Modulating amacrine cell-derived dopamine signaling promotes optic nerve regeneration and preserves visual function.

As part of the central nervous system, the optic nerve, composed of axons from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), generally fails to regenerate on its own when injured in adult mammals. An innovative approach to promoting optic nerve regeneration involves manipulating the interactions between amacrine cells (ACs) and RGCs. Here, we identified a unique AC subtype, dopaminergic ACs (DACs), that responded early after optic nerve crush by down-regulating neuronal activity and reducing retinal dopamine (DA) release. Activating DACs or augmenting DA release with levodopa demonstrated neuroprotective effects and modestly enhanced axon regeneration. Within this context, we pinpointed the DA receptor D1 (DRD1) as a critical mediator of DAC-derived DA and showed that RGC-specific Drd1 overexpression effectively overcame subtype-specific barriers to regeneration. This strategy markedly boosted RGC survival and axon regeneration after crush and preserved vision in a glaucoma model. This study unveils the crucial role of DAC-derived DA signaling in optic nerve regeneration, holding promise for therapeutic insights into neural repair.

Effects of Bacillus altitudinis inoculants on cigar tobacco leaf fermentation.

Introduction: Microbial succession and metabolic adjustment during cigar tobacco leaf (CTL) fermentation are key factors to improve the quality and flavor of CTLs. However, the interactions in the above processes remain to be further elucidated. Methods: Bacillus altitudinis inoculants were added to the CTLs, and metagenomics and metabolomics were used to analyze the effects of the inoculants on regulating microbial succession, metabolic shift, and aroma production during fermentation. Results and discussion: The addition of the inoculants reinforced the CTL macromolecule transformation and facilitated the aroma production efficiently, and the total aroma production was increased by 43% compared with natural fermentation. The omics analysis showed that Staphylococcus was a main contributor to fatty acid degradation, inositol phosphate metabolism, energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation), nutrient transport (ABC transporter and phosphotransferase system [PTS]), and aroma production (terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and degradation of aromatic compounds). Furthermore, Staphylococcus was positively correlated with TCA cycle intermediates (citric acid, fumaric acid, and aconitic acid), cell wall components, peptidoglycan intermediates (GlcNAc-1-P and UDP-GlcNAc), and phytic acid degradation products (inositol). The characteristics collectively showed Staphylococcus to be the most dominant in the microbial community at the genus level during microflora succession. The addition of the inoculants supplemented the nutritional components of the CTLs, enhanced the metabolic activity and diversity of bacteria such as Corynebacterium, improved their competitive advantages in the microflora succession, and facilitated the richness of microbial communities. Additionally, a metabolic shift in nicotine degradation and NAD + anabolism from Staphylococcus to Corynebacterium in fermentation with inoculants was first observed. Meanwhile, the significantly correlative differential metabolites with Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium were a metabolic complement, thus forming a completely dynamic fermentation ecosystem. The results provided evidence for CTL fermentation optimization.

Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium rubens BTBU20213035.

Two new polyketide derivatives, penirubenones A and B (1 and 2), and two naturally rare amino-bis-tetrahydrofuran derivatives, penirubenamides A and B (3 and 4), together with nine known compounds (5-13) were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium rubens BTBU20213035. The structures were identified by HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR analyses, and their absolute configurations were determined by a comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy and 13C NMR data. We found that 6 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with an MIC value of 3.125 µg/mL, and 1 and 2 showed synergistic antifungal activity against Candida albicans at 12.5 and 50 µg/mL with 0.0625 µg/mL rapamycin.

Cross-domain heterogeneous metasurface inverse design based on a transfer learning method.

