Odor-aided analysis for landfill site selection: study of DOKAP Region, Turkey.

In our world, with the increase of factors such as the rapid and irresponsible consumption of natural resources, man-made environmental disasters, global warming, and pollution of water resources in our world, the need for more efficient storage and disposal of solid waste has arisen. The presentation of the data required to solve spatial problems such as storage, management, and location selection can be carried out extensively and effectively using geographic information systems (GIS). On the other hand, the unsatisfactory results obtained with GIS recently have made it mandatory to use spatial multiple criteria decision-making (S-MCDM) methods that include the decision-makers in the process. In this study, landfill site selection was carried out in eight provinces in the region under the responsibility of the Eastern Black Sea Project Regional Development Administration (DOKAP). GIS and S-MCDM were used together in this site selection process. A total of eight spatial data layers were used in the site selection application. Afterwards, storage areas determined as suitable via GIS analysis underwent additional evaluation, taking into account geological, seismic, and environmental factors as well as transportation costs. In addition to these multi-component evaluations, odor analyses were carried out on the proposed storage areas using the prevailing wind direction.

Additive Manufacturing of Isotropic NdFeB PPS Bonded Permanent Magnets.

Extrusion based additive manufacturing of polymer composite magnets can increase the solid loading volume fraction with greater mechanical force through the printing nozzle as compared to traditional injection molding process. About 63 vol% of isotropic NdFeB magnet powders were compounded with 37 vol% of polyphenylene sulfide and bonded permanent magnets were fabricated while using Big Area Additive Manufacturing without any degradation in magnetic properties. The polyphenylene sulfide bonded magnets have a tensile stress of 20 MPa, almost double than that of nylon bonded permanent magnets. Additively manufactured and surface-protective-resin coated bonded magnets meet the industrial stability criterion of up to 175 °C with a flux-loss of 2.35% over 1000 h. They also exhibit better corrosion resistance behavior when exposed to acidic (pH = 1.35) solution for 24 h and also annealed at 80 °C over 100 h (at 95% relative humidity) over without coated magnets. Thus, polyphenylene sulfide bonded, additively manufactured, protective resin coated bonded permanent magnets provide better thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties.

Dynamic proteomic analysis of Phanerochaete chrysosporium under copper stress.

The model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is frequently preferred for heavy metal accumulation studies due to its high resistance to heavy metals, including copper (Cu). Here, the response of P. chrysosporium under Cu stress at different time points was investigated for the first time by a detailed proteomic analysis using 2DE MALDI-TOF/MS and nanoLC-MS/MS techniques. A total of 123 Cu-responsive protein spots were determined using 2DE approach, and 104 of them were corresponded to 73 distinct open reading frames (ORFs). Of identified ones, 88 spots were over-, and 16 spots were underrepresented. The majority of these proteins showed to the strongest response at 8th h of Cu exposure. Using nanoLC-MS/MS analysis, a total of 167 differentially produced proteins were identified from Cu-exposed cultures after enrichment of the membrane proteins followed by SILAC. Seventy four, 66, and 69 overrepresented, and 56, 71, and 64 underrepresented proteins were identified at 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h of Cu exposure, respectively. The bioinformatic analysis of these proteins revealed that intracellular trafficking proteins such as Ran GTPase and a p24 family protein, and certain proteins involved in posttranslational modification, protein turnover and folding were Cu-responsive. Three important transcription factors (TFs), NAC, BTF3, and homeobox TFs, 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins, chaperones such as Hsp26/Hsp42 and mortalin, as well as 20S proteasome, 14-3-3 proteins and Hsp90 involve in Cu-stress response of P. chrysosporium. Moreover, certain elements of translation machinery, the proteins related with aspartate, methionine, and pyruvate metabolisms, transketolase, and trehalase related with carbohydrate metabolism, citrate synthase, fumarase, V-ATPase, and F0F1-type ATPase playing role in energy production and conversion, transport proteins such as multidrug resistance and p24 family proteins as well as actin-related proteins involved in cytoskeleton remodeling were determined to be Cu-responsive. The present proteome analysis revealed that P. chrysosporium mainly regulates translational and posttranslational processes, certain transport processes, many metabolic pathways and cytoskeleton to overcome the Cu-induced oxidative stress.

Geostatistical analysis of the relationship between heavy metals in drinking water and cancer incidence in residential areas in the Black Sea region of Turkey.

