Effect of microbial inoculation on nitrogen transformation, nitrogen functional genes, and bacterial community during cotton straw composting.

The effects of microbial agents on nitrogen (N) conversion during cotton straw composting remains unclear. In this study, inoculation increased the germination index and total nitrogen (TN) by 24-29 % and 7-10 g/kg, respectively. Inoculation enhanced the abundance of nifH, glnA, and amoA and reduced that of major denitrification genes (nirK, narG, and nirS). Inoculation not only produced high differences in the assembly process and strong community replacement but also weakened environmental constraints. Partial least squares path modelling demonstrated that enzyme activity and bacterial community were the main driving factors influencing TN. In addition, network analysis and the random forest model showed distinct changing patterns of bacterial communities after inoculation and identified keystone microorganisms in maintaining network complexity and synergy, as well as system function to promote nitrogen preservation. Findings provide a novel perspective on high-quality resource recovery of agricultural waste.

Elucidating the unexpected importance of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from refueling procedure.

Evaporative emissions release organic compounds comparable to gasoline exhaust in China. However, the measurement of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) is lacking in studies focusing on gasoline evaporation. This study sampled organics from a real-world refueling procedure and analyzed the organic compounds using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC×GC-MS). The non-target analysis detected and quantified 279 organics containing 93 volatile organic compounds (VOCs, 64.9 ± 7.4 % in mass concentration), 182 IVOCs (34.9 ± 7.4 %), and 4 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs, 0.2 %). The refueling emission profile was distinct from that of gasoline exhaust. The b-alkanes in the B12 volatility bin are the most abundant IVOC species (1.9 ± 1.4 µg m-3) in refueling. A non-negligible contribution of 17.5 % to the ozone formation potential (OFP) from IVOCs was found. Although IVOCs are less in concentration, secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) from IVOCs (58.1 %) even exceeds SOAP from VOCs (41.6 %), mainly from b-alkane in the IVOC range. At the molecular level, the proportion of cyclic compounds in SOAP (12.1 %) indeed goes above its mass concentration (3.1 %), mainly contributed by cyclohexanes and cycloheptanes. As a result, the concentrations and SOAP of cyclic compounds (>50 %) could be overestimated in previous studies. Our study found an unexpected contribution of IVOCs from refueling procedures to both ozone and SOA formation, providing new insights into secondary pollution control policy.

The binding of PKCε and MEG2 to STAT3 regulates IL-6-mediated microglial hyperalgesia during inflammatory pain.

Studies have suggested that microglial IL-6 modulates inflammatory pain; however, the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. We therefore hypothesized that PKCε and MEG2 competitively bind to STAT3 and contribute to IL-6-mediated microglial hyperalgesia during inflammatory pain. Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to induce hyperalgesia model mice and microglial inflammation. Mechanical allodynia was evaluated using von Frey tests in vivo. The interaction among PKCε, MEG2, and STAT3 was determined using ELISA and immunoprecipitation assay in vitro. The PKCε, MEG2, t-STAT3, pSTAT3Tyr705, pSTAT3Ser727, IL-6, GLUT3, and TREM2 were assessed by Western blot. IL-6 promoter activity and IL-6 concentration were examined using dual luciferase assays and ELISA. Overexpression of PKCε and MEG2 promoted and attenuated inflammatory pain, accompanied by an increase and decrease in IL-6 expression, respectively. PKCε displayed a stronger binding ability to STAT3 when competing with MEG2. STAT3Ser727 phosphorylation increased STAT3 interaction with both PKCε and MEG2. Moreover, LPS increased PKCε, MEG2, pSTAT3Tyr705, pSTAT3Ser727, IL-6, and GLUT3 levels and decreased TREM2 during microglia inflammation. IL-6 promoter activity was enhanced or inhibited by PKCε or MEG2 in the presence of STAT3 and LPS stimulation, respectively. In microglia, overexpression of PKCε and/or MEG2 resulted in the elevation of tSTAT3, pSTAT3Tyr705, pSTAT3Ser727, IL-6, and TREM2, and the reduction of GLUT3. PKCε is more potent than MEG2 when competitively binding to STAT3, displaying dual modulatory effects of IL-6 production, thus regulating the GLUT3 and TREM2 in microglia during inflammatory pain sensation.

