Pimecrolimus protects neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells against anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of both microglial secretome and hydrogen peroxide.

Calcineurin inhibitors have been found to exhibit a preventive role against neuroinflammation, which represents a crucial underlying mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Additionally, they possess suppressive effects on the activation of apoptotic pathways, which constitute another mechanism underlying such diseases. Given that pimecrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, impedes the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10, and influences apoptotic processes, it is noteworthy to test its potential neuroprotective properties. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to assess the potential protective effects of pimecrolimus against the degenerative consequences of both microglial secretomes and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidant agent. The survival rates of HMC3 microglia cells, neuron-like differentiated SH-SY5Y (d-SH-SY5Y) cells, and their co-culture were determined using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) method. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured using ELISA kits, besides total antioxidant and oxidant capacities in conditioned media of cells. Additionally, the effect of pimecrolimus on neurite length in these cell groups was evaluated through morphological observations. This study revealed, for the first time, that pimecrolimus exerts preventive effects on neurodegenerative processes by virtue of its anti-inflammatory and -antioxidant activities. It holds promise as a potential treatment option for ND.

A histological examination of the effects of Ferula elaeochytris extract on kidney and liver tissues in myoglobinuric acute renal failure.

Myoglobinuric acute renal failure (MARF) is a structural and functional disorder that occurs in the kidney following the release of muscle cell contents into the circulation. In this present study, possible protective and curative effects of Ferula elaeochytris extract against kidney and liver damage in experimentally induced MARF in a rat model were investigated. 3-4 Month-old, 200-250 g Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 8 equal groups with 7 rats per group. Group I was a no-intervention Control group. All groups except for the Group I were dehydrated for 16 hours. Following this dehydration, 50% v/v aqueous glycerol solution was injected into both hind leg muscles of the animals, at a dose of 8 ml/kg. The rats were given physiological saline (SF) once orally before the model was administered (Group II) and after the model was administered (Group V). Similarly, two different doses of Ferula elaeochytris root extract (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) were dissolved in 2 ml of SF and administered orally before (Groups III and IV) and after (Group VI, VII) the model was created. Following the experimental period, kidney and liver tissues were removed from all groups, and fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for light microscopic examinations. Intracellular vacuolization, enlargement in the Bowman's space, widespread atrophy in the tubular structures, luminal enlargement, and desquamation were detected in the kidney tissue sections of all the experimental model groups. In the liver tissue sections, was detected hepatocyte degeneration, intracellular vacuolization, irregularity in cell membrane borders, and apoptotic bodies. These histopathological consequences of MARF were evaluated for all groups, and whereas a curative effect of Ferula elaeochytris could be seen, its protective effect was higher than its curative effect.

Effects of Clozapine on Cortical Inhibition: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Follow-up Study.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical investigations have revealed deficits in cortical inhibition in individuals with schizophrenia. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, a commonly used noninvasive measurement technique, is used for assessing these deficits. Limited research has been conducted on the effects of antipsychotic medications on cortical inhibition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of clozapine on cortical inhibition with transcranial magnetic stimulation longitudinally and compare it with unaffected controls. METHODS: Ten patients who started clozapine were assessed at baseline, with 8 reassessed after 4 months. Eight age- and sex-matched unaffected controls were included. Psychopathology, neurocognitive performance, formal thought disorder, and disability were assessed, and the cortical excitability parameters (resting motor threshold, cortical silent period, short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, and short-latency afferent inhibition [SAI]) were measured at baseline and four months after clozapine treatment. RESULTS: Resting motor threshold, ICF, and SAI were significantly different between patients and controls at baseline, whereas resting motor threshold, SAI, and ICF became similar to controls after clozapine with only ICF having a trend for significance. Clozapine prolonged cortical silent period significantly in the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the effect of clozapine on SAI, a potential cholinergic biomarker, and the first follow-up study to investigate the relationship between the effects of clozapine on cortical inhibition and cognition. Clozapine seems to cause an increase in cortical inhibition through GABAergic and possibly cholinergic mechanisms. However, additional follow-up studies with larger sample sizes are required to reach more robust conclusions.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Depressive Symptom Severity of Employed and Unemployed Women in Turkey.

