RESUMO
The current study aimed to determine whether Strongylocentrotus intermedius (S. intermedius) extract (SIE) exerts anti-obesity potentials employing 3T3-L1 cells as in vitro model. Herein we reported that treatment of SIE for 6 days reduced lipid accretion and TG (triglyceride) content whereas it increased the release of free glycerol. The inhibited lipid accumulation and induced lipolysis were evidenced by the downregulation of lipogenesis proteins, such as fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase, and the upregulation of hormone-sensitive lipase expression. Furthermore, the downregulation of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, highlights that reduced lipid accumulation is supported by lowering adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, treatment activates brown adipocyte phenotype in 3T3-L1 cells by inducing expression of brown adipose tissue-specific proteins, such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Moreover, SIE induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The pharmacological approach using AMPK inhibitor revealed that the restraining effect of SIE on adipogenesis and promotion of adipocyte browning were blocked. In GC-MS analysis, SIE was mainly composed of cholest-5-en-3-ol (36.71%) along with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which have favorable anti-obesity potentials. These results reveal that SIE has the possibility as a lipid-lowering agent for the intervention of obesity.
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The accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO) produced in high-temperature processed foods and excessive production in the body contributes to intestinal barrier dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effects of chitooligosaccharides (COSs) of different molecular weights (<1â¯kDa, 1-3â¯kDa, 3-5â¯kDa, 5-10â¯kDa, and >10â¯kDa) on MGO-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. We investigated the effect of COSs on inhibiting intracellular MGO accumulation/MGO-derived AGEs production and regulating the receptor for AGE (RAGE)-mediated downstream protein expression, including proteins related to apoptosis and inflammation, intestinal barrier integrity, and paracellular permeability. Pretreatment with COSs ameliorated MGO-induced increased RAGE protein expression, activation of apoptotic cascade/inflammatory response, loss of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, and increased paracellular permeability, ameliorating intestinal dysfunction through MGO scavenging. 1-3â¯kDa COSs most effectively ameliorated MGO-induced intestinal dysfunction. Our results suggest the potential of COSs in improving intestinal health by ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction by acting as an MGO scavenger and highlighting the need for the optimization of the molecular weight of COSs to optimize its protective effects.
Assuntos
Quitosana , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada , Mucosa Intestinal , Peso Molecular , Oligossacarídeos , Aldeído Pirúvico , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologia , Oligossacarídeos/química , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/metabolismo , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/metabolismo , Animais , Quitosana/farmacologia , Quitosana/química , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Humanos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/patologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Quitina/farmacologia , Quitina/análogos & derivados , Quitina/química , Permeabilidade/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The present study aims to explore the probable anti-adipogenesis effect of Dictyopteris divaricata (D. divaricata) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by regulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The extract of D. divaricata retarded lipid accretion and decreased triglyceride (TG) content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes but increased free glycerol levels. Treatment with the extract inhibited lipogenesis by inhibiting protein expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), whereas lipolysis increased by activating phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL) and AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). The extract inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1). This is attributed to the triggering of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. In addition, this study found that treatment with the extract activated HO-1 expression. Pharmacological approaches revealed that treatment with Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZnPP), an HO-1 inhibitor, resulted in an increase in lipid accumulation and a decrease in free glycerol levels. Finally, three adipogenic transcription factors, such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1, restored their expression in the presence of ZnPP. Analysis of chemical constituents revealed that the extract of D. divaricata is rich in 1,4-benzenediol, 7-tetradecenal, fucosterol, and n-hexadecanoic acid, which are known to have multiple pharmacological properties.