Mudanpioside C Discovered from Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Acts as a Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibitor with Antithrombotic Activities.

Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. is a well-known landscape plant worldwide and also holds significant importance in China due to its medicinal and dietary properties. Previous studies have found that Cortex Moutan (CM), the dried root bark of P. suffruticosa, showed antiplatelet and cardioprotective effects, although the underlying mechanism and active compounds remain to be revealed. In this study, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitors in CM were identified using a ligand-fishing method combined with the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS assay. Further, their binding sites and inhibitory activities toward PDI were validated. The antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activity were investigated. The results showed that two structurally similar compounds in CM were identified as the inhibitor for PDI with IC50 at 3.22 µM and 16.73 µM; among them Mudanpioside C (MC) is the most effective PDI inhibitor. Molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and MST assay unequivocally demonstrated the specific binding of MC to the b'-x domain of PDI (Kd = 3.9 µM), acting as a potent PDI inhibitor by interacting with key amino acids K263, D292, and N298 within the b'-x domain. Meanwhile, MC could dose-dependently suppress collagen-induced platelet aggregation and interfere with platelet activation, adhesion, and spreading. Administration of MC can significantly inhibit thrombosis formation without disturbing hemostasis in mice. These findings present a promising perspective on the antithrombotic properties of CM and highlight the potential application of MC as lead compounds for targeting PDI in thrombosis therapy.

Reactive aldehyde chemistry explains the missing source of hydroxyl radicals.

Hydroxyl radicals (OH) determine the tropospheric self-cleansing capacity, thus regulating air quality and climate. However, the state-of-the-art mechanisms still underestimate OH at low nitrogen oxide and high volatile organic compound regimes even considering the latest isoprene chemistry. Here we propose that the reactive aldehyde chemistry, especially the autoxidation of carbonyl organic peroxy radicals (R(CO)O2) derived from higher aldehydes, is a noteworthy OH regeneration mechanism that overwhelms the contribution of the isoprene autoxidation, the latter has been proved to largely contribute to the missing OH source under high isoprene condition. As diagnosed by the quantum chemical calculations, the R(CO)O2 radicals undergo fast H-migration to produce unsaturated hydroperoxyl-carbonyls that generate OH through rapid photolysis. This chemistry could explain almost all unknown OH sources in areas rich in both natural and anthropogenic emissions in the warm seasons, and may increasingly impact the global self-cleansing capacity in a future low nitrogen oxide society under carbon neutrality scenarios.

Chemodiversity of organic nitrogen emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles is governed by engine displacements and driving speed.

Organic nitrogen emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) is believed to play a pivotal role in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in urban environments. Here, the characterization of organic nitrogen emitted by LDGVs with varying engine displacements at different speed phases was analyzed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) at molecular level. For the LDGV with small engine displacements, the nitrogen-containing organic (CHON) compounds exhibit higher abundance, molecular weight, oxygen content and aromaticity in the extra-high-speed phase. Conversely, for the LDGV with big engine displacements, more CHON compounds with elevated abundance, molecular weight, oxygen content and aromaticity were observed in the low-speed phase. Our study assumed that the formation of CHON compounds emitted from LDGVs is mainly the oxidation reaction during fuel combustion, so the potential precursor-product pairs related to oxidation process were used to study the degree of combustion reaction. The results show that the highest proportion of oxidation occurs during extra-high-speed phase for LDGV with small engine displacements, and during low-speed phase for LDGV with big engine displacements. These results offer a novel perspective for comprehending the mechanism behind vehicle emissions formation and contribute valuable insights for crafting effective air pollution regulations.

