Visualizing cancer resistance via nano-quenching and recovery detector of CD44.

Drug resistance to chemotherapy in cancers remains significant clinical challenges. CD44 modulates cellular adhesion, migration and growth, which plays a pivotal role in driving cancer resistance and even recurrence. Despite ongoing efforts, accurate, safe, and real-time dynamic monitoring techniques for CD44 expression remain inadequate in guiding the management of drug-resistant cancer treatment. In this study, we developed a nano-quenching and recovery detector of CD44 (Cy3-AptCD44@BPNSs) for visualizing cancer drug resistance. The fluorescence recovery of the detector is directly related to the CD44 expression level on cancer cells, which can be used to indicate the degree of drug resistance. It's confirmed that downregulating CD44 expression on cancer cells results in a corresponding decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the detector, which enables precise and dynamic monitoring of CD44. In addition, the Cy3-AptCD44@BPNSs also exhibited specificity in detecting CD44. This visualizing strategy may open up a wide range of possibilities for rapid recognition to cancer drug resistance, which is more efficient and flexible.

Longitudinal associations between posttraumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety, and rumination among adolescents: Disentangling within-person and between-person associations.

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and separation anxiety often show high comorbidity after trauma, which complicates the course of disease and treatment response. However, it is unclear how PTSD and separation anxiety comorbidity occur. According to the cognitive model of PTSD, rumination may be a key cognitive process linking the two constructs. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relation between PTSD and separation anxiety and to assess the mediating role of rumination in this relation among adolescents after trauma. METHOD: A follow-up survey was conducted among 204 adolescent survivors of the Ya'an earthquake, at 6 months (T1), 12 months (T2), and 18 months (T3). A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used for data analysis to disentangle within-person dynamics from stable between-person differences. RESULTS: The results showed that at the within-person level, PTSD increased separation anxiety via rumination, and early PTSD further exacerbated later PTSD through increased rumination and separation anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the mediating role of rumination, elucidate the relation between PTSD and separation anxiety, and provide theoretical support for the development of transdiagnostic clinical interventions and treatments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Characterization of a novel antioxidant byssal protein from Mytilus coruscus foot.

Mussel byssal proteins are of biomimetic importance for the development of novel underwater bio-adhesive agents. It is important to maintain a reduced state during the process of byssus adhesion. There are 19 mussel foot proteins (MFPs) have been reported in previous studies, among which only MFP-6 had been confirmed as an antioxidant protein in mussel byssus due to the function of cysteines, and playing an essential role in the redox balance of mussel byssus during adhesion process. Although the other four MFPs (MFP-16 ~ MFP-19) also have abundant cysteines, their function is still unknown. In this study, a novel mussel foot protein, named MFP-20, was identified from Mytilus coruscus foot. The sequential features, expression profile, and function of recombinant MFP-20 were verified. The results showed that MFP-20 has more abundant cysteines than other MFPs, the relative expression of mfp-20 was upregulated in Fe3+ stress and low pH seawater. In addition, different adhesive substrates induced significant changes of expression level of mfp-20. Furthermore, rMFP-20 showed strong antioxidant capacity in the DPPH assay, and the abundant cysteines in its sequence may play vital roles in the antioxidation activity. Our findings revealed the possible function of MFP-20 with a totally different sequence from the reported MFP-6 and provided new clues for exploring the redox balance of mussel byssus during the adhesion process.

Longitudinal Associations Between Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Lack of Certainty in Control among Adolescents: Disaggregation of Within-Person and Between-Person Effects.