In this Letter, a transfer learning method is proposed to complete design tasks on heterogeneous metasurface datasets with distinct functionalities. Through fine-tuning the inverse design network and freezing the parameters of hidden layers, we successfully transfer the metasurface inverse design knowledge from the electromagnetic-induced transparency (EIT) domain to the three target domains of EIT (different design), absorption, and phase-controlled metasurface. Remarkably, in comparison to the source domain dataset, a minimum of only 700 target domain samples is required to complete the training process. This work presents a significant solution to lower the data threshold for the inverse design process and provides the possibility of knowledge transfer between different domain metasurface datasets.

Enhancing perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through numerical optical and electric optimizations for light management.

We integrated optical and electrical numerical simulations to precisely investigate the effectiveness of using a pyramidal perovskite (Cs0.18FA0.82Pb(I,Br)3) nanostructured film as an example in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells to reduce reflective losses and balance the current densities. Through our calculations, the PCE of tandem solar cells can be improved from 29.2% (the planar structures without texturing) to 36.1% in the best-performing textured tandem devices under the consistently calculated absorbed and EQE spectrum, where the predicted open-circuit voltage could reach over 2 V. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights for the advancement and optimization of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells.

Glutenin-chitosan 3D porous scaffolds with tunable stiffness and systematized microstructure for cultured meat model.

A glutenin (G)-chitosan (CS) complex (G-CS) was cross-linked by water annealing with aim to prepare structured 3D porous cultured meat scaffolds (CMS) here. The CMS has pore diameters ranging from 18 to 67 µm and compressive moduli from 16.09 to 60.35 kPa, along with the mixing ratio of G/CS. SEM showed the porous organized structure of CMS. FTIR and CD showed the increscent content of α-helix and ß-sheet of G and strengthened hydrogen-bondings among G-CS molecules, which strengthened the stiffness of G-CS. Raman spectra exhibited an increase of G concentration resulted in higher crosslinking of disulfide-bonds in G-CS, which aggrandized the bridging effect of G-CS and maintained its three-dimensional network. Cell viability assay and immuno-fluorescence staining showed that G-CS effectively facilitated the growth and myogenic differentiation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (PSCs). CLSM displayed that cells first occupied the angular space of hexagon and then ring-growth circle of PSCs were orderly formed on G-CS. The texture and color of CMS which loaded proliferated PSCs were fresh-meat like. These results showed that physical cross-linked G-CS scaffolds are the biocompatible and stable adaptable extracellular matrix with appropriate architectural cues and natural micro-environment for structured CM models.

Correlation of vitamin A levels in umbilical cord blood with neonatal pulmonary diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between umbilical cord blood vitamin A (VA) and neonatal lung diseases and explore the impact of umbilical cord blood VA on neonatal lung diseases. METHOD: Umbilical vein blood was collected at birth, and its VA content was measured. According to the VA levels in umbilical cord blood, a VA deficiency (VAD) group, a marginal deficiency group and a normal group were created and followed up until 28 days after birth. RESULTS: The umbilical cord blood VA level in the neonatal group with lung disease was 0.13 ± 0.05 mg/L, while the result for the VA level in the non-lung disease group was 0.15 ± 0.05 mg/L. The umbilical cord blood VA levels in the neonatal lung disease group were significantly lower than those in the non-lung disease group. The incidence of neonatal pulmonary diseases was highest in the VAD group, and the incidence decreased as the level of VA in umbilical cord blood increased. Umbilical cord blood VAD and premature birth were found to be independent risk factors for neonatal respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: Umbilical cord blood VAD and premature birth are independent risk factors for neonatal pulmonary diseases. The lower the level of VA in umbilical cord blood, the more susceptible infants will be to neonatal respiratory infections in the neonatal period.

Phage P2-71 against multi-drug resistant Proteus mirabilis: isolation, characterization, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial potential.