Discovery of 4-aminophenylacetamide derivatives as intestine-specific farnesoid X receptor antagonists for the potential treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a key role in bile acid homeostasis, inflammation, fibrosis, lipid and glucose metabolism and is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Emerging evidence suggested that intestine-specific FXR antagonists exhibited remarkable metabolic improvements and slowed NASH progression. In this study, we discovered several potent FXR antagonists using a multistage ligand- and structure-based virtual screening approach. Notably, compound V023-9340, which possesses a 4-aminophenylacetamide scaffold, emerged as the most potent FXR antagonist with an IC50 value of 4.27 µM. In vivo, V023-9340 demonstrated selective accumulation in the intestine, substantially ameliorating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH in mice by mitigating hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Mechanistic studies revealed that V023-9340 strongly inhibited intestinal FXR while concurrently feedback-activated hepatic FXR. Further structure-activity relationship optimization employing V023-9340 has resulted in the synthesis of a more efficacious compound V02-8 with an IC50 value of 0.89 µM, which exhibited a 4.8-fold increase in FXR antagonistic activity compared to V023-9340. In summary, 4-aminophenylacetamide derivative V023-9340 represented a novel intestine-specific FXR antagonist and showed improved effects against HFD-induced NASH in mice, which may serve as a promising lead in discovering potential therapeutic drugs for NASH treatment.

Effects of silver nanoparticles and various forms of silver on nitrogen removal by the denitrifier Pseudomonas stutzeri and their toxicity mechanisms.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in daily life and industry because of their excellent antibacterial properties. AgNPs can exist in wastewater in various forms, such as Ag+, Ag2SO4, Ag2CO3, Ag2S, Ag2O, and AgCl. To assess the potential environmental risk of AgNPs and various forms of Ag, their toxic effects were investigated using the common denitrifier species Pseudomonas stutzeri (P. stutzeri). The inhibitory effect of AgNPs and various forms of Ag on P. stutzeri growth and its denitrification performance occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The denitrification efficiency of P. stutzeri decreased from 95%∼97% to 89∼95%, 74∼95%, and 56∼85% under low, medium, and high exposure doses, respectively, of AgNPs and various forms of Ag. The changes in cell membrane morphology and increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release indicated that AgNPs and various forms of Ag damaged the cell membrane of P. stutzeri. Oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels. Overall, this study will help elucidate the impact of AgNPs and their transformation products on nitrogen removal efficiency in wastewater biological treatment systems.

Analysis of the virulence, infection process, and extracellular enzyme activities of Aspergillus nomius against the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

The control of Ostrinia furnacalis, a major pest of maize in Xinjiang, is challenging owing to the occurrence of resistant individuals. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural insect regulators used as substitutes for synthetic chemical insecticides. The fungus Aspergillus nomius is highly pathogenic to O. furnacalis; however, its virulence characteristics have not been identified. This study aimed to analyse the lethal efficacy, mode of infection on the cuticle, and extracellular enzyme activity of A. nomius against O. furnacalis. We found that the mortality and mycosis of O. furnacalis were dose-dependent when exposed to A. nomius and varied at different life stages. The egg-hatching and adult emergence rates decreased with an increase in conidial suspension. The highest mortality (83.33%, 7 d post-infection [DPI]) and mycosis (74.33%, 7 DPI) and the lowest mortality response (8.52 × 103 conidia mL-1) and median lethal time (4.91 d) occurred in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that numerous conidia germination and infection structure formation may have contributed to the high pathogenicity of A. nomius against O. furnacalis. There were significant correlations between O. furnacalis mortality and the activities of extracellular protease, lipase, and chitinase of A. nomius. This study revealed the infection process of the highly pathogenic A. nomius against O. furnacalis, providing a theoretical basis and reference for strain improvement and field application of EPF.

Addressing new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in an indoor office.