Introduction: Depression which is one of the mood disorders, causes a decrease in the work that requires participation during the day, and affects interpersonal relationships. It is known to be a fairly common mental disorder, especially among women. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effect of women's employment status on the severity of depressive symptoms in Turkey. Method: We searched the databases of YÖK Thesis Center, ULAKBIM, Web of Science and Scopus to detect those studies aiming to compare the employed women with housewives in terms of the depressive symptoms measured with validated self-report scales in Turkish. Results: Of the 283 studies reported in Turkish or English as an article or dissertation, 10 met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The random effects meta-analysis conducted with R 4.0.1, meta and metafor package revealed a slight and statistically nonsignificant effect of the employment status on women's depressive scores (g=-0.13 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [-0.41, 0.14]). Heterogeneity between studies was estimated at a high level (I2=90.3% 95% CI [84.3%, 94%]). Results of the meta-regression analyses implied that neither the sample size (R2=0.00%) nor the publication year (R2=5.58%) were among the main sources the heterogeneity. The findings suggest that the risk of having depressive symptoms is nearly same in employed women as in housewives. Discussion: Hence, employment status is unlikely to be among the main factors leading to relatively higher prevalence of depression among women.

Problematic media use and psychological adaptation in children in the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the problematic media use and psychological adaptation levels of children. DESIGN AND METHODS: Parents of 685 children living in Turkey participated in the descriptive cross-sectional design study. Descriptive Characteristics Form, Problematic Media Use Measure and Hacettepe Psychological Adaptation Scale were used to collect research data. RESULTS: Problematic media use of the children is moderate. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the time spent in front of the screen in the majority of children. Psychological adaptation problem was determined in approximately one-third of children. Male gender and screen time spent affect problematic media use and psychological adaptation levels of children. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the problematic media use and psychological adaptation problems of children. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: It is recommended that nurses guide parents to limit children's screen time and to plan interventions to solve their psychological adaptation problems.

Winged Scapula: Clinical and Electrophysiological Features and Common Causes Based on 20 Years of Experience in a Referral Center in Turkey.

PURPOSE: Winged scapula (WS) is a functionally disabling problem and it occurs because of neurogenic causes frequently. The authors aimed to assess WS patients by physical and electrodiagnostic examinations as well as some further investigations and define the common causes of WS. METHODS: The authors reviewed clinical and neurophysiological findings of 52 patients who were referred for electrodiagnostic examination because of WS in the period of 20 years. RESULTS: The mean age was 39 (range, 11-73) years and 32 were male patients. Right side was involved in 60% of patients (n = 31). According to electrodiagnostic examinations, 44 patients (85%) had neurogenic causes; 29 spinal accessory nerve palsy (17 occurred after surgical procedure), nine long thoracic nerve palsy (four occurred after strenuous activity), two dorsal scapular nerve (both neuralgic amyotrophy), one long thoracic nerve and spinal accessory nerve (relevant with strenuous trauma), one spinal accessory nerve and dorsal scapular nerve palsies (after surgical procedure and radiotherapy), one C5-7 radiculopathy (avulsion), and one brachial plexopathy (obstetric trauma). Five patients (10%) had muscle-related findings (four facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy and one Duchenne muscular dystrophia) and three patients (5%) had normal findings (bone-joint related). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a relatively large series of patients with WS because of several causes from a referral tertiary EMG laboratory. The authors found that spinal accessory nerve palsy after neck surgery is the most common cause and long thoracic nerve palsy is the second common cause of unilateral WS. Electrodiagnostic examinations should be performed in WS patients to establish exact diagnosis and reveal some coexistence of WS causes.

LoxBlock-1 or Curcumin attenuates liver, pancreas and cardiac ferroptosis, oxidative stress and injury in Ischemia/reperfusion-damaged rats by facilitating ACSL/GPx4 signaling.