Assuntos
Adipogenia , Phaeophyceae , Animais , Camundongos , Lipólise , Células 3T3-L1 , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Glicerol/farmacologia , Glicerol/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Adipócitos , Proteína alfa Estimuladora de Ligação a CCAAT , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Lipídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The design and development of wound dressing with antioxidant and antibacterial properties to accelerate wound healing remain challenging. In this study, we synthesize a chitooligosaccharide-gentisic acid (COS-GSA) conjugate using the free-radical grafting method, and fabricate a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/chitosan (CH)/COS-GSA (PVA/CH/CG) hydrogel using a freeze-thaw method. We characterize the synthesized COS-GSA conjugates using through polyphenol assay, absorbance, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and evaluate their antioxidant properties. The COS-GSA conjugates are successfully synthesized and exhibit better antioxidant properties than pristine COSs. Subsequently, the fabricated hydrogel is characterized based on its morphological analysis, rheological properties, water contact angle, swelling, degradation, water retention properties, and COS-GSA release profiles. Finally, the biocompatibility of the fabricated hydrogel is evaluated on HDF and HaCaT cells through indirect and direct cytotoxicity. The PVA/CH/CG hydrogel exhibited significantly higher antioxidant properties (DPPH, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activities) and antibacterial activities (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) compared to other fabricated hydrogels such as PVA, PVA/CH, and PVA/CH/COS (PVA/CH/C). These results provide evidence that PVA/CH/CG hydrogels with antioxidant, antibacterial, and non-cytotoxic properties have great potential for wound-dressing applications.
Assuntos
Quitosana , Quitosana/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Álcool de Polivinil/química , Hidrogéis/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Bandagens , Água , EtanolRESUMO
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is an important blood pressure regulator. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ACE-inhibitory effects of meroterpenoids isolated from the brown alga, Sargassum macrocarpum, and the molecular mechanisms underlying ACE inhibition. Four fractions of S. macrocarpum were prepared using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water as solvents and analyzed for their potential ACE-inhibitory effects. The chloroform fraction showed the strongest ACE-inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 0.18 mg/mL. Three meroterpenoids, sargachromenol, 7-methyl sargachromenol, and sargaquinoic acid, were isolated from the chloroform fraction. Meroterpenoids isolated from S. macrocarpum had IC50 values of 0.44, 0.37, and 0.14 mM. The molecular docking study revealed that the ACE-inhibitory effect of the isolated meroterpenoids was mainly attributed to Zn-ion, hydrogen bonds, pi-anion, and pi-alkyl interactions between the meroterpenoids and ACE. These results suggest that S. macrocarpum could be a potential raw material for manufacturing antihypertensive nutraceutical ingredients.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina , Sargassum , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Sargassum/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , ClorofórmioRESUMO
In this study, seahorse peptide (SHP) was isolated from an alcalase-treated hydrolysate from Hippocampus abdominalis and assessed for its antioxidant potential against AAPH-induced oxidative stress damage. AAPH stimulation significantly decreased cell viability and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Vero cells. SHP treatment increased cell viability and remarkably lowered ROS production under AAPH-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, it protected against AAPH-induced apoptotic DNA damage. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SHP treatment remarkably increased the protein expression levels of catalase and SOD in AAPH-induced Vero cells. A zebrafish study revealed that SHP-treated zebrafish embryos resulted in lower cell death, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation than the AAPH-treated group. These results suggest that SHP is a potent functional antioxidant that could be developed as a natural antioxidant in the food and functional food industries.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Smegmamorpha , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Células Vero , Smegmamorpha/genética , Smegmamorpha/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Sargassum horneri is a seaweed species with diverse bioactivities. However, its antifibrotic effects during nasal polyp (NP) formation are not clearly understood. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of S. horneri on fibrosis progression in NP-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and NP tissues ex vivo. NPDFs were stimulated with TGF-ß1 in the presence or absence of S. horneri ethanol extract (SHE). The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production levels, myofibroblast differentiation (α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA), and phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 and -ERK in TGF-ß1-stimulated NPDFs were investigated using western blotting. Further, the contractile activity of SHE was assessed by performing a collagen gel contraction assay. The expression levels of collagen-1, fibronectin, and α-SMA were investigated in NP organ cultures treated with SHE. TGF-ß1 stimulated ECM protein expression, myofibroblast differentiation, and collagen contractile activity while these were attenuated by pretreatment with SHE. We also found antifibrotic effect of SHE on ex vivo NP tissues. The antifibrotic effects of SHE were modulated through the attenuation of Smad 2/3 and ERK signaling pathways in TGF-ß1-stimulated NPDFs. In conclusion, SHE inhibited ECM protein accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation during NP remodeling. Thus, SHE may be helpful as a treatment for NP recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery.
