RESUMO
APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with increased odds ratios in female carriers. Targeting amyloid plaques shows modest improvement in male non-APOE4 carriers. Leveraging single-cell transcriptomics across APOE variants in both sexes, multiplex flow cytometry and validation in two independent cohorts of APOE4 female carriers with AD, we identify a new subset of neutrophils interacting with microglia associated with cognitive impairment. This phenotype is defined by increased interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-1 coexpressed gene modules in blood neutrophils and in microglia of cognitively impaired female APOE ε4 carriers, showing increased infiltration to the AD brain. APOE4 female IL-17+ neutrophils upregulated the immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGFß and immune checkpoints, including LAG3 and PD-1, associated with accelerated immune aging. Deletion of APOE4 in neutrophils reduced this immunosuppressive phenotype and restored the microglial response to neurodegeneration, limiting plaque pathology in AD mice. Mechanistically, IL-17F upregulated in APOE4 neutrophils interacts with microglial IL-17RA to suppress the induction of the neurodegenerative phenotype, and blocking this axis supported cognitive improvement in AD mice. These findings provide a translational basis to target IL-17F in APOE ε4 female carriers with cognitive impairment.
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Heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is widespread in contaminated soil and an important factor limiting plant growth. NO3- (nitrate) affects Cd uptake and thus changes Cd tolerance in plants; however, the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Here, we analyzed a novel gene, NtARF11 (auxin response factor), which regulates Cd tolerance in tobacco via the NO3- uptake pathway, through experiments with NtARF11-knockout and NtARF11-overexpression transgenic tobacco lines. NtARF11 was highly expressed under Cd stress in tobacco plants. Under Cd stress, overexpression of NtARF11 enhanced Cd tolerance in tobacco compared to that in wild-type tobacco, as shown by the low Cd concentration, high chlorophyll concentration, and low accumulation of reactive oxygen species in NtARF11-overexpressing tobacco. Moreover, low NO3- concentrations were observed in NtARF11-overexpressing tobacco plants. Further analyses revealed direct binding of NtARF11 to the promoter of the nitrate transporter NtNRT1.1, thereby negatively regulating its expression in tobacco. Notably, NtNRT1.1 knockout reduced NO3- uptake, which resulted in low Cd concentrations in tobacco. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the NtARF11-NtNRT1.1 module functions as a positive regulator of Cd tolerance by reducing the Cd uptake in tobacco, providing new insights for improving Cd tolerance of plants through genetic engineering.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Nicotiana , Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Cádmio/toxicidade , Cádmio/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Nitratos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Ânions/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Ânions/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras GenéticasRESUMO
The gut microbiota and microglia play critical roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and elevated Bacteroides is correlated with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau levels in AD. We hypothesize that Bacteroides contributes to AD by modulating microglia. Here we show that administering Bacteroides fragilis to APP/PS1-21 mice increases Aß plaques in females, modulates cortical amyloid processing gene expression, and down regulates phagocytosis and protein degradation microglial gene expression. We further show that administering Bacteroides fragilis to aged wild-type male and female mice suppresses microglial uptake of Aß1-42 injected into the hippocampus. Depleting murine Bacteroidota with metronidazole decreases amyloid load in aged 5xFAD mice, and activates microglial pathways related to phagocytosis, cytokine signaling, and lysosomal degradation. Taken together, our study demonstrates that members of the Bacteroidota phylum contribute to AD pathogenesis by suppressing microglia phagocytic function, which leads to impaired Aß clearance and accumulation of amyloid plaques.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microglia , Fagocitose , Placa Amiloide , Animais , Microglia/metabolismo , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/microbiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Placa Amiloide/metabolismo , Feminino , Camundongos , Masculino , Bacteroides fragilis/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologiaRESUMO
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The contribution of microglial APOE4 to AD pathogenesis is unknown, although APOE has the most enriched gene expression in neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD). Here, we show in mice and humans a negative role of microglial APOE4 in the induction of the MGnD response to neurodegeneration. Deletion of microglial APOE4 restores the MGnD phenotype associated with neuroprotection in P301S tau transgenic mice and decreases pathology in APP/PS1 mice. MGnD-astrocyte cross-talk associated with ß-amyloid (Aß) plaque encapsulation and clearance are mediated via LGALS3 signaling following microglial APOE4 deletion. In the brains of AD donors carrying the APOE4 allele, we found a sex-dependent reciprocal induction of AD risk factors associated with suppression of MGnD genes in females, including LGALS3, compared to individuals homozygous for the APOE3 allele. Mechanistically, APOE4-mediated induction of ITGB8-transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) signaling impairs the MGnD response via upregulation of microglial homeostatic checkpoints, including Inpp5d, in mice. Deletion of Inpp5d in microglia restores MGnD-astrocyte cross-talk and facilitates plaque clearance in APP/PS1 mice. We identify the microglial APOE4-ITGB8-TGFß pathway as a negative regulator of microglial response to AD pathology, and restoring the MGnD phenotype via blocking ITGB8-TGFß signaling provides a promising therapeutic intervention for AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Feminino , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Apolipoproteína E4/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , Galectina 3/genética , Galectina 3/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The innate and adaptive immune responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of TBI. Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells have been shown to affect brain immunopathology in multiple different conditions, however, their role in acute and chronic TBI is largely unknown. Here, we show that γδ T cells affect the pathophysiology of TBI as early as one day and up to one year following injury in a mouse model. TCRδ-/- mice are characterized by reduced inflammation in acute TBI and improved neurocognitive functions in chronic TBI. We find that the Vγ1 and Vγ4 γδ T cell subsets play opposing roles in TBI. Vγ4 γδ T cells infiltrate the brain and secrete IFN-γ and IL-17 that activate microglia and induce neuroinflammation. Vγ1 γδ T cells, however, secrete TGF-ß that maintains microglial homeostasis and dampens TBI upon infiltrating the brain. These findings provide new insights on the role of different γδ T cell subsets after brain injury and lay down the principles for the development of targeted γδ T-cell-based therapy for TBI.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Linfócitos Intraepiteliais , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/genética , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Microglia play a critical role in brain homeostasis and disease progression. In neurodegenerative conditions, microglia acquire the neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD), whose function is poorly understood. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155), enriched in immune cells, critically regulates MGnD. However, its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that microglial deletion of miR-155 induces a pre-MGnD activation state via interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling, and blocking IFN-γ signaling attenuates MGnD induction and microglial phagocytosis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of microglia from an AD mouse model identifies Stat1 and Clec2d as pre-MGnD markers. This phenotypic transition enhances amyloid plaque compaction, reduces dystrophic neurites, attenuates plaque-associated synaptic degradation and improves cognition. Our study demonstrates a miR-155-mediated regulatory mechanism of MGnD and the beneficial role of IFN-γ-responsive pre-MGnD in restricting neurodegenerative pathology and preserving cognitive function in an AD mouse model, highlighting miR-155 and IFN-γ as potential therapeutic targets for AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , MicroRNAs , Camundongos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos Transgênicos , Placa Amiloide/metabolismoRESUMO
Neuroligin-4 (NLGN4) loss-of-function mutations are associated with monogenic heritable autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cause alterations in both synaptic and behavioral phenotypes. Microglia, the resident CNS macrophages, are implicated in ASD development and progression. Here we studied the impact of NLGN4 loss in a mouse model, focusing on microglia phenotype and function in both male and female mice. NLGN4 depletion caused lower microglia density, less ramified morphology, reduced response to injury and purinergic signaling specifically in the hippocampal CA3 region predominantly in male mice. Proteomic analysis revealed disrupted energy metabolism in male microglia and provided further evidence for sexual dimorphism in the ASD associated microglial phenotype. In addition, we observed impaired gamma oscillations in a sex-dependent manner. Lastly, estradiol application in male NLGN4-/- mice restored the altered microglial phenotype and function. Together, these results indicate that loss of NLGN4 affects not only neuronal network activity, but also changes the microglia state in a sex-dependent manner that could be targeted by estradiol treatment.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Camundongos , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Microglia , Camundongos Knockout , Proteômica , Neurônios/fisiologiaRESUMO
Single cell RNA sequencing studies identified novel neurodegeneration-associated microglial (MGnD/DAM) subtypes activated around cerebral amyloid plaques. Micro-RNA (miR)-155 of the TREM2-APOE pathway was shown to be a key transcriptional regulator of MGnD microglial phenotype. Despite growing interest in studying manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the retina, a CNS organ accessible to noninvasive high-resolution imaging, to date MGnD microglia have not been studied in the AD retina. Here, we discovered the presence and increased populations of Clec7a+ and Galectin-3+ MGnD microglia in retinas of transgenic APPSWE/PS1L166P AD-model mice. Conditionally targeting MGnD microglia by miR-155 ablation via the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 system in APPSWE/PS1L166P mice diminished retinal Clec7a+ and Galectin-3+ microglial populations while increasing homeostatic P2ry12+ microglia. Retinal MGnD microglia were often adhering to microvessels; their depletion protected the inner blood-retina barrier and reduced vascular amyloidosis. Microglial miR-155 depletion further limits retinal inflammation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed enhanced retinal PI3K-Akt signaling and predicted IL-8 and Spp1 decreases in mice with microglia-specific miR-155 knockout. Overall, this study identified MGnD microglia in APPSWE/PS1L166P mouse retina. Transcriptional regulation of these dysfunctional microglia mitigated retinal inflammation and vasculopathy. The protective effects of microglial miR-155 ablation should shed light on potential treatments for retinal inflammation and vascular damage during AD and other ocular diseases.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , MicroRNAs , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Galectina 3/genética , Galectina 3/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismoRESUMO
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease and a decreased risk of glaucoma, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we found that in two mouse glaucoma models, microglia transitioned to a neurodegenerative phenotype characterized by upregulation of Apoe and Lgals3 (Galectin-3), which were also upregulated in human glaucomatous retinas. Mice with targeted deletion of Apoe in microglia or carrying the human APOE4 allele were protected from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, despite elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Similarly to Apoe-/- retinal microglia, APOE4-expressing microglia did not upregulate neurodegeneration-associated genes, including Lgals3, following IOP elevation. Genetic and pharmacologic targeting of Galectin-3 ameliorated RGC degeneration, and Galectin-3 expression was attenuated in human APOE4 glaucoma samples. These results demonstrate that impaired activation of APOE4 microglia is protective in glaucoma and that the APOE-Galectin-3 signaling can be targeted to treat this blinding disease.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteína E4 , Glaucoma , Animais , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Apolipoproteína E4/metabolismo , Apolipoproteína E4/uso terapêutico , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Galectina 3/genética , Galectina 3/metabolismo , Galectina 3/uso terapêutico , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glaucoma/genética , Glaucoma/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Microglia/metabolismoRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful element that affects plant growth and development. Genetic improvements could be applied for enhancing Cd tolerance and accumulation in plants. Here, a novel Cd stress-induced gene, NtNRAMP3, was identified in tobacco. We constructed two NtNRAMP3-knockout (KO) tobacco lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which enhanced Cd tolerance and Cd accumulation in tobacco leaves compared with those in the wildtype (WT). Subcellular localization analysis suggested that NtNRAMP3 is a tonoplast protein and GUS (ß-glucuronidase) histochemical analysis showed that NtNRAMP3 is highly expressed in the conductive tissue of leaves. NtNRAMP3-KO tobacco showed reduced Cd translation from vacuole to cytosol in leaves compared with the WT, and its vacuolar Cd concentration was significantly higher (20.78-22.81%) than that in the WT; in contrast, Cd concentration in the cytosol was reduced by 13.72-20.15%, preventing chlorophyll degradation and reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation in the leaves. Our findings demonstrate that NtNRAMP3 is involved in regulating Cd subcellular distribution (controlling Cd transport from vacuoles to the cytosol) and affects Cd tolerance and its accumulation in tobacco. This provides a key candidate gene to improve the phytoremediation efficiency of plants via genetic engineering.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Nicotiana , Cádmio/metabolismo , Cádmio/toxicidade , Mutação , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Vacúolos/metabolismoRESUMO
Neuropathic pain is a prevalent and debilitating chronic disease that is characterized by activation in glial cells in various pain-related regions within the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested a sexually dimorphic role of microglia in the maintenance of neuropathic pain in rodents. Here, we utilized RNA sequencing analysis and in vitro primary cultures of microglia to identify whether there is a common neuropathic microglial signature and characterize the sex differences in microglia in pain-related regions in nerve injury and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy mouse models. While mechanical allodynia and behavioral changes were observed in all models, transcriptomic analysis of microglia revealed no common transcriptional changes in spinal and supraspinal regions and in the different neuropathic models. However, there was a substantial change in microglial gene expression within the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord 7 days after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Both sexes upregulated genes associated with inflammation, phagosome, and lysosome activation, though males revealed a prominent global transcriptional shift not observed in female mice. Transcriptomic comparison between male spinal microglia after CCI and data from other nerve injury models and neurodegenerative microglia demonstrated a unique CCI-induced signature reflecting acute activation of microglia. Further, in vitro studies revealed that only male microglia from nerve-injured mice developed a reactive phenotype with increased phagocytotic activity. This study demonstrates a lack of a common neuropathic microglial signature and indicates distinct sex differences in spinal microglia, suggesting they contribute to the sex-specific pain processing following nerve injury.