Indoor pollutants change over time and place. Exposure to hazardous organics is associated with adverse health effects. This work sampled gaseous organics by Tenax TA tubes in two indoor rooms, i.e., an office set as samples, and the room of chassis dynamometer (RCD) set as backgrounds. Compounds are analyzed by a thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometer (TD-GC × GC-qMS). Four new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are screened in 469 organics quantified. We proposed a three-step pipeline for CECs screening utilizing GC × GC including 1) non-target scanning of organics with convincing molecular structures and quantification results, 2) statistical analysis between samples and backgrounds to extract useful information, and 3) pixel-based property estimation to evaluate the contamination potential of addressed chemicals. New CECs spotted in this work are all intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), containing mintketone, isolongifolene, ß-funebrene, and (5α)-androstane. Mintketone and sesquiterpenes may be derived from the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs), while (5α)-androstane is probably human-emitted. The occurrence and contamination potential of the addressed new CECs are reported for the first time. Non-target scanning and the measurement of IVOCs are of vital importance to get a full glimpse of indoor organics.

The tumor microenvironment state associates with response to HPV therapeutic vaccination in patients with respiratory papillomatosis.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, debilitating neoplastic disorder caused by chronic infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 or 11 and characterized by growth of papillomas in the upper aerodigestive tract. There is no approved medical therapy, and patients require repeated debulking procedures to maintain voice and airway function. PRGN-2012 is a gorilla adenovirus immune-therapeutic capable of enhancing HPV 6/11-specific T cell immunity. This first-in-human, phase 1 study (NCT04724980) of adjuvant PRGN-2012 treatment in adult patients with severe, aggressive RRP demonstrates the overall safety and clinically meaningful benefit observed with PRGN-2012, with a 50% complete response rate in patients treated at the highest dose. Responders demonstrate greater expansion of peripheral HPV-specific T cells compared with nonresponders. Additional correlative studies identify an association between reduced baseline papilloma HPV gene expression, greater interferon responses and expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10, and greater papilloma T cell infiltration in responders. Conversely, nonresponders were characterized by greater HPV and CXCL8 gene expression, increased neutrophilic cell infiltration, and reduced T cell papilloma infiltration. These results suggest that papilloma HPV gene expression may regulate interferon signaling and chemokine expression profiles within the tumor microenvironment that cooperate to govern clinical response to therapeutic HPV vaccination in patients with respiratory papillomatosis.

Increased NMDARs in neurons and glutamine synthetase in astrocytes underlying autistic-like behaviors of Gabrb1-/- mice.

Mutations of the GABA-A receptor subunit ß1 (GABRB1) gene are found in autism patients. However, it remains unclear how mutations in Gabrb1 may lead to autism. We generated Gabrb1-/- mouse model, which showed autistic-like behaviors. We carried out RNA-seq on the hippocampus and found glutamatergic pathway may be involved. We further carried out single-cell RNA sequencing on the whole brain followed by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, electrophysiology, and metabolite detection on specific cell types. We identified the up-regulated Glul/Slc38a3 in astrocytes, Grin1/Grin2b in neurons, glutamate, and the ratio of Glu/GABA in the hippocampus. Consistent with these results, increased NMDAR-currents and reduced GABAAR-currents in the CA1 neurons were detected in Gabrb1-/- mice. NMDAR antagonist memantine or Glul inhibitor methionine sulfoximine could rescue the abnormal behaviors in Gabrb1-/- mice. Our data reveal that upregulation of the glutamatergic synapse pathway, including NMDARs at neuronal synapses and glutamine exported by astrocytes, may lead to autistic-like behaviors.