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Ecklonia maxima is a brown seaweed, which is abundantly distributed in South Africa. This study investigated an efficient approach using high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC), which has been successfully developed for the isolation and purification of phlorotannins, eckmaxol, and dieckol from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. maxima (EEM). We evaluated EEM for its inhibitory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish embryos. The separation of eckmaxol and dieckol from samples of EEM using HPCPC was found to be of high purity and yield under an optimal solvent system composed of n-hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (2:7:3:7, v/v/v/v). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of EEM containing active compounds, zebrafish embryos exposed to LPS were compared with and without EEM treatment for nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell death two days after fertilization. These evaluations indicate that EEM alleviated inflammation by inhibiting cell death, ROS, and NO generation induced by LPS treatment. According to these results, eckmaxol and dieckol isolated from brown seaweed E. maxima could be considered effective anti-inflammatory agents as pharmaceutical and functional food ingredients.
Assuntos
Phaeophyceae , Alga Marinha , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Phaeophyceae/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Alga Marinha/metabolismo , África do Sul , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the potential hypertensive effects of the IGTGIPGIW peptide purified from Hippocampus abdominalis alcalase hydrolysate (HA) for application in the functional food industry. We investigated the antihypertensive effects of IGTGIPGIW in vitro by assessing nitric oxide production in EA.hy926 endothelial cells, which is a major factor affecting vasorelaxation. The potential vasorelaxation effect was evaluated using 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate, a fluorescent stain. IGTGIPGIW significantly increased the expression of endothelial-derived relaxing factors, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protein kinase B, in EA.hy926 cells. Furthermore, oral administration of IGTGIPGIW significantly lowered the systolic blood pressure (183.60 ± 1.34 mmHg) and rapidly recovered the diastolic blood pressure (143.50 ± 5.55 mmHg) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model in vivo. Our results demonstrate the antihypertensive activity of the IGTGIPGIW peptide purified from H. abdominalis and indicate its suitability for application in the functional food industry.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III , Smegmamorpha , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Células Endoteliais , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos SHRRESUMO
In this study, we isolated sargachromenol (SC) from Sargassum horneri and evaluated its anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. SC did not show cytotoxicity at all concentrations and effectively increased the cell viability by reducing the nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SC decreased the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inflammatory mediators (iNOS and COX-2). Moreover, SC suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, whereas activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effect of SC was abolished by the inhibition of HO-1 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. According to the results, this study suggests that the antioxidant capacity of SC leads to its anti-inflammatory effect and it potentially may be utilized in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Sargassum , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
Grateloupia elliptica (G. elliptica) is a red seaweed with antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities. However, the anti-obesity activity of G. elliptica has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the effect of G. elliptica ethanol extract on the suppression of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells by Oil Red O staining (ORO) was evaluated. Among the eight red seaweeds tested, G. elliptica 60% ethanol extract (GEE) exhibited the highest inhibition of lipid accumulation. GEE was the only extract to successfully suppress lipid accumulation among ethanol extracts from eight red seaweeds. In this study, we successfully isolated chlorophyll derivative (CD) from the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) of GEE by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaluated their inhibitory effect on intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CD significantly suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation. In addition, CD suppressed adipogenic protein expression such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Taken together, our results indicate that CD from GEE inhibits lipid accumulation by suppressing adipogenesis via the downregulation of adipogenic protein expressions in the differentiated adipocytes. Therefore, chlorophyll from G. elliptica has a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and it could be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing obesity.