Proteus mirabilis, a prevalent urinary tract pathogen and formidable biofilm producer, especially in Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection, has seen a worrying rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This upsurge calls for innovative approaches in infection control, beyond traditional antibiotics. Our research introduces bacteriophage (phage) therapy as a novel non-antibiotic strategy to combat these drug-resistant infections. We isolated P2-71, a lytic phage derived from canine feces, demonstrating potent activity against MDR P. mirabilis strains. P2-71 showcases a notably brief 10-minute latent period and a significant burst size of 228 particles per infected bacterium, ensuring rapid bacterial clearance. The phage maintains stability over a broad temperature range of 30-50°C and within a pH spectrum of 4-11, highlighting its resilience in various environmental conditions. Our host range assessment solidifies its potential against diverse MDR P. mirabilis strains. Through killing curve analysis, P2-71's effectiveness was validated at various MOI levels against P. mirabilis 37, highlighting its versatility. We extended our research to examine P2-71's stability and bactericidal kinetics in artificial urine, affirming its potential for clinical application. A detailed genomic analysis reveals P2-71's complex genetic makeup, including genes essential for morphogenesis, lysis, and DNA modification, which are crucial for its therapeutic action. This study not only furthers the understanding of phage therapy as a promising non-antibiotic antimicrobial but also underscores its critical role in combating emerging MDR infections in both veterinary and public health contexts.

A Polymeric Nanoparticle to Co-Deliver Mitochondria-Targeting Peptides and Pt(IV) Prodrug: Toward High Loading Efficiency and Combination Efficacy.

Developing combination chemotherapy systems with high drug loading efficiency at predetermined drug ratios to achieve a synergistic effect is important for cancer therapy. Herein, a polymeric dual-drug nanoparticle composed of a Pt(IV) prodrug derived from oxaliplatin and a mitochondria-targeting cytotoxic peptide is constructed through emulsion interfacial polymerization, which processes high drug loading efficiency and high biocompatibility. The depolymerization of polymeric dual-drug nanoparticle and the activation of Pt prodrug can be effectively triggered by the acidic tumor environment extracellularly and the high levels of glutathione intracellularly in cancer cells, respectively. The utilization of mitochondria-targeting peptide can inhibit ATP-dependent processes including drug efflux and DNA damage repair. This leads to increased accumulation of Pt-drugs within cancer cells. Eventually, the polymeric dual-drug nanoparticle demonstrates appreciable antitumor effects on both cell line derived and patient derived xenograft lung cancer model. It is highly anticipated that the polymeric dual-or multi-drug systems can be applied for combination chemotherapy to achieve enhanced anticancer activity and reduced side effects.

In situ and General Multidentate Ligand Passivation Achieves Efficient and Ultra-Stable CsPbX3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for White Light-Emitting Diodes.

Inorganic CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) show great potential in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) due to excellent optoelectronic properties, but their practical application is hampered by low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and especially poor stability. Herein,  we developed an in-situ and general multidentate ligand passivation strategy that allows for CsPbX3 PeQDs not only near-unit PLQY, but significantly improved stability against storage, heat, and polar solvent. The enhanced optical property arises from high effectiveness of the multidentate ligand, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) with five carboxyl groups, in passivating uncoordinated Pb2+ defects and suppressing nonradiative recombination. First-principles calculations reveal that the excellent stability is attributed to tridentate binding mode of DTPA that remarkably boosts the adsorption capacity to PeQD core. Finally, combining the green and red PeQDs with blue chip,  we demonstrated highly luminous WLEDs with distinctly enhanced operation stability, a wide color gamut of 121.3% of national television system committee, standard white light of (0.33,0.33) in CIE 1931, and tunable color temperatures from warm to cold white light readily by emitters' ratio. This study provides an operando yet general approach to achieve efficient and stable PeQDs for WLEDs and accelerates their progress to commercialization.

Reducing the Open-Circuit Voltage Loss of PbS Quantum Dot Solar Cells via Hybrid Ligand Exchange Treatment.