Small extracellular vesicles-transported lncRNA TDRKH-AS1 derived from AOPPs-treated trophoblasts initiates endothelial cells pyroptosis through PDIA4/DDIT4 axis in preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Substantial studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress placenta and endothelial injury are considered to inextricably critical events in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). Systemic inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction are induced by the circulating factors released from oxidative stress placentae. As a novel biomarker of oxidative stress, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) levels are strongly correlated with PE characteristics. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of factors is still largely unknown. METHODS: With the exponential knowledge on the importance of placenta-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs), we carried out lncRNA transcriptome profiling on small EVs (sEVs) secreted from AOPPs-treated trophoblast cells and identified upregulated lncRNA TDRKH-AS1 as a potentially causative factor for PE. We isolated and characterized sEVs from plasma and trophoblast cells by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blotting. The expression and correlation of lncRNA TDRKH-AS1 were evaluated using qRT-PCR in plasmatic sEVs and placentae from patients. Pregnant mice injected with TDRKH-AS1-riched trophoblast sEVs was performed to detect the TDRKH-AS1 function in vivo. To investigate the potential effect of sEVs-derived TDRKH-AS1 on endothelial function in vitro, transcriptome sequencing, scanning electron Microscopy (SEM), immunofluorescence, ELISA and western blotting were conducted in HUVECs. RNA pulldown, mass spectrometry, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were used to reveal the latent mechanism of TDRKH-AS1 on endothelial injury. RESULTS: The expression level of TDRKH-AS1 was significantly increased in plasmatic sEVs and placentae from patients, and elevated TDRKH-AS1 in plasmatic sEVs was positively correlated with clinical severity of the patients. Moreover, pregnant mice injected with TDRKH-AS1-riched trophoblast sEVs exhibited a hallmark feature of PE with increased blood pressure and systemic inflammatory responses. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, is involved in the development of PE. Indeed, our in vitro study indicated that sEVs-derived TDRKH-AS1 secreted from AOPPs-induced trophoblast elevated DDIT4 expression levels to trigger inflammatory response of pyroptosis in endothelial cells through interacting with PDIA4. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, results in the present study supported that TDRKH-AS1 in sEVs isolated from oxidative stress trophoblast may be implicated in the pathogenesis of PE via inducing pyroptosis and aggravating endothelial dysfunction.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy enhances tumor-specific T cell immunity in patients with HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of patients with newly diagnosed HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) results in a high rate of 5-year recurrence free survival with few patients requiring adjuvant treatment. We hypothesized that NAC enhances primary tumor HPV-specific T cell responses. METHODS: HPV-specific responses in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) before and after NAC were determined using autologous co-culture assays. RESULTS: Greater HPV16-specific TIL responses, sometimes polyclonal, were observed after NAC compared to before in 8 of 10 patients (80%) with PCR-verified HPV16-positive tumors. A significant association was observed between net-negative change in HPV-specific TIL response and disease relapse (p = 0.04, Mann-Whitney test), whereas pathologic complete response at time of surgery did not correlate with recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: NAC induces HPV-specific tumor T cell responses in patients with newly diagnosed HPV-associated OPSCC; whereas lack of an increase following NAC may associate with risk of relapse.

An Fgr kinase inhibitor attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation via the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is characterized by diffuse brain dysfunction, long-term cognitive impairment, and increased morbidity and mortality. The current treatment for SAE is mainly symptomatic; the lack of specific treatment options and a poor understanding of the underlying mechanism of disease are responsible for poor patient outcomes. Fgr is a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases and is involved in the innate immune response, hematologic cancer, diet-induced obesity, and hemorrhage-induced thalamic pain. This study investigated the protection provided by an Fgr kinase inhibitor in SAE and the underlying mechanism(s) of action. METHODS: A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced mouse sepsis model was established. Mice were treated with or without an Fgr inhibitor and a PGC-1α inhibitor/activator. An open field test, a novel object recognition test, and an elevated plus maze were used to assess neurobehavioral changes in the mice. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to measure protein expression, and mRNA levels were measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to quantify inflammatory cytokines. Mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology were measured by JC-1, electron microscopy, and the MitoTracker Deep Red probe. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were analyzed. In addition, the regulatory effect of Fgr on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was assessed. RESULTS: CLP-induced sepsis increased the expression of Fgr in the hippocampal neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of Fgr attenuated CLP-induced neuroinflammation, the survival rate, cognitive and emotional dysfunction, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, Fgr interacted with SIRT1 and reduced its activity and expression. In addition, activation of SIRT1/PGC-1α promoted the protective effects of the Fgr inhibitor on CLP-induced brain dysfunction, while inactivation of SIRT1/PGC-1α counteracted the benefits of the Fgr inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fgr kinase inhibition markedly ameliorating SAE through activation of the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, and this may be a promising therapeutic target for SAE.

Effects of bacterial inoculation on lignocellulose degradation and microbial properties during cow dung composting.