In this study, the effects of the pretreatment of Curcumin and LoxBlock-1 on liver, pancreas, and cardiac dysfunction following Ischemia-Reperfusion-induced (IR) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) were investigated through the mechanisms of oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) parameters in the tissue were analyzed to investigate the oxidative stress occurring in the liver, pancreas, and heart, and Acyl-Coa synthetase long-chain family member (ACSL4). Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) enzyme levels were also analyzed by ELISA to investigate the effect on ferroptosis. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed for histopathological examination of the tissues. As a result of biochemical analyzes, it was observed that oxidative stress parameters increased significantly in the IR group. In addition, while the ACSL4 enzyme level increased in the IR group in all tissues, the GPx4 enzyme level decreased. In the histopathological examination, it was observed that IR caused serious damage to the heart, liver, and pancreas tissues. The present study shows that Curcumin and LoxBlock-1 have a protective effect on the liver, pancreas, and cardiac ferroptosis following the effect on AKI. In addition, Curcumin was found to be more effective than LoxBlock-1 in I/R injury with its antioxidant property.

Multimodal integration and modulation of visual and somatosensory inputs on the corticospinal excitability.

OBJECTIVE: Corticospinal excitability may be affected by various sensory inputs under physiological conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the corticospinal excitability by using multimodal conditioning paradigms of combined somatosensory electrical and visual stimulation to understand the sensory-motor integration. METHODS: We examined motor evoked potentials (MEP) obtained by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that were conditioned by using a single goggle-light-emitting diode (LED) stimulation, peripheral nerve electrical stimulation (short latency afferent inhibition protocol), or a combination of both (goggle-LED+electrical stimulation) at different interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in 14 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: We found MEP inhibition at ISIs of 50-60 ms using the conditioned goggle-LED stimulation. The combined goggle-LED stimulation at a 60 ms ISI resulted in an additional inhibition to the electrical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Visual inputs cause significant modulatory effects on the corticospinal excitability. Combined visual and somatosensory stimuli integrate probably via different neural circuits and/or interneuron populations. To our knowledge, multimodal integration of visual and somatosensory inputs by using TMS-short latency inhibition protocol have been evaluated via electrophysiological methods for the first time in this study.

Levetiracetam treatment in an experimental model of sciatic nerve injury: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: This study examined whether levetiracetam contributes to improvements in the axon-nerve damage in an experimental rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar albino adult male rats weighing 250-300 gr were randomized into six groups having or not having sciatic nerve damages and receiving different (none, 300 and 600 mg/kg) levetiracetam doses, and control (non-levetiracetam). Functional gait analysis and tissue sample analysis with the aid of light microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin dye were evaluated between the groups. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the detailed examination of sciatic nerves. S-100 (Schwann cell marker) immunoreactivities in sciatic nerve was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Sciatic functional index of the injured rats receiving 300 mg/kg levetiracetam was -65.59 ± 29.48 and -47.13 ± 21.36 in the 2nd and 6th weeks, respectively (p < 0.001). Also, IMA and TOS levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to those receiving levetiracetam (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).      The most significant nerve regeneration was in the group injured and treated with LEV 600 mg/kg (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a significant improvement in the sciatic functional index, histopathological findings, and parameters showing tissue oxidant status in rats with sciatic nerve injury receiving levetiracetam treatment. Further investigations should be performed to evaluate the contribution of levetiracetam as a treatment modality in sciatic nerve injuries.

Determination of the Spiritual Support Perceptions of Students at a Vocational School of Health Services in Turkey.

This descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to determine the spiritual support perceptions of students (n = 606) at the Vocational School of Health Services at a university in Turkey in the academic year of 2019-2020. A Personal Information Form and the Spiritual Support Perception Scale were used to collect their data. The data evaluated descriptive analyses, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The mean age of the participants was 19.85 ± 1.78 years, 68.5% of them were female, 34.7% were students at the clinical laboratory techniques department, and 57.4% were first-year students. The mean Spiritual Support Perception Scale score of the participants was 50.08 ± 9.93, which was above average.