PURPOSE: Depression and suicidal ideation (SI) are common in adolescents. However, the relation between the two is unclear. According to the cognitive model of suicidal behavior and learned helplessness theory, lack of certainty in control (LCC), referring to individuals' deficiency in predictability, certainty, and control of life, may be an important factor linking the two. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the temporal relation between depression and SI in adolescents and to assess the mediating role of LCC in this relation. METHODS: A three-wave survey was carried out at intervals of 1 and 1.5 years among 516 adolescents at several middle schools in Sichuan Province, China. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the temporal relations between depression, SI, and LCC among adolescents, which can effectively distinguish between-person and within-person differences. RESULTS: The results revealed that depression, SI, and LCC had positive intercorrelations at the between-person level. At the within-person level, early depression predicted subsequent depression and SI via LCC among adolescents. Additionally, early LCC promoted later SI through depression. DISCUSSION: These findings highlight the mediating role of LCC, clarify the temporal relation between depression and SI, and provide theoretical support for interventions to address depression and suicide.

Establishment of Nested PCR for the Detection of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and Epidemiological Survey of Larimichthys crocea in the Southeast Coastal Region.

The visceral white nodules disease in the internal organs of Larimichthys crocea has caused significant harm in the aquaculture of this species, with Pseudomonas plecoglossicida considered one of the core pathogens causing this disease. In this study, we designed three pairs of specific nested PCR primers targeting the sctU gene of P. plecoglossicida, a crucial component of the Type III secretion system (T3SS), which is instrumental in bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. Through the optimization of PCR reaction conditions, specificity testing, and sensitivity determination, a method was established for the accurate detection of P. plecoglossicida. This method yielded single amplification products, exhibited a false positive rate of zero for reference bacteria, and achieved a detection sensitivity of a minimum of 2.62 copies/reaction for the target sequence. Using the detection method, we conducted analyses on the diseased populations of L. crocea, involving a total of 64 screened fishes along the southeast coast of China from 2021 to 2023. The results revealed that the infection rate of P. plecoglossicida in diseased L. crocea exceeded over 90% in March and April, while in other months, the maximum recorded infection rate was merely 10%. The detection method developed in this study shows potential for early warning and routine monitoring of visceral white nodules disease in the internal organs of species such as L. crocea.

Sequence comparison of the mitochondrial genomes of Plesionika species (Caridea: Pandalidae), gene rearrangement and phylogenetic relationships of Caridea.

Background: Despite the Caridean shrimps' vast species richness and ecological diversity, controversies persist in their molecular classification. Within Caridea, the Pandalidae family exemplifies significant taxonomic diversity. As of June 25, 2023, GenBank hosts only nine complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) for this family. The Plesionika genus within Pandalidae is recognized as polyphyletic. To improve our understanding of the mitogenome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Caridea, this study introduces three novel mitogenome sequences from the Plesionika genus: P.  ortmanni, P. izumiae and P. lophotes. Methods: The complete mitochondrial genomes of three Plesionika species were sequenced utilizing Illumina's next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. After assembling and annotating the mitogenomes, we conducted structural analyses to examine circular maps, sequence structure characteristics, base composition, amino acid content, and synonymous codon usage frequency. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis was performed by integrating existing mitogenome sequences of true shrimp available in GenBank. Results: The complete mitogenomes of the three Plesionika species encompass 37 canonical genes, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one control region (CR). The lengths of these mitogenomes are as follows: 15,908 bp for P. ortmanni, 16,074 bp for P. izumiae and 15,933 bp for P. lophotes. Our analyses extended to their genomic features and structural functions, detailing base composition, gene arrangement, and codon usage. Additionally, we performed selection pressure analysis on the PCGs of all Pandalidae species available in Genbank, indicating evolutionary purification selection acted on the PCGs across Pandalidae species. Compared with the ancestral Caridea, translocation of two tRNA genes, i.e., trnP or trnT, were found in the two newly sequenced Plesionika species-P. izumiae and P. lophotes. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of Caridea using the sequences of 13 PCGs in mitogenomes. The results revealed that family Pandalidae exhibited robust monophyly, while genus Plesionika appeared to be a polyphyletic group. Conclusions: Gene rearrangements within the Pandalidae family were observed for the first time. Furthermore, a significant correlation was discovered between phylogenetics of the Caridea clade and arrangement of mitochondrial genes. Our findings offer a detailed exploration of Plesionika mitogenomes, laying a crucial groundwork for subsequent investigations into genetic diversity, phylogenetic evolution, and selective breeding within this genus.