Assuntos
Neuralgia , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos , Animais , Feminino , Hiperalgesia/etiologia , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Microglia/metabolismo , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/complicações , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/metabolismo , Nervo Isquiático/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and directly influences tauopathy and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. ApoE4 has strong deleterious effects on both parameters. In the brain, apoE is produced and secreted primarily by astrocytes and by activated microglia. The cell-specific role of each form of apoE in the setting of neurodegeneration has not been determined. We generated P301S Tau/Aldh1l1-CreERT2/apoE3flox/flox or Tau/Aldh1l1-CreERT2/apoE4flox/flox mice. At 5.5 months of age, after the onset of tau pathology, we administered tamoxifen or vehicle and compared mice at 9.5 months of age. Removing astrocytic APOE4 markedly reduced tau-mediated neurodegeneration and decreased phosphorylated tau (pTau) pathology. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis revealed striking gene expression changes in all cell types, with astrocytic APOE4 removal decreasing disease-associated gene signatures in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Removal of astrocytic APOE4 decreased tau-induced synaptic loss and microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements, suggesting a key role for astrocytic apoE in synaptic degeneration.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteína E4/metabolismo , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Tauopatias/metabolismo , Animais , Apolipoproteína E4/deficiência , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Apoptose , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia/imunologia , Sinapses/metabolismo , Sinapses/patologia , Tauopatias/patologia , Transcriptoma , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT At present, the mental health problem of postgraduates is still in the highest position, which directly affects the level of intellectual performance in social work. While mastering professional knowledge, it also requires postgraduates to have higher ideological and psychological qualities. On the basis of domestic and foreign research, this study takes the concept and advantages of music-based psychological adjustment as a theoretical basis and, through a large number of questionnaires, combined with the psychological characteristics of science and engineering postgraduates, we use the comparative method, the statistical analysis method and the experimental method to study the influence of music-based psychological adjustment on the mental health level of science and engineering postgraduates. It further illustrates that music promotes communication between man and nature. Music promotes communication between people and society. Music promotes communication between people and their inner world. Music can also build people's faith and find the home of the soul. It emphasizes the influence of music on postgraduates' emotions. The purpose of this is to build a reasonable and perfect music therapy system, so as to further enrich and strengthen the connotation and effect of mental health education in colleges and universities.
RESUMO Atualmente, o problema de saúde mental dos pós-graduados continua em sua posição mais elevada, o que afeta directamente o nível de exercício intelectual no trabalho social. Além de dominar o conhecimento profissional, também é necessário que os pós-graduados tenham qualidades ideológicas e psicológicas mais elevadas. Com base em pesquisas internas e externas, este estudo toma o conceito e as vantagens do ajuste psicológico baseado na música como base teórica e, através de diversos questionários, combinados com as características psicológicas dos pós-graduados da área de ciência e engenharia, usamos o método comparativo, o método de análise estatística e o método experimental para estudar a influência do ajuste psicológico com base na música no nível de saúde mental dos pós-graduados em ciências e engenharia. Também ilustramos que a música promove a comunicação entre o homem e a natureza. A música promove a comunicação entre as pessoas e a sociedade. A música promove a comunicação entre as pessoas e seu mundo interior. A música também pode construir a fé das pessoas e encontrar a casa da alma. Este estudo enfatiza a influência da música nas emoções dos pós-graduados. O presente estudo visa construir um sistema de terapia musical razoável e perfeito, de modo a enriquecer e fortalecer ainda mais a conotação e o efeito do sistema educacional em saúde mental em faculdades e universidades.