The interface VOC loss between the active layer and the hole transport layer (HTL) of lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot (PbS-CQD) solar cells is a significant factor influencing the efficiency improvement of PbS colloidal quantum dot solar cells (PbS-CQDSCs). Currently, the most advanced solar cells adopt organic P-type HTLs (PbS-EDT) via solid-state ligand exchange with 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) on the CQD top active layer. However, EDT is unable to altogether remove the initial ligand oleic acid from the quantum dot surface, and its high reactivity leads to cracks in the HTL film caused by volume contractions, which inevitably results in significant VOC loss. These flaws prompted this research to develop a method involving hybrid organic ligand exchange using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and 1,2-EDT (PbS-Hybrid) to overcome these drawbacks of VOC loss. The results indicated that the new exchange strategy improved the quality of the HTL film and benefited from the enhanced passivation of the quantum dot surface and better alignment of energy levels, and the average VOC of PbS-Hybrid devices is increased by approximately 25 mV compared to control devices. With the enhanced VOC, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices is improved by 10%, with the highest PCE reaching 13.24%.

Reduced Zn2+ promotes retinal ganglion cells survival and optic nerve regeneration after injury through inhibiting autophagy mediated by ROS/Nrf2.

The molecular mechanism of how reduced mobile zinc (Zn2+) affected retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and optic nerve regeneration after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury remains unclear. Here, we used conditionally knocked out ZnT-3 in the amacrine cells (ACs) of mice (CKO) in order to explore the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2, Nrf2) and autophagy in the protection of RGCs and axon regeneration after ONC injury. We found that reduced Zn2+ can promote RGC survival and axonal regeneration by decreasing ROS, activating Nrf2, and inhibiting autophagy. Additionally, autophagy after ONC is regulated by ROS and Nrf2. Visual function in mice after ONC injury was partially recovered through the reduction of Zn2+, achieved by using a Zn2+ specific chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-Pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) or through CKO mice. Overall, our data reveal the crosstalk between Zn2+, ROS, Nrf2 and autophagy following ONC injury. This study verified that TPEN or knocking out ZnT-3 in ACs is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of optic nerve damage and elucidated the postsynaptic molecular mechanism of Zn2+-triggered damage to RGCs after ONC injury.

Distribution and association of antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in Enterococcus spp. isolates from captive Asian elephants in China.

Enterococcus spp., as an opportunistic pathogen, are widely distributed in the environment and the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and animals. Captive Asian elephants, popular animals at tourist attractions, have frequent contact with humans. However, there is limited information on whether captive Asian elephants can serve as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to characterize AMR, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence-associated genes (VAGs), gelatinase activity, hemolysis activity, and biofilm formation of Enterococcus spp. isolated from captive Asian elephants, and to analyze the potential correlations among these factors. A total of 62 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated from fecal samples of captive Asian elephants, comprising 17 Enterococcus hirae (27.4%), 12 Enterococcus faecalis (19.4%), 8 Enterococcus faecium (12.9%), 7 Enterococcus avium (11.3%), 7 Enterococcus mundtii (11.3%), and 11 other Enterococcus spp. (17.7%). Isolates exhibited high resistance to rifampin (51.6%) and streptomycin (37.1%). 50% of Enterococcus spp. isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with all E. faecium strains demonstrating MDR. Additionally, nine ARGs were identified, with tet(M) (51.6%), erm(B) (24.2%), and cfr (21.0%) showing relatively higher detection rates. Biofilm formation, gelatinase activity, and α-hemolysin activity were observed in 79.0, 24.2, and 14.5% of the isolates, respectively. A total of 18 VAGs were detected, with gelE being the most prevalent (69.4%). Correlation analysis revealed 229 significant positive correlations and 12 significant negative correlations. The strongest intra-group correlations were observed among VAGs. Notably, we found that vancomycin resistance showed a significant positive correlation with ciprofloxacin resistance, cfr, and gelatinase activity, respectively. In conclusion, captive Asian elephants could serve as significant reservoirs for the dissemination of AMR to humans.