PI3K inhibitor idelalisib enhances the anti-tumor effects of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib via PLK1 in B-cell lymphoma.

Relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients still faced with poor survival, representing an unmet clinical need. In-depth research into the disease's pathogenesis and the development of targeted treatment strategies are urgently needed. Here, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of gene mutation and expression using data from our center and public databases. Cell cycle-related genes especially for CDKN2A/B-CDK4/6/CCND1 machinery altered frequently in DLBCL and MCL. Clinically, high CDK4 and CDK6 expression were correlated with poor prognosis of DLBCL and MCL patients. Furthermore, we also validated the pharmacological efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and its synergy effect with PI3K inhibitor idelalisib utilizing in vitro cell lines and in vivo cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Our results provided sufficient pre-clinical evidence to support the potential combination of palbociclib and idelalisib for DLBCL and MCL patients.

Turning pain into strength: prosocial behaviours in coping with trauma.

Background: Various coping strategies have been shown to alleviate the negative effects of trauma, yet the significance of prosocial behaviour in this realm has been notably underexplored. The present study explored the hypothesis that engaging in prosocial behaviour mitigates the impacts of trauma by promoting a sense of competence and relatedness, post-traumatic growth (PTG), and reconstruction of meaning.Methods: Three consecutive studies were conducted with college students to compare differences in consequence of prosocial behaviours between a trauma group and a control group. Study 1 (N = 96) used self-reported experiences of traumatic vs non-traumatic events; Study 2 (N = 43) used exposure vs. no exposure to video of an earthquake; Study 3 (N = 20) used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a prosocial-themed intervention vs. no intervention. Outcomes in all studies were assessed by self-report questionnaires.Results: Trauma damaged participants' sense of competence and meaningfulness. Prosocial behaviour relieved the impact of trauma on meaning, specifically manifested in the individuals' sense of meaningfulness and their search for meaning. Group interventions with a prosocial theme (based on effect size results) reduced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and enhanced PTG in victims. The promoting effect on PTG persisted a month later, and its enhancing effect on meaning manifested with a delay.Conclusion: Prosocial behaviour can potentially serve as a beneficial strategy for individuals coping with trauma because it helps enhance meaning and promotes PTG in victims. This conclusion is supported by laboratory experiments and a tentative small-scale intervention study, which provide an innovative perspective for future trauma interventions.

Prosocial behaviour can potentially serve as a beneficial strategy for individuals coping with trauma.Prosocial behaviour relieved the impact of trauma on meaning.Prosocial-themed intervention reduced PTSD and enhanced PTG in victims (based on effect size results).

Childhood maltreatment patterns and suicidal ideation: mediating roles of depression, hope, and expressive suppression.

Childhood maltreatment has long-term negative effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being, and may increase the risk for suicidal ideation. However, how different patterns of childhood maltreatment affect subsequent suicidal ideation and the underlying mediating mechanisms remain unclear, particularly among Chinese adolescents. This study used latent profile analysis to identify patterns of childhood maltreatment among adolescents and explored how these patterns predicted subsequent suicidal ideation via depression, hope, and expressive suppression. This study used a two-wave, 1-year longitudinal design and included 2156 adolescents (Mage = 13.97 years, SDage = 1.61 years; 49.6% females). We identified three patterns of childhood maltreatment: low maltreatment, high psychological neglect, and high maltreatment. Compared with the low maltreatment group, the high maltreatment group indirectly predicted subsequent suicidal ideation 1 year later via depression through hope and expressive suppression, whereas the direct effect on suicidal ideation was not significant. Compared with the low maltreatment group, the high psychological neglect group had a significant direct effect on subsequent suicidal ideation and indirectly predicted suicidal ideation through depression or hope. Identifying patterns of childhood maltreatment among adolescents will assist mental health workers in developing targeted interventions to effectively alleviate suicidal ideation.