In the study described in this article, the authors examined the relationship between heavy metals in the drinking water and cancer densities in residential areas. The Turkish cities of Trabzon, Rize, and Giresun in the eastern Black Sea region were chosen as the study areas. Cancer registry data, population information, heavy metal chemical analysis results for drinking water, and other spatial information for the region were collected in a database designed in GIS. Information on a total of 13,012 registered cancer cases from the years 2000-2007 was obtained from a cancer record center and depicted spatially on a map. The incidence values explaining cancer density in residential units were calculated. Chemical analyses were then conducted to determine the presence of 17 different heavy metals by collecting a total of 541 drinking water samples. It was determined that among the 17 analyzed heavy metals, beryllium, nickel, antimony, and molybdenum had a significant relationship with cancer incidence values in the residential units.

Application of raster-based GIS techniques in the siting of landfills in Trabzon Province, Turkey: a case study.

One of the most important steps in solid waste management is the selection of an appropriate landfill site. The site selection process requires the evaluation and analysis of several criteria. However, the traditional evaluation method is not sufficient for the site selection process. Geographical information system (GIS) technologies are effectively used in the process of site selection, which is a spatial problem. This article describes a raster GIS-based landfill site selection (LSS) method. This method utilizes a raster-based spatial database in which the factors affect the landfill site selection. The final product in this method is the cost surface map showing pixel-based values of the appropriate areas. Furthermore, this GIS-based LSS method was applied for the evaluation of two landfill sites in Trabzon Province in Turkey, for which the traditional evaluation method for site selection was used. The suitability values on the cost surface map of these two landfills have shown that these sites are not appropriate for a solid waste landfill. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the method of raster GIS-based site selection gives more effective results than traditional methods.

Characterization of proteome alterations in Phanerochaete chrysosporium in response to lead exposure.

BACKGROUND: Total soluble proteome alterations of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium in response to different doses (25, 50 and 100 µM) of Pb (II) were characterized by 2DE in combination with MALDI-TOF-MS. RESULTS: Dose-dependent molecular response to Pb (II) involved a total of 14 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated proteins. The induction of an isoform of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase class V, mRNA splicing factor, ATP-dependent RNA helicase, thioredoxin reductase and actin required a Pb (II) dose of at least 50 µM. Analysis of the proteome dynamics of mid-exponential phase cells of P. chrysosporium subjected to 50 µM lead at exposure time intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, identified a total of 23 proteins in increased and 67 proteins in decreased amount. Overall, the newly induced/strongly up-regulated proteins involved in (i) amelioration of lipid peroxidation products, (ii) defense against oxidative damage and redox metabolism, (iii) transcription, recombination and DNA repair (iv) a yet unknown function represented by a putative protein. CONCLUSION: The present study implicated the particular role of the elements of DNA repair, post-tanscriptional regulation and heterotrimeric G protein signaling in response to Pb (II) stress as shown for the first time for a basidiomycete.

Immunoproteomic analysis of Bordetella pertussis and identification of new immunogenic proteins.

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of highly communicable respiratory infection whooping cough (pertussis) which remains one of the world's leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths. In the present study, total soluble proteins extracted from two B. pertussis strains, Tohama I and the local isolate Saadet were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by Western blotting for their reactivity with the antisera obtained from the mice immunized with inactivated whole cells as well as those collected from the mice challenged intraperitoneally with live cells of each strain. Of a total of 25 immunogenic proteins identified, 21 were shown to be the novel antigens for B. pertussis.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium soluble proteome as a prelude for the analysis of heavy metal stress response.

A 2-D reference map in pI range 3-10 was constructed for the soluble protein fraction of Phanerochaete chrysosporium growing vegetatively under standard conditions. Functional annotation could be made for 517 spots out of 720 that were subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, according to the specific accession numbers from the P. chrysosporium genomic database. Further analysis of the data revealed 314 distinct ORFs, 118 of which yielded multiple spots on the master gel. Functional classification of the proteins was made according to the eukaryote orthologous groups defined in the organism's genome website. The functional class of PTMs, protein turnover and chaperones was represented with the highest number (63) of the identified ORFs. Six proteins were assigned to the hypothetical proteins and 29 were predicted to have a signal peptide sequence. Subcellular localization predictions were also made for the identified proteins. Of the protein spots detected on the master gel, 380 were found to be probably phosphorylated and 96 of these matched to the identified proteins. The reference map was efficiently used in the identification of the proteins differentially expressed under cadmium and copper stress. Three new ribosomal proteins as well as zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, flavonol/cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, H+-transporting two-sector ATPase, ribosomal protein S7, ribosomal protein S21e, elongation factor EF-1 alpha subunit were demonstrated as the most strongly induced.