RESUMEN En la actualidad, el problema de salud mental de los posgraduados se encuentra todavía en la posición más alta, esto incide directamente en el nivel de desempeño intelectual en el trabajo social. Además de dominar el conocimiento profesional, también es necesario que los posgraduados tengan cualidades ideológicas y psicológicas superiores. Sobre la base de investigaciones nacionales y extranjeras, este estudio toma como base teórica el concepto y las ventajas del ajuste psicológico basado en la música. Por medio de un gran número de cuestionarios, combinados con las características psicológicas de los posgraduados en ciencias e ingeniería, utilizamos el método comparativo, el método de análisis estadístico y el método experimental para estudiar la influencia del ajuste psicológico basado en la música en la salud mental de los graduados en ciencias e ingeniería. Además, muestra que la música estimula la comunicación entre el hombre y la naturaleza, así como entre las personas y la sociedad y entre las personas y su mundo interior. La música también puede fortalecer la fe de las personas y encontrar el hogar del alma. Cabe destacar la influencia de la música en las emociones de los posgraduados. El propósito de esto es construir un sistema de musicoterapia razonable y perfecto, a fin de enriquecer y fortalecer aún más la connotación y el efecto de la educación en salud mental en colegios y universidades.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ciência/educação , Estudantes/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Educação de Pós-Graduação , Engenharia/educação , Musicoterapia/métodosRESUMO
Recent years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia biology, including their major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Technological advances have enabled the identification of microglial signatures in health and disease, including the development of new models to investigate and manipulate human microglia in vivo in the context of disease. In parallel, genetic association studies have identified several gene risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease that are specifically or highly expressed by microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss evidence for the effect of stress, diet, sleep patterns, physical activity, and microbiota composition on microglia biology and consider how lifestyle might influence an individual's predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how different lifestyles and environmental factors might regulate microglia, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease, and we highlight the need to investigate the contribution of modern environmental factors on microglia modulation in neurodegeneration.
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Estilo de Vida , Microglia/patologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/patologia , Envelhecimento/patologia , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Ritmo Circadiano , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Humanos , Microbiota/genética , Microglia/imunologia , Microglia/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Sono , Estresse Psicológico/complicaçõesRESUMO
Type I interferon (IFN) is a key cytokine that curbs viral infection and cell malignancy. Previously, we demonstrated a potent IFN immunogenicity of nucleic acid-containing (NA-containing) amyloid fibrils in the periphery. Here, we investigated whether IFN is associated with ß-amyloidosis inside the brain and contributes to neuropathology. An IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) signature was detected in the brains of multiple murine Alzheimer disease (AD) models, a phenomenon also observed in WT mouse brain challenged with generic NA-containing amyloid fibrils. In vitro, microglia innately responded to NA-containing amyloid fibrils. In AD models, activated ISG-expressing microglia exclusively surrounded NA+ amyloid ß plaques, which accumulated in an age-dependent manner. Brain administration of rIFN-ß resulted in microglial activation and complement C3-dependent synapse elimination in vivo. Conversely, selective IFN receptor blockade effectively diminished the ongoing microgliosis and synapse loss in AD models. Moreover, we detected activated ISG-expressing microglia enveloping NA-containing neuritic plaques in postmortem brains of patients with AD. Gene expression interrogation revealed that IFN pathway was grossly upregulated in clinical AD and significantly correlated with disease severity and complement activation. Therefore, IFN constitutes a pivotal element within the neuroinflammatory network of AD and critically contributes to neuropathogenic processes.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/imunologia , Amiloide/imunologia , Interferon beta/imunologia , Sinapses/imunologia , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Animais , Complemento C3/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon beta/efeitos adversos , Interferon beta/farmacologia , Camundongos , Microglia/imunologia , Microglia/patologia , Sinapses/patologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/imunologiaRESUMO
Rodent models of both aging and obesity are characterized by inflammation in specific brain regions, notably the corpus callosum, fornix, and hypothalamus. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are important for brain development, neural support, and homeostasis. However, the effects of diet and lifestyle on microglia during aging are only partly understood. Here, we report alterations in microglia phenotype and functions in different brain regions of mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) during aging and in response to voluntary running wheel exercise. We compared the expression levels of genes involved in immune response, phagocytosis, and metabolism in the hypothalamus of 6-month-old HFD and LFD mice. We also compared the immune response of microglia from HFD or LFD mice to peripheral inflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, we investigated the effect of diet, physical exercise, and caloric restriction (40% reduction compared to ad libitum intake) on microglia in 24-month-old HFD and LFD mice. Changes in diet caused morphological changes in microglia, but did not change the microglia response to LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Expression of phagocytic markers (i.e., Mac-2/Lgals3, Dectin-1/Clec7a, and CD16/CD32) in the white matter microglia of 24-month-old brain was markedly decreased in calorically restricted LFD mice. In conclusion, LFD resulted in reduced activation of microglia, which might be an underlying mechanism for the protective role of caloric restriction during aging-associated decline.