Gene Rearrangements in the Mitochondrial Genome of Gonatopsis borealis and Onychoteuthis compacta Reveal Their Phylogenetic Implications for Oegopsida.

The complete mitochondrial genome provides crucial information for comprehending gene rearrangement, molecular evolution, and phylogenetic analysis. Here, we have determined the complete mitogenome sequence of Gonatopsis borealis and Onychoteuthis compacta for the first time. Their genome sizes were 20,148 bp and 20,491 bp, respectively, including 18 protein-coding genes, COI-COIII, ATP6, and ATP8 are duplicated, 23 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes (12S and 16S rRNA). Specifically, the overall A+T content is 70.69% and 72.67%. It shows a significant AT bias. The whole mitogenomes indicate positive AT skew (0.070 and 0.062). Furthermore, the gene order has been rearranged within Oegopsida. The tandem duplication random loss model was determined as most likely to explain the observed gene rearrangements. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, and the result tree was found to be consistent with the morphological identification classification. Estimation of divergence time for 35 species showed that the main differentiation of Oegopsida occurred in 140.70 Mya. These results will help to better understand the gene rearrangements and evolution of G. borealis and O. compacta and lay a foundation for further phylogeny genetic studies of Oegopsida.

Glycolytic enzyme Enolase-1 regulates insulin gene expression in pancreatic ß-cell.

Enolase-1 (Eno1) plays a critical role in regulating glucose metabolism; however, its specific impact on pancreatic islet ß-cells remains elusive. This study aimed to provide a preliminary exploration of Eno1 function in pancreatic islet ß-cells. The findings revealed that the expression of ENO1 mRNA in type 2 diabetes donors was significantly increased and positively correlated with HbA1C and negatively correlated with insulin gene expression. A high level of Eno1 in human insulin-secreting rat INS-1832/13 cells with co-localization with intracellular insulin proteins was accordingly observed. Silencing of Eno1 using siRNA or inhibiting Eno1 protein activity with an Eno1 antagonist significantly reduced insulin secretion and insulin content in ß-cells, while the proinsulin/insulin content ratio remained unchanged. This reduction in ß-cells function was accompanied by a notable decrease in intracellular ATP and mitochondrial cytochrome C levels. Overall, our findings confirm that Eno1 regulates the insulin secretion process, particularly glucose metabolism and ATP production in the ß-cells. The mechanism primarily involves its influence on insulin production, suggesting that Eno1 represents a potential target for ß-cell protection and diabetes treatment.

LAMP1 controls CXCL10-CXCR3 axis mediated inflammatory regulation of macrophage polarization during inflammatory stimulation.

Increased expression of CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 represents an inflammatory response in cells and tissues. Macrophage polarization and autophagy are major functions in inflammatory macrophages; however, the cellular functions of the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in macrophages are not well understood. Here, we examined the role of CXCL10-CXCR3-axis-regulated autophagy in macrophage polarization. First, in non-inflammatory macrophages, whereas CXCL10 promotes M2 polarization and inhibits M1 polarization, CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 induces the opposite macrophage polarization. Next, CXCL10 promotes the expression of autophagy proteins (Atg5-Atg12 complex, p62, LC3-II, and LAMP1) and AMG487 inhibits their expression. Knockdown of LAMP1 by short interfering RNA switches the CXCL10-induced polarization from M2 to M1 in non-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, in inflammatory macrophages stimulated by poly(I:C), CXCL10 induces M1 polarization and AMG487 induces M2 polarization in association with a decrease in LAMP1. Finally, AMG487 alleviates lung injury after poly(I:C) treatment in mice. In conclusion, CXCL10-CXCR3 axis differentially directs macrophage polarization in inflammatory and non-inflammatory states, and autophagy protein LAMP1 acts as the switch controlling the direction of macrophage polarization by CXCL10-CXCR3.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Eight Populations of Nerita yoldii along the Coast of China Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene.