Assuntos
Adipogenia/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorofila/farmacologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Alga Marinha , Células 3T3-L1 , Animais , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/genética , Clorofila/análogos & derivados , Clorofila/uso terapêutico , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Regulação para Baixo , Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/genética , Camundongos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , PPAR gama/genética , Alga Marinha/química , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genéticaRESUMO
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory condition of skin sebaceous follicles. To explore its effects on acne vulgaris, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Sargassum miyabei Yendo (a brown alga) ethanolic extract (SMYEE) on Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes)-stimulated inflammatory responses, both in vivo and in vitro. To induce inflammation in vivo, C. acnes was intradermally injected into the dorsal skin of mice, to which SMYEE was applied. The antimicrobial activity of SMYEE was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). To explore in vitro anti-inflammatory effects, HaCaT cells were stimulated with C. acnes after treatment with SMYEE. The levels of IL-8 and the underlying molecular effects in C. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Mouse skin lesions improved after treatment with SMYEE (50 µg/mouse). Neutrophil infiltration was significantly reduced in SMYEE-treated compared to SMYEE-untreated skin lesions. SMYEE reversed the C. acnes-induced increase in IL-8 levels in HaCaT cells and suppressed dHL-60 cell migration. SMYEE also inhibited C. acnes-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and inhibited activator protein-1 signaling. SMYEE may be a useful treatment for C. acnes-induced acne vulgaris.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Dermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Propionibacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Sargassum , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Pele/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Doxepin, tricyclic antidepressant, is widely used for the treatment of depressive disorders. Our present study determined the inhibitory effect of doxepin on voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels in freshly isolated rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells using a whole-cell patch clamp technique. Vascular Kv currents were inhibited by doxepin in a concentration-dependent manner, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 6.52 ± 1.35 µM and a Hill coefficient of 0.72 ± 0.03. Doxepin did not change the steady-state activation curve or inactivation curve, suggesting that doxepin does not alter the gating properties of Kv channels. Application of train pulses (1 or 2 Hz) slightly reduced the amplitude of Kv currents. However, the inhibition of Kv channels by train pulses were not changed in the presence of doxepin. Pretreatment with Kv1.5 inhibitor, DPO-1, effectively reduced the doxepin-induced inhibition of the Kv current. However, pretreatment with Kv2.1 inhibitor (guangxitoxin) or Kv7 inhibitor (linopirdine) did not change the inhibitory effect of doxepin on Kv currents. Inhibition of Kv channels by doxepin caused vasoconstriction and membrane depolarization. Therefore, our present study suggests that doxepin inhibits Kv channels in a concentration-dependent, but not use-, and state-dependent manners, irrespective of its own function.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos Tricíclicos/toxicidade , Doxepina/toxicidade , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Potássio/toxicidade , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Potássio/metabolismo , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Cardiotoxicidade , Vasos Coronários/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasos Coronários/metabolismo , Potenciais da Membrana , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/metabolismo , Coelhos , Medição de Risco , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of tacrolimus, a macrolide immunosuppressive drug that acts through calcineurin inhibition, on voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels expressed in native smooth muscle cells isolated from the coronary arteries of rabbits. Tacrolimus reduced the amplitude of Kv currents in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value and Hill coefficient of 7.80⯱â¯3.01⯵M and 1.07⯱â¯0.25, respectively. Tacrolimus caused a shift in the activation curve toward a more positive potential and in the inactivation curve toward a more negative potential. Tacrolimus-induced inhibition of Kv current was increased by the application of train pulses (1 or 2â¯Hz). Furthermore, the recovery time constant of inactivation was extended in the presence of tacrolimus, suggesting that tacrolimus inhibited Kv channels in a use-dependent manner. Two kinds of Kv subtype inhibitors, DPO-1 and guangxitoxin did not affect the degree of tacrolimus-induced inhibition of Kv current. Furthermore, pretreatment with another calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporine A, did not affect the Kv current, and did not alter the inhibitory effect of tacrolimus. Using perforated-patch clamp experiments, inhibition of Kv channels by tacrolimus caused membrane depolarization. From these results, we concluded that tacrolimus inhibited the vascular Kv currents in a dose, state (open and closed)-dependent manner.