Inoculation with exogenous microbial agents is a common method to promote organic waste degradation and improve the quality of compost. However, the biotic effects of different microbial agents are often quite different. To evaluate the potential effects of a complex bacterial agent comprised of three strains (belonging to Bacillus and Geobacillus) on lignocellulose degradation and the underlying microbial mechanisms during cow dung composting, two lab-scale composting experiments, a control and a bacterial inoculation treatment, were established. The results suggest that bacterial inoculation accelerated the rate of temperature increase and extended the thermophilic phase. Compared to those in the negative control group, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation rates in the inoculated group increased from 53.3% to 70.0%, 50.2% to 61.3%, and 46.4% to 60.0%, respectively. The microbial community structure and diversity in the compost were clearly changed by the bacterial inoculation. Moreover, stamp analysis showed that inoculation modulated the key compost microbial functional populations linked to the degradation of lignocellulose. Correlation matrix analysis indicated that the expression of bacterial lignocellulolytic enzymes is closely related to key microbial functional populations. Overall, the results confirm the importance of bacterial inoculation, and have important implications for promoting the efficiency and quality of cow dung compost.

The effects of three Bacillus and Geobacillus strains on compost were established.Adding the complex bacterial agent increased the thermophilic phase.Inoculation promoted the abundance of key lignocellulose-degrading microbes.These findings will help promote the efficiency and quality of cow dung compost.

Exhaust aftertreatment device-derived ammonia emissions from conventional and hybrid light-duty gasoline vehicles over different driving cycles.

Ammonia emissions from motor vehicles have great effect on air pollution and human health in urban areas. Recently, many countries have focus on ammonia emission measurement and control technologies for light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs). To analyze ammonia emission characteristics, three conventional LDGVs and one hybrid electric light-duty vehicle (HEV) were evaluated over different driving cycles. The average ammonia emission factor at 23℃ was 4.5 ± 1.6 mg/km over Worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC). Most ammonia emissions mainly concentrated in low and medium speed sections at cold-start stage, which were related to rich burn conditions. The increasing ambient temperatures led to the decrease of ammonia emissions, but high load caused by extremely elevated ambient temperature led to obvious ammonia emissions. The ammonia formation is also related to three-way catalytic converter (TWC) temperatures, and underfloor TWC catalyst could eliminate ammonia partly. The ammonia emission from HEV, which are significant less than LDGV, corresponded to the engine working state. The large temperature difference in the catalysts caused by power source shifts were the main reason. Exploring the effects of various factors on the ammonia emission is beneficial for revealing the instinct formation conditions, providing theoretical support for the future regulations.

Inhibition of USP14 promotes TNFα-induced cell death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

TNFα is a key mediator of immune, chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, but several cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), display resistance to TNFα due to activation of the canonical NFκB pro-survival pathway. However, direct targeting of this pathway is associated with significant toxicity; thus, it is vital to identify novel mechanism(s) contributing to NFκB activation and TNFα resistance in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of proteasome-associated deubiquitinase USP14 is significantly increased in HNSCC and correlates with worse progression free survival in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- HNSCC. Inhibition or depletion of USP14 inhibited the proliferation and survival of HNSCC cells. Further, USP14 inhibition reduced both basal and TNFα-inducible NFκB activity, NFκB-dependent gene expression and the nuclear translocation of the NFκB subunit RELA. Mechanistically, USP14 bound to both RELA and IκBα and reduced IκBα K48-ubiquitination leading to the degradation of IκBα, a critical inhibitor of the canonical NFκB pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrated that b-AP15, an inhibitor of USP14 and UCHL5, sensitized HNSCC cells to TNFα-mediated cell death, as well as radiation-induced cell death in vitro. Finally, b-AP15 delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival, both as a monotherapy and in combination with radiation, in HNSCC tumor xenograft models in vivo, which could be significantly attenuated by TNFα depletion. These data offer new insights into the activation of NFκB signaling in HNSCC and demonstrate that small molecule inhibitors targeting the ubiquitin pathway warrant further investigation as a novel therapeutic avenue to sensitize these cancers to TNFα- and radiation-induced cytotoxicity.