Nerita yoldii is a euryhaline species commonly found in the intertidal zone. To investigate the genetic diversity of 233 N. yoldii individuals from eight locations along the coast of China, we utilized the mitochondrial COI gene as a molecular marker. A total of 34 haplotypes were detected, exhibiting a mean haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.5915 and a mean nucleotide diversity (Pi) of 0.0025, indicating high levels of genetic diversity among all populations. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the primary source of genetic variation occurs within populations. In addition, neutral tests and mismatch analyses suggested that N. yoldii populations may have experienced bottleneck events. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed between Xiapu and other populations, excluding the Taizhou population, and may be attributed to the ocean currents. Intensively studying the genetic variation and population structure of N. yoldii populations contributes to understanding the current population genetics of N. yoldii in the coastal regions of China. This not only provides a reference for the study of other organisms in the same region but also lays the foundation for the systematic evolution of the Neritidae family.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Desmaulus extinctorium (Littorinimorpha, Calyptraeoidea, Calyptraeidae) and molecular phylogeny of Littorinimorpha.

For the purpose of determining the placement of Calyptraeidae within the Littorinimorpha, we hereby furnish a thorough analysis of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Desmaulus extinctorium. This mitogenome spans 16,605 base pairs and encompasses the entire set of 37 genes, including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs, with an evident AT bias. Notably, tRNASer1 and tRNASer2 lack dihydrouracil (DHU) arms, resulting in an inability to form a secondary structure. Similarly, tRNAAla lacks a TΨC arm, rendering it incapable of forming a secondary structure. In contrast, the remaining tRNAs demonstrate a characteristic secondary structure reminiscent of a cloverleaf. A comparison with ancestral gastropods reveals distinct differences in three gene clusters (or genes), encompassing 15 tRNAs and eight PCGs. Notably, inversions and translocations represent the major types of rearrangements observed in D. extinctorium. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates robust support for a monophyletic grouping of all Littorinimorpha species, with D. extinctorium representing a distinct Calyptraeoidea clade. In summary, this investigation provides the first complete mitochondrial dataset for a species of the Calyptraeidae, thus providing novel insights into the phylogenetic relationships within the Littorinimorpha.

Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into Candidate Genes and Molecular Pathways Involved in Growth of Mytilus coruscus Larvae.

Growth is a fundamental aspect of aquaculture breeding programs, pivotal for successful cultivation. Understanding the mechanisms that govern growth and development differences across various stages can significantly boost seedling production of economically valuable species, thereby enhancing aquaculture efficiency and advancing the aquaculture industry. Mytilus coruscus, a commercially vital marine bivalve, underscores this importance. To decipher the intricate molecular mechanisms dictating growth and developmental disparities in marine shellfish, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and meticulously analyzed gene expression variations and molecular pathways linked to growth traits in M. coruscus. This study delved into the molecular and gene expression variations across five larval development stages, with a specific focus on scrutinizing the differential expression patterns of growth-associated genes using RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. A substantial number of genes-36,044 differentially expressed genes (DEGs)-exhibited significant differential expression between consecutive developmental stages. These DEGs were then categorized into multiple pathways (Q value < 0.05), including crucial pathways such as the spliceosome, vascular smooth muscle contraction, DNA replication, and apoptosis, among others. In addition, we identified two pivotal signaling pathways-the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and the TGF-beta (TGF-ß) signaling pathway-associated with the growth and development of M. coruscus larvae. Ten key growth-related genes were pinpointed, each playing crucial roles in molecular function and the regulation of growth traits in M. coruscus. These genes and pathways associated with growth provide deep insights into the molecular basis of physiological adaptation, metabolic processes, and growth variability in marine bivalves.

Characterization of Lophiotoma leucotropis Mitochondrial Genome of Family Turridae and Phylogenetic Considerations within the Neogastropoda.