The predictive value of the first trimester combined test for gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the predictive importance of first trimester combined test markers pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), human chorionic gonadotropin ß (ß-hCG) and nuchal translucency (NT) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pregnant women which both first trimester combined test and GDM screening were performed during antenatal follow-up were included in this retrospective case-control study. The cases were divided into two groups as GDM screening positive and negative. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data of both groups were compared. Predictive tests were applied to the first trimester combined test data for the detection of GDM. RESULTS: A total of 378 patients, 171 (45.2%) in the control group and 207 (54.8%) in the GDM group. The age (control: 30.9 ± 5.2; GDM: 30.5 ± 5.1; p = 0.844) and NT (control: 1.254 ± 0.289; GDM: 1.319 ± 0.299; p = 0.074) data of the groups were statistically similar. MoM PAPP-A (GDM:0.967 ± 0.685; ontrol:1.191 ± 0.624; p < 0.001) and MoM f-ßhCG (GDM: 0.9 ± 0.602; control: 1.103 ± 0.746; p = 0.001) levels of the GDM group were lower than the control group. In the binary logistic regression model, MoM PAPP-A and MoM f-ßhCG variables were found to be effective on GDM. In the ROC analysis of these variables, the MoM PAPP-A (0.654) had the highest area under the curve. According to the optimum cut-off point (≤ 0.885) of the MoM PAPP-A, we found a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 65.50% for predicting GDM. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that serum PAPP-A and f-ßhCG MoM values, which are among the first trimester combined test parameters, can be used in the early pregnancy period for the prediction of GDM.

The Protective Effects of Geraniol Against Damage of Short Term Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats

Abstract Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the main causes of acute kidney injury. The pathological mechanisms underlying renal I/R injury are complex and remain uncertain. The protective effects of antioxidant properties of geraniol against renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) damage were investigated in our study. 28 Wistar albino male rats were randomly selected and 4 groups of n = 7 were created. A right kidney nephrectomy surgery was conducted to all groups under anesthesia. 2 ml SF was given to Groups I and II, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/ kg geraniol were administered intraperitoneally an hour before ischemia to Groups III and IV, respectively. Except for Group I, 45 minutes of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion were applied to the groups. At the end of the experiment, parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammation were determined by comparing kidney function, antioxidant enzyme activities and histological changes. Following comparison of BUN and CRE values with CAT and SOD values in tissue samples of Group I and Group II, an increase in Group II was observed and as a result I/R damage formation occurred. Values of geraniol-treated Group III and Group IV approximated to that of Group I, and that the 50 mg/kg geraniol dose proved more effective than 100 mg/kg geraniol.

The effect of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation on ovarian reserve via PTEN pathway.

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate whether repeated controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) affects ovarian reserve. For this reason, we aimed to show possible changes in the expression of PTEN and FOXO3, which are involved in preserving the over-reserve, after applying the COH protocol methods. For this purpose, 18 young Wistar albino female rats (8 weeks old) were randomly assigned as group 1 (control), group 2, and group 3 as 6 subjects in each group. Experimental groups were treated with 10 IU/0.1 mL pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and a COH protocol consisting of 10 IU/0.1 mL human chorionic gonadotropin injection after 48 h. This procedure was applied three and five times to group 2 and group 3, respectively. For the control groups, the same procedures were performed with 0.1 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. At the end of the experiment, the ovarium tissues were placed in a 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for light microscopic examinations. In histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the number of ovarian follicles was determined using the physical dissector method. However, the expression of PTEN, FOXO3, and LH-R molecules was evaluated by immunohistochemical methods. As a result of our study, it was concluded that COH administration reduces the expression levels of PTEN and FOXO3 proteins and LH-R, which are among the essential components of the PIK3 intracellular signaling pathway and also increased the levels of hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone, which are over-reserve markers, and causes adverse effects on the histological structure, oocyte morphology, and number of ovaries. Lay summary: Today, approximately 10-15% of couples experience fertility problems. However, assisted reproductive techniques help people with fertility problems to get pregnant. The main purpose of these techniques is to put the sperm and egg together outside the woman's body where the eggs are fertilized and then to return the fertilized eggs (embryos) to the womb. During a woman's menstrual cycle, several hormones influence the growth of the eggs. This process can be mimicked by using various medications. Medication is given to increase the number of eggs that develop. However, this method is not the same as normal ovulation. Therefore, in our study, we wanted to examine the effect that developing multiple follicles has on the number and quality of eggs remaining for the future.