Mechanistic basis for mitigating drought tolerance by selenium application in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.): a multi-omics approach.

The lack of irrigation water in agricultural soils poses a significant constraint on global crop production. In-depth investigation into microRNAs (miRNAs) has been widely used to achieve a comprehensive understanding of plant defense mechanisms. However, there is limited knowledge on the association of miRNAs with drought tolerance in cigar tobacco. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was carried out to identify changes in plant physiological characteristics, miRNA expression and metabolite profile under drought stress, and examine the mitigating effects of selenium (Se) application. The shoot dry weight of drought-stressed plants was approximately half (50.3%) of that in non-stressed (control) conditions. However, plants supplied with Se attained 38.8% greater shoot dry weight as compared to plants with no Se supply under drought stress. Thirteen miRNAs were identified to be associated with drought tolerance. These included 7 known (such as nta-miR156b and nta-miR166a) and 6 novel miRNAs (such as novel-nta-miR156-5p and novel-nta-miR209-5p) with the target genes of squamosa promoter-binding-like protein 4 (SPL4), serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PPP2A), cation/calcium exchanger 4-like (CCX4), extensin-1-like (EXT1) and reduced wall acetylation 2 (RWA2). Further investigation revealed that the expression levels of Ext1 and RWA2 were significantly decreased under drought stress but increased with Se addition. Moreover, key metabolites such as catechin and N-acetylneuraminic acid were identified, which may play a role in the regulation of drought tolerance. The integrated analysis of miRNA sequencing and metabolome highlighted the significance of the novel-nta-miR97-5p- LRR-RLK- catechin pathway in regulating drought tolerance. Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance and Se-induced stress alleviation in cigar tobacco.

Occurrence and Molecular Characteristics of Microsporidia in Captive Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in China.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are microsporidian pathogens with zoonotic potential that pose significant public health concerns. To ascertain the occurrence and genotypes of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., we used nested PCR to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene and DNA sequencing to analyze 198 fecal samples from red pandas from 6 zoos in China. The total rate of microsporidial infection was 15.7% (31/198), with 12.1% (24/198), 1.0% (2/198), 2.0% (4/198) and 1.0% (2/198) for infection rate of E. bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Encephalitozoon hellem, respectively. One red panda was detected positive for a mixed infection (E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis). Red pandas living in semi-free conditions are more likely to be infected with microsporidia (χ2 = 6.212, df = 1, p < 0.05). Three known (SC02, D, and PL2) and one novel (SCR1) genotypes of E. bieneusi were found. Three genotypes of E. bieneusi (SC02, D, SCR1) were grouped into group 1 with public health importance, while genotype PL2 formed a separate clade associated with group 2. These findings suggest that red pandas may serve as a host reservoir for zoonotic microsporidia, potentially allowing transmission from red pandas to humans and other animals.

Isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity assessment of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar equi strains from alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in China.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes lymphadenitis in humans, livestock, and wildlife. In this study, C. pseudotuberculosis biovar equi strains were isolated from three alpacas. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and pathogenicity tests were also conducted. Moreover, one strain was sequenced using DNBSEQ and Oxford Nanopore technology. The three strains exhibited resistance to aztreonam, fosfomycin, and nitrofurantoin. The median lethal doses (LD50) of strains G1, S2 and BA3 in experimentally infected mice was 1.66 × 105 CFU, 3.78 × 105 CFU and 3.78 × 105 CFU, respectively. The sequencing of strain G1 resulted in the assembly of a chromosomal scaffold comprising 2,379,166 bp with a G + C content of 52.06%. Genome analysis of strain G1 revealed the presence of 48 virulence genes and 5 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Comparative genomic analysis demonstrates a high degree of genetic similarity among C. pseudotuberculosis strains, in contrast to other Corynebacterium species, with a clear delineation between strains belonging to the two biovars (ovis and equi). The data of the present study contribute to a better understanding of the properties of C. pseudotuberculosis biovar equi strains and the potential risk they pose to alpacas and other livestock, as well as the necessity of ongoing surveillance and monitoring of infectious diseases in animals.

