest-energy structures exhibit shell-like cage configuration in which the dopant Si atom binds to the cage surface and one Au atom skips to the top of the Si atom forming a SiAu5 or SiAu6 subunit except SiAu19, which is a tetrahedron-like structure with a protruding Au atom. The Au atoms of the SiAu(n) (n = 17-20) clusters carry different partial charges due to their different locations.

Steinernema glaseri surface enolase: molecular cloning, biological characterization, and role in host immune suppression.

Entomopathogenic nematodes are widely used as biological control agents that can suppress or evade the host immune defense upon entry into insects. The surface coat of Steinernema glaseri has been shown to play important roles in defeating the host immune system. In this work, a protein fraction with antiphagocytic activity was separated by electro-elution and further analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). LC-MS/MS analysis of one protein spot from a 2-DE gel gave five peptides that were highly similar to enolases of many organisms. A 1311 bp cDNA was cloned that encodes a 47 kDa protein with high sequence identity to enolases from different species of nematodes. The deduced protein, Sg-ENOL, was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its glycolytic activity was demonstrated by the conversion of 2-phospho-d-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Recombinant Sg-ENOL significantly reduced the LT(50)s of Xenorhabdus poinarii and Metarhizium anisopliae when co-injected into Galleria mellonella and Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen, respectively. Using immuno-gold transmission electron microscopy, native Sg-ENOL was confirmed to be localized to both the nematode cuticle and the surface coat. In vitro, secretion of Sg-ENOL was inducible rather than constitutive. In vivo, Sg-ENOL was detected in the host hemolymph after infection of G. mellonella with S. glaseri, indicating that Sg-ENOL was secreted into the insect hemocoel and was involved in infection. This is the first report of the cloning and characterization of a surface coat protein in an entomopathogenic nematode. Our findings provide clear evidence for an important role for a cell surface enolase in S. glaseri infection and host immune suppression.