Pediatric emergency nurses' workplace violence experiences: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Workplace violence is a crucial problem experienced by health workers who serve at the emergency service. The identification of emergency nurses' workplace experiences is of importance to the prevention of violence and the development of solutions. PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the workplace violence experiences of the nurses working for the pediatric emergency units. METHOD: A total of 20 nurses who experienced violence at the emergency service participated in the study that was conducted as qualitative research. The data were collected with the semi-structured interview form and were evaluated by using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five themes, namely, "the characteristics of violence", "the causes of violence", "the approach during/after the violence", "the consequences of the violence for the person", and the "consequences of the violence for the profession", were identified. Nurses stated that they often experienced verbal violence due to patient relatives' unmet expectations, the failure of patient relatives to understand treatments and practices, and the heavy workload, they endeavored to eliminate violence by trying to communicate with perpetrators of the violence, calling the security staff, and reporting the violence to their managers, and they were individually and professionally affected by the violence. CONCLUSION: Nurses are negatively affected by workplace violence. Pediatric emergency nurses should be supported with training programs and policies to be developed for the prevention and solution of violence.

The functional and structural evaluation of small fibers in asymptomatic carriers of TTR p.Val50Met (Val30Met) mutation.

Therapeutic advances in hereditary amyloid transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis with polyneuropathy extended life expectancy and delayed symptom progression especially in patients with early disease. Thus, detection and monitoring of asymptomatic carriers gained importance. However, there is still limited consensus on genetic screening of ATTRv-polyneuropathy patients' family members and diagnostic tests that must be done in the follow-up. In this study, we followed prospectively five asymptomatic carriers of a family with ATTRV30M (p.Val50Met) mutation by different diagnostic tests for three years. The carriers were followed by neurological examination, nerve conduction studies, sympathetic skin response test, heart rate variability, SFN-SIQ and DN4 questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing (QST), skin biopsy and in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Nerve conduction studies, sympathetic skin response test and heart rate variability were normal in all for three years. Baseline QST and SFN-SIQ were normal but became abnormal during follow-up of two individuals who developed small fiber neuropathy symptoms. Baseline intraepidermal nerve fiber density was low in three carriers and decreased to below normative values in all during follow-up, while corneal sub-basal nerve density was low in all carriers compared to controls during the entire follow-up. Thus, our study showed that SFN-SIQ and QST are useful diagnostic tools to detect the transition to symptomatic ATTRv-polyneuropathy.

Validity and reliability of the Duruöz Hand Index in patients with lateral epicondylitis.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the validity, reliability and clinimetric features of the Duruöz Hand Index (DHI) in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Patients and methods: Between October 2019 and January 2020, a total of 78 patients (28 males, 50 females; mean age: 46.4±9.4 years; range, 20 to 65 years) who presented with pain in the forearm and were diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis were included in the study. The patients were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire (PRTEEQ), the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire at Weeks 0, 1 and 4. The DHI reliability (Cronbach alpha, intraclass correlation [ICC]), validity and factor analyses were performed with the data of 70 and 49 patients who attended to follow-up visit at Weeks 1 and 4. The effect size (ES), standard response mean (SRM), and minimum detectable change (MDC) values of the DHI were calculated. Results: Of the patients, 84.6% were right-handed. The ICC coefficients of DHI were found to be perfect with the test-retest method (ICC; total=0.943). It showed a well-excellent consistency with the internal consistency method (Cronbach alpha; total=0.90). In the structural validity of the DHI, it was very strongly correlated with the DASH (r=0.801; p<0.01), strongly correlated with the PRTEEQ and HAQ total scores (r=0.793; p<0.01; r=0.785; p<0.01), and acceptably correlated with PRTEEQ pain score (r=0.570; p<0.01). The DHI was acceptably correlated with the VAS and grip strength as measured by the hand dynamometer (p<0.05). In our study, three main factors were obtained and MDC and responsiveness sensitivity were found to be moderate (MDC=4.4; SEM=1.61; ES=0.246 p<0.001; SRM=0.538 p<0.001). Conclusion: Duruöz Hand Index is a reliable, valid, and practical functional assessment scale in patients with lateral epicondylitis.

