Glycemic control metrics using flash glucose monitoring and hospital complications in patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few studies have reported on the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during the Covid-19 pandemic. We aimed to examine glycemic control metrics using flash glucose monitoring during insulin treatment and the clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Prospective, single-center cohort of adult patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or hyperglycemia and COVID-19 infection treated with basal bolus insulin regimen. Glycemic control was assessed with the use of intermittent Freestyle Libre flash glucose monitoring during the hospital stay. Outcome of interest were time in range [TIR], time above [TAR] and below [TBR] range, glycemic variability [coefficient of variation [% CV]), and differences in a composite of complications including ICU admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute kidney injury. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included (44 known diabetes and 16 new onset hyperglycemia). In total 190,080 data points of CGM were available, of which 72.5% of values were within the target area [TIR (70-180 mg/dL)], 22% TAR (>180 mg/dL), and 3% were TBR (<70 mg/dL). During treatment, the coefficient of variation (% CV) was 30%. There were no association with TIR, but patients with TAR >180 mg/dl had higher rates of a composite of complications (22.5% vs 16%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Basal bolus insulin regimen was safe and effective in achieving inpatient glycemic control in most patients with COVID-19. The association between TAR and complications indicates the need for improved inpatient glycemic control in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Resistencia antibiótica del Helicobacter pylori en el HospitalUniversitario San Ignacio de Bogotá / Antibiotics resistance of Helicobacter pylori at the San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogota

Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de resistencia del Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) a amoxicilina, claritromicina, tetraciclina y metronidazol en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en Bogotá, y buscar correlación entre la presencia de resistencia y el antecedente de consumo previo de antibióticos. Material y métodos: se estudiaron 115 muestras para cultivo de H. pylori tomadas de pacientes sometidos a endoscopia digestiva alta por síntomas dispépticos. Se determinó la susceptibilidad a antibióticos mediante discos de infusión en los cultivos. Se investigaron los antecedentes de consumo previo de antibióticos e imidazoles y se buscó asociación entre este antecedente y la de resistencia mediante tablas de contingencia y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: se obtuvieron 84 cultivos positivos para H. pylori. Se encontró resistencia a metronidazol en 97,6% de los cultivos, seguida por la resistencia a tetraciclina (85,7%), a claritromicina (63,1%) y a amoxicilina (9,5%). No se encontró relación entre el uso previo de imidazoles o antibióticos y la resistencia a los antibióticos estudiados. Tampoco se encontró asociación entre resistencia antibiótica y otras variables como edad, sexo o hallazgos endoscópicos. Se encontró una mayor probabilidad de resistencia a la claritromicina si había resistencia a la tetraciclina. (RR 4,25; IC 1,18-15,19 p= 0,001). Conclusiones: la resistencia del H. pylori a metronidazol y a tetraciclina sobrepasan el 85% y a claritromicina es superior al 60% en la población estudiada. El antecedente de consumo previo de antibióticos no permite predecir una mayor probabilidad de resistencia. Dado que estos antibióticos son los más usados en los esquemas de erradicación del H. pylori, se debe evaluar en experimentos clínicos la repercusión de estos hallazgos en la efectividad de los diferentes esquemas de erradicación.

Objectives: to determine the frequency of resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracyclin and metronidazole at the San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogotá, and to look for correlation between the presence of resistance and previous antibiotic use. Material and methods: samples for H. pylori cultures were taken from 115 patients who underwent endoscopy because of dyspeptic symptoms. Resistance to antibiotics was determined by means of susceptibility discs. Information was collected on previous antibiotic and imidazole intake, and associations with resistance evaluated by means of contingency tables and Fischer’ s exact test. Results: 84 positive cultures for H. pylori were obtained. Resistance to metronidazole was found in 97,6% of cultures, followed by resistance to tetracycline (85,7%), to clarithromycin (63,1%) and to amoxicillin (9,5%). No relationship was found between previous use of antibiotics or imidazoles and the resistance to studied antibiotics. No associations were found between antibiotic resistance and other variables like age, sex or endoscopic findings. There was an increased probability of resistance to clarithromycin if there was also resistance to tetracycline (RR 4.25, IC 1.18-15.19 p= 0.001). Conclusions: resistances of H. pylori to metronidazol and to tetracycline are above 85%, and to clarithromycin above 60% in the studied population. History of previous intake of antibiotics does not increase the probability of resistance. Since these antibiotics are amongst the most widely used for eradication of H. pylori, the clinical impact of these findings in the effectiveness of eradication regimens must be evaluated with clinical trials.