Assuntos
Vasos Coronários/citologia , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Canais KATP/farmacologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Tacrolimo/farmacologia , Animais , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Masculino , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/metabolismo , CoelhosRESUMO
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is characterized by irreversible articular cartilage destruction by inflammatory reaction. Among inflammatory stimuli, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) is known to play a crucial role in OA pathogenesis by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Recently, the marine brown alga Sargassum serratifolium has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in microglial and human umbilical vein endothelial cell models using lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α, but its beneficial effects on OA have not been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-osteoarthritic effects of ethanol extract of S. serratifolium (EESS) in SW1353 human chondrocytes and, in parallel, primary rat articular chondrocytes. Our results showed that EESS effectively blocked the generation of reactive oxygen species in IL-1ß-treated SW1353 and rat primary chondrocytes, indicating that EESS has a potent antioxidant activity. EESS also attenuated IL-1ß-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, major inflammatory mediators in these cells, which was associated with the inhibition of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Moreover, EESS downregulated the level of gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3 and -13 in SW1353 chondrocytes treated with IL-1ß, resulting in their extracellular secretion reduction. In addition, the IL-1ß-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was restored by EESS. Furthermore, EESS reduced the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways upon IL-1ß stimulation. These results indicate that EESS has the potential to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through inactivation of the NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EESS may have the potential for chondroprotection, and extracts of S. serratifolium could potentially be used in the prevention and treatment of OA.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sargassum , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Antioxidantes/química , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Condrócitos/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/imunologia , Masculino , NF-kappa B/imunologia , Osteoartrite/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoartrite/imunologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/imunologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/imunologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/imunologia , Sargassum/química , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/imunologiaRESUMO
Phlorotannins (PTNs), a group of phenolic compounds from seaweeds, have diverse bioactivities. However, there has been no report on their antifibrotic effects during nasal polyp (NP) formation. In the present study, the effect of PTNs on transforming growth factor (TGF)ß1induced profibrotic responses in nasal polypderived fibroblasts (NPDFs) were determined and the relevant signaling pathways were investigated. The expression levels of collagen type1 (Col1) and fibronectin in NP tissues were measured by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The NPDFs were treated with TGFß1 (1 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of PTNs (530 µg/ml). The expression levels of αsmooth muscle actin (αSMA), Col1, fibronectin, and phosphorylatedsmall mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3 in NPDFs were measured by western blot analysis. The contractile activity of the NPDFs was determined by a collagen gel contraction assay. Col1 and fibronectin proteins were found to be expressed in NP tissues. PTNs had no significant cytotoxic effect on TGFß1induced NPDFs. TGFß1 induced the expression αSMA, Col1 and fibronectin, and stimulated fibroblastmediated contraction of collagen gel. However, pretreatment with PTNs inhibited the expression of these proteins. The inhibitory effects were mediated through the suppression of Smad2/3 signaling pathways in TGFß1induced NPDFs. These resulted suggested that PTNs may be important in inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix protein accumulation in NP formation through the Smad2/3 signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/biossíntese , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Pólipos Nasais/metabolismo , Taninos/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Miofibroblastos/patologia , Pólipos Nasais/patologia , Alga Marinha/química , Taninos/químicaRESUMO