The relation of optical coherence tomography findings with oxidative stress parameters in patients with bipolar disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the optical coherence tomography(OCT) findings and oxidative stress parameters in patients with bipolar disorder(BD) and their unaffected first-degree relatives(FDRs) and to explore OCT findings and oxidative stress parameters as potential endophenotype candidates. METHODS: Fifty patients with BD, 40 FDRs of BD, and 50 healthy controls(HCs) were included. OCT was performed to measure peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL), ganglion cell layer(GCL), inner plexiform layer(IPL), central macular, and minimum foveal thicknesses(CMT and MFT), choroidal thickness(ChT). 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal(HNE), total thiol(TT), native thiol(NT), total oxidant status(TOS), total antioxidant status(TAS), disulfide(DIS) and oxidative stress index(OSI) were measured from serum samples. RESULTS: TOS was higher patients with BD and FDRs than HCs (p < .001 and p = .012, respectively). OSI, DIS, HNE levels were higher patients with BD and FDRs than HCs (p < .001). TAS, TT, NT levels were lower patients and FDRs than HCs (p < .001). MFT of patients was thinner than HCs (p = .001). CMT of patients was thinner than HCs (p = .006); the same trend was observed in FDRs but did not reach the statistical significance level (p = .07). The groups did not differ on RNFL and choroidal thickness or GCL and IPL volume. LIMITATIONS: Evaluation of only a few retinal layers. CONCLUSIONS: TOS, TAS, OSI, TT, NT, DIS, HNE can be useful endophenotype biomarkers in BD. Among the OCT findings, CMT was determined as the closest parameter to being an endophenotype biomarker. Our study corroborates that oxidative stress parameters are more effective than OCT findings in endophenotype studies.

Idiopathic coronal resorption in impacted permanent teeth and its relationship with age: radiologic study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between idiopathic coronal resorption and age in adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3405 digital panoramic radiographs present in the archive of the radiology department belonging to 1584 males and 1821 females aged 25 and over were assessed by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The patients' age, gender, number of impacted teeth, number and position of teeth with idiopathic coronal resorption and the extent of coronal resorption were recorded on standard forms. RESULTS: A thousand and nine impacted teeth were observed in 622 patients (304 males and 318 females) with a mean age of 36,92 (±10,85). Idiopathic coronal resorption was present in 26 of the 622 patients with a frequency of 4.2%. One patient had two teeth with idiopathic coronal resorption; resulting in as 27 teeth and a frequency of 2.7% according to tooth number. There were 13 (50%) females and 13 (50%) males having idiopathic coronal resorption. There was no significant difference between genders. The presence of idiopathic coronal resorption increased with advanced age (v: 0,193, p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the extent of the coronal resorption and age. CONCLUSION: The presence of idiopathic coronal resorption increases with advancing age. Idiopathic coronal resorption is detected incidentally during radiographic examination. Thus, dentists should consider this situation and should perform periodically radiographic examination of impacted teeth.

The Effect of the Activation of the Core Muscles on Tremor in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Trunk stabilization is important in providing postural control and extremity movements, and is maintained by the muscles called "core". OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report was to demonstrate the effect of core muscles contraction on upper extremity tremor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 22-year-old Multiple Sclerosis patient with right extremity ataxia was included in this report. Scale of Assessment and Rating Ataxia (SARA), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Accelerometric Tremorogram and Purdue Peg Board Test (PPBT) were performed. Assessments were made with and without the core muscles contraction. RESULTS: The total score of SARA decreased from 16 to 14 due to the reduction of dysmetria and tremor scores. Tremor amplitude decreased with contraction in tremorogram. At the 1st position, the tremor amplitude changed from -14.6 before the contraction to -18.3 after the contraction. At position 2, 6 Hz tremor was disappeared with contraction. In the PPBT, ataxic extremity performance increased from 5 to 7. CONCLUSION: Contraction of core muscles reduced postural tremor and improved upper extremity performance. It should be considered planning the training program of ataxic MS patients.