Neogastropoda is a group of marine organisms with an extremely wide distribution that is rich in species and economic and ornamental values, the classification of species in this order has been ongoing for a long time, but there is still a great controversy about whether this order is monophyletic. In this study, we obtained the complete mitogenome of Lophiotoma leucotropis by next-generation sequencing and analyzed the basic structural features of the genome, and we found that the number of genes was consistent with that of most of the Neogastropoda snails, containing 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs. Analyzing base content, amino acid content, codon usage preference, and tRNA structure, the mitogenomes of eight species of Turridae were selected for analysis of selection pressures, and it was found that the evolution of species in this family was affected by purifying selection. In addition, by analyzing the rearrangement characteristics, it was found that the sequence of L. leucotropis was consistent with the Conoidea consensus order, and four of the eight species involved in the analysis showed rearrangements. Finally, we constructed a phylogenetic tree by combining PCGs of 60 species within Caenogastropoda and found Neogastropoda to be a monophyletic group, validating the results of morphological classification. The results will provide more references for the classification and species evolution of Neogastropoda, as well as phylogenetic analysis.

Eye growth pattern of myopic children wearing spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets compared with non-myopic children.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate eye growth of children wearing spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets (HAL), slightly aspherical lenslets (SAL) and single-vision lenses (SVL) compared to eye growth patterns in non-myopes in Wenzhou, China. METHODS: The randomised trial had 170 myopic children (aged 8-13 years) randomly assigned to the HAL, SAL or SVL group. Normal eye growth was examined using 700 non-myopic schoolchildren (aged 7-9 years) in the Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor Progression and Onset of Myopia (WEPrOM) cohort study using logistic function models. Slow, normal and fast eye growth was defined as range of values <25th, 25th-75th and >75th percentiles, respectively. RESULTS: The predicted upper limits of slow eye growth (25th percentile) among non-myopes aged 7-10 years and 11-13 years were 0.20-0.13 and 0.08-0.01 mm (after 2-year period; 0.37-0.33 and 0.29-0.14 mm), respectively, while the upper limits of normal eye growth (75th percentile) were 0.32-0.31 and 0.28-0.10 mm (after 2-year period; 0.58-0.55 and 0.50-0.24 mm), respectively. The 2-year trial had 157 children, 96 of whom wore their lenses full time (everyday ≥12 h/day). The mean 2-year axial length change for HAL, SAL and SVL was 0.34, 0.51 and 0.69 mm (0.28, 0.46 and 0.69 mm in full-time wear), respectively. Slow eye growth was found in 35%, 17% and 2% (44%, 29% and 3% in full-time wear); normal eye growth in 35%, 26% and 12% (44%, 32% and 9% in full-time wear) and fast eye growth in 30%, 57% and 86% (12%, 39% and 88% in full-time wear), respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The eye growth pattern in approximately 90% wearing HAL full time (compared with about 10% wearing SVL full time) was similar or slower than that of non-myopic children both after 1- and 2-year periods.

Novel gene re-arrangement in the mitochondrial genome of Pisidiaserratifrons (Anomura, Galatheoidea, Porcellanidae) and phylogenetic associations in Anomura.

To improve the taxonomy and systematics of Porcellanidae within the evolution of Anomura, we describe the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) sequence of Pisidiaserratifrons, which is 15,344 bp in size, contains the entire set of 37 genes and has an AT-rich region. Compared with the pancrustacean ground pattern, at least five gene clusters (or genes) are significantly different with the typical genes, involving eleven tRNA genes and four PCGs and the tandem duplication/random loss and recombination models were used to explain the observed large-scale gene re-arrangements. The phylogenetic results showed that all Porcellanidae species clustered together as a group with well nodal support. Most Anomura superfamilies were found to be monophyletic, except Paguroidea. Divergence time estimation implies that the age of Anomura is over 225 MYA, dating back to at least the late Triassic. Most of the extant superfamilies and families arose during the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary. In general, the results obtained in this study will contribute to a better understanding of gene re-arrangements in Porcellanidae mitogenomes and provide new insights into the phylogeny of Anomura.