We investigated the alterations of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The amplitude of the KATP current induced by application of the KATP channel opener pinacidil (10 µM) was reduced in the GDM group than in the control group. Pinacidil-induced vasorelaxation was also predominant in the normal group compared with the GDM group. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis suggested that the expression of KATP channel subunits such as Kir6.1, Kir6.2, and SUR2B were decreased in the GDM group relative to the normal group. The application of forskolin and adenosine, which activates protein kinase A (PKA) and thereby KATP channels, elicited KATP current in both the normal and GDM groups. However, the current amplitudes were not different between the normal and GDM groups. In addition, the expression levels of PKA subunits were not altered between the two groups. These results suggest that the reduction of KATP current and KATP channel-induced vasorelaxation are due to the decreased expression of KATP channels, not to the impairment of KATP-related signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Artérias/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Canais KATP/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Artérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Colforsina/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Pinacidil/farmacologia , Gravidez , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
We investigated the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine on voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels in native rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells. Our results showed that clomipramine inhibited vascular Kv channels in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 8.61 ± 4.86 µM and a Hill coefficient (n) of 0.58 ± 0.07. The application of 10 µM clomipramine did not affect the activation curves of the Kv channels; however, the inactivation curves of the Kv channels were shifted toward a more negative potential. The clomipramine-induced inhibition of Kv currents was not changed by the application of train pulses (1 or 2 Hz), which demonstrated that clomipramine inhibited Kv current in a state (use)-independent manner. Pretreatment with the Kv1.5 and Kv2.1 inhibitors, DPO-1 and guangxitoxin, respectively, partially reduced the clomipramine-induced inhibition of Kv currents. Therefore, we concluded that clomipramine inhibited vascular Kv channels in a concentration-dependent, but state (use)-independent manner, regardless of its own function.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos Tricíclicos/farmacologia , Clomipramina/farmacologia , Vasos Coronários/citologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , CoelhosRESUMO
Marine algae have valuable health and dietary benefits. The present study aimed to investigate whether an ethanol extract of Carpomitra costata (CCE) could inhibit the inflammatory response to LPS. CCE attenuated the production of proinflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. CCE also inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6. CCE suppressed the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). In addition, CCE attenuated the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK) and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt). Functional aspects of the JNK and Akt signaling pathways were analyzed using specific inhibitors, which attenuated the LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, and NO and PGE2 expression by suppressing AP-1 and NF-κB activity. In particular, the AP-1 signaling pathway is not involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß. These results suggested that CCE might exert its anti-inflammatory action by downregulating transcriptional factors (NF-κB and AP-1) through JNK and Akt signaling pathways. The current study suggested that CCE might be a valuable candidate for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
RESUMO
AIM: Considering the clinical efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 DM and the pathophysiological relevance of Kv channels for vascular reactivity. We investigate the vasodilatory effect of dapagliflozin and related mechanisms using phenylephrine (Phe)-induced contracted aortic rings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Arterial tone measurement was performed in aortic smooth muscle. KEY FINDINGS: Application of dapagliflozin induced vasodilation in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with the BKCa channel inhibitor paxilline, the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide, and the Kir channel inhibitor Ba2+ did not change dapagliflozin-induced vasodilation. However, application of the Kv channels inhibitor 4-AP effectively inhibited dapagliflozin-induced vasodilation. Application of the Ca2+ channel inhibitor nifedipine and the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump inhibitor thapsigargin did not alter the vasodilatory effect of dapagliflozin. Moreover, the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536 and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT 5720 had no effect on dapagliflozin-induced vasodilation. Although guanylyl cyclase inhibitors, NS 2028 and ODQ, did not reduce the vasodilatory effect of dapagliflozin, the protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor KT 5823 effectively inhibited dapagliflozin-induced vasodilation. The vasodilatory effect of dapagliflozin was not affected by elimination of the endothelium. Furthermore, pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME or the small-conductance Ca2+-activated K (SKCa) channel inhibitor apamin did not change the vasodilatory effect of dapagliflozin. SIGNIFICANCE: We concluded that dapagliflozin induced vasodilation via the activation of Kv channels and PKG, and was independent of other K+ channels, Ca2+ channels, intracellular Ca2+, and the endothelium.