Chronic kidney disease in America, Africa, and Asia: Overview of treatment cost and options.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the non-infectious diseases that threaten patients' lives on a daily basis. Its prevalence is high, but under-reported by patients and those living with the disease, as it is silent and asymptomatic in the early stages. Kidney disease increases the risk of heart and vascular disease. These problems can manifest themselves slowly, over a long period of time. Early detection and treatment can often prevent chronic kidney disease from worsening. As kidney disease progresses, it can lead to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. In this narrative review, we will mainly discuss different treatment option costs in different countries and how much they cost healthcare systems in countries in three different continents.

Assessment of the medical expenditure of the basic health insurance in Morocco.

INTRODUCTION: The health care consumption for the population insured by the Basic Health Insurance in Morocco are paid directly to the care providers for the health care or health products from the health insurance funds. The level of expenditure recorded is changing at an accelerated rate than the financial resources. The objective of this study is to evaluate the health care consumption care by the insured population under the Basic Health Insurance. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study analysis of the economic data collected by the National Moroccan Health Insurance Agency Related to the expenditures from the health insurance fund for both public and private sectors to identify the behavior of the consumption of health care by the insured population under the Basic Health Insurance. RESULTS: The medical expenditure of the covered population by the basic Health Insurance in Morocco has almost doubled from 354800 to 652500 US Dollars between 2009 and 2014 with significant increase in the public sector than the private sector. The share of expenditures in the public ambulatory care sector under Basic Health Insurance is higher relative to the hospital care. Although in the private sector the share of expenditures for both types of care varies. In 2014, the drug item expenditure accounted for 33% of Health Insurance expenses for both sectors. The level of health care consumption among the population in Long-Term Illness (LTI) represents 49,29% of the total expenditure by the Health Insurance whereas its insured covered population does not exceed 2,78%. CONCLUSION: Controlling the medical expenditure of the health insurance requires strengthening and the development of regulatory measures that contribute to the health reforms. For chronic diseases, it is necessary to put in place prevention actions.

[Corrigendum: The characteristics of the population covered by Compulsory Health Insurance (CMI) in Morocco]. / Corrigendum: Les caractéristiques de la population couverte par le régime de l'assurance maladie obligatoire au Maroc.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.266.13209.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.266.13209.].

[Corrigendum: The characteristics of the population covered by Compulsory Health Insurance (CMI) in Morocco]. / Corrigendum: Les caractéristiques de la population couverte par le régime de l'assurance maladie obligatoire au Maroc.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.266.13209.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.266.13209.].

[The characteristics of the population covered by Compulsory Health Insurance (CMI) in Morocco]. / Les caractéristiques de la population couverte par le régime de l'assurance maladie obligatoire au Maroc.

Introduction: in Morocco, Compulsory Medical Insurance (CMI) entered into force in 2005. Insurance first covered health expenses of employees in public and private sectors, then of students. It was gradually expanded to independent workers. This study aims to determine the profile of the population covered by CMI in Morocco. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of the population covered by CMI based on data collected from the National Health Insurance Agency in Morocco and from the Health Insurance funds. Results: A total of 8.428.218 persons were covered by CMI at the end of 2014, reflecting a rate of 34% of the general population. People having long duration disease (LDD) did not exceed 2.78% of the population covered by CMI. Active insured accounted for 81% of the population covered. In the private sector, gross salary of active affiliates ranged, on average, between $ 140 and $ 500 per month while gross salary pensions was less $280 per month. In the public sector, gross salary of active affiliates ranged, on average, between $ 280 and $ 825 per month while gross salary pensions ranged between $ 140 and $ 500 per month. Conclusion: Knowledge of the characteristics of the population covered by Compulsory Health Insurance in Morocco is necessary to ensure regulation and sustainability in the insurance sector.