Protective Effects of Bacillus subtilis HH2 against Oral Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Beagles.

This study evaluated the protective effect of Bacillus subtilis HH2 on beagles orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). We assessed the physiological parameters and the severity of diarrhea, as well as the changes in three serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), plasma diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate (D-LA), and the fecal microbiome. Feeding B. subtilis HH2 significantly reduced the severity of diarrhea after the ETEC challenge (p < 0.05) and increased serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM (p < 0.01). B. subtilis HH2 administration also reduced serum levels of DAO at 48 h after the ETEC challenge (p < 0.05), but no significant changes were observed in D-LA (p > 0.05). Oral ETEC challenge significantly reduced the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in beagles not pre-fed with B. subtilis HH2 (p < 0.05), while B. subtilis HH2 feeding and oral ETEC challenge significantly altered the gut microbiota structure of beagles (p < 0.01). Moreover, 14 days of B. subtilis HH2 feeding reduced the relative abundance of Deinococcus-Thermus in feces. This study reveals that B. subtilis HH2 alleviates diarrhea caused by ETEC, enhances non-specific immunity, reduces ETEC-induced damage to the intestinal mucosa, and regulates gut microbiota composition.

Transaction decision optimization of new electricity market based on virtual power plant participation and Stackelberg game.

This study intends to optimize the trading decision-making strategy of the new electricity market with virtual power plants and improve the transmission efficiency of electricity resources. The current problems in China's power market are analyzed from the perspective of virtual power plants, highlighting the necessity of reforming the power industry. The generation scheduling strategy is optimized in light of the market transaction decision based on the elemental power contract to enhance the effective transfer of power resources in virtual power plants. Ultimately, value distribution is balanced through virtual power plants to maximize the economic benefits. After 4 hours of simulation, the experimental data shows that 75 MWh of electricity is generated by the thermal power system, 100 MWh by the wind power system, and 200 MWh by the dispatchable load system. Comparatively, the new electricity market transaction model based on the virtual power plant has an actual generation capacity of 250MWh. In addition, the daily load power of the models of thermal power generation, wind power generation, and virtual power plant reported here are compared and analyzed. For a 4-hour simulation run, the thermal power generation system can provide 600 MW of load power, the wind power generation system can provide 730 MW of load power, and the virtual power plant-based power generation system can provide up to 1200 MW of load power. Therefore, the power generation performance of the model reported here is better than other power models. This study can potentially encourage a revised transaction model for the power industry market.

The Hypolipidemic Characteristics of a Methanol Extract of Fermented Green Tea and Spore of Eurotium cristatum SXHBTBU1934 in Golden Hamsters.

Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT), a distinctive Chinese dark tea with the predominant fungus of Eurotium cristatum, offered significant health benefits to Chinese people. In the current study, the in vivo bioactivities of E. cristatum (SXHBTBU1934) fermented green tea and spores of E. cristatum fermented on wheat were investigated, respectively. The methanol extract of fermented green tea and spore of E. cristatum both showed potent lipid-lowering activity in the blood of a high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia model in golden hamsters and significantly reduced the accumulation of fat granules in the liver. These results indicated that the key active components were produced by E. cristatum. Chemical investigations suggested similar components in the two extracts and led to the identification of a new alkaloid, namely variecolorin P (1), along with four known structurally related compounds, (-)-neoechinulin A (2), neoechinulin D (3), variecolorin G (4), and echinulin (5). The structure of the new alkaloid was elucidated by HRESIMS, 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR analysis. The lipid-lowering activity of these compounds was evaluated using an oleic acid-induced HepG2 cell line model. Compound 1 significantly reduced the lipid accumulation in the HepG2 cell line with an IC50 value of 0.127 µM.