RESUMO
Chronic neuroinflammation, which is primarily mediated by microglia, plays an essential role in aging and neurodegeneration. It is still unclear whether this microglia-induced neuroinflammation occurs globally or is confined to distinct brain regions. In this study, we investigated microglia activity in various brain regions upon healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology in both human and mouse samples. In purified microglia isolated from aging mouse brains, we found a profound gene expression pattern related to pro-inflammatory processes, phagocytosis, and lipid homeostasis. Particularly in white matter microglia of 24-month-old mice, abundant expression of phagocytic markers including Mac-2, Axl, CD16/32, Dectin1, CD11c, and CD36 was detected. Interestingly, in white matter of human brain tissue the first signs of inflammatory activity were already detected during middle age. Thus quantification of microglial proteins, such as CD68 (commonly associated with phagocytosis) and HLA-DR (associated with antigen presentation), in postmortem human white matter brain tissue showed an age-dependent increase in immunoreactivity already in middle-aged people (53.2 ± 2.0 years). This early inflammation was also detectable by non-invasive positron emission tomography imaging using [11C]-(R)-PK11195, a ligand that binds to activated microglia. Increased microglia activity was also prominently present in the white matter of human postmortem early-onset AD (EOAD) brain tissue. Interestingly, microglia activity in the white matter of late-onset AD (LOAD) CNS was similar to that of the aged clinically silent AD cases. These data indicate that microglia-induced neuroinflammation is predominant in the white matter of aging mice and humans as well as in EOAD brains. This white matter inflammation may contribute to the progression of neurodegeneration, and have prognostic value for detecting the onset and progression of aging and neurodegeneration.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is strongly associated with microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Particularly, Aß plaque-associated microglia take on an "activated" morphology. However, the function and phenotype of these Aß plaque-associated microglia are not well understood. We show hyperreactivity of Aß plaque-associated microglia upon systemic inflammation in transgenic AD mouse models (i.e., 5XFAD and APP23). Gene expression profiling of Aß plaque-associated microglia (major histocompatibility complex II+ microglia) isolated from 5XFAD mice revealed a proinflammatory phenotype. The upregulated genes involved in the biological processes (gene ontology terms) included: "immune response to external stimulus" such as Axl, Cd63, Egr2, and Lgals3, "cell motility", such as Ccl3, Ccl4, Cxcr4, and Sdc3, "cell differentiation", and "system development", such as St14, Trpm1, and Spp1. In human AD tissue with similar Braak stages, expression of phagocytic markers and AD-associated genes, including HLA-DRA, APOE, AXL, TREM2, and TYROBP, was higher in laser-captured early-onset AD (EOAD) plaques than in late-onset AD plaques. Interestingly, the nonplaque parenchyma of both EOAD and late-onset AD brains, the expression of above-mentioned markers were similarly low. Here, we provide evidence that Aß plaque-associated microglia are hyperreactive in their immune response and phagocytosis in the transgenic AD mice as well as in EOAD brain tissue. We suggest that Aß plaque-associated microglia are the primary source of neuroinflammation related to AD pathology.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/imunologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/imunologia , Microglia/imunologia , Placa Amiloide/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Animais , Apolipoproteínas E , Encéfalo/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Movimento Celular/genética , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/imunologia , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Camundongos Transgênicos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fagocitose/genética , Fagocitose/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases , Receptores Imunológicos , Receptor Tirosina Quinase AxlRESUMO
Tauopathies include a variety of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, resulting in progressive cognitive decline and motor impairment. The underlying mechanism for motor deficits related to tauopathy is not yet fully understood. Here, we use a novel transgenic tau mouse line, Tau 58/4, with enhanced neuron-specific expression of P301S mutant tau to investigate the motor abnormalities in association with the peripheral nervous system. Using stationary beam, gait, and rotarod tests, motor deficits were found in Tau 58/4 mice already 3 months after birth, which deteriorated during aging. Hyperphosphorylated tau was detected in the cell bodies and axons of motor neurons. At the age of 9 and 12 months, significant denervation of the neuromuscular junction in the extensor digitorum longus muscle was observed in Tau 58/4 mice, compared to wild-type mice. Muscle hypotrophy was observed in Tau 58/4 mice at 9 and 12 months. Using electron microscopy, we observed ultrastructural changes in the sciatic nerve of 12-month-old Tau 58/4 mice indicative of the loss of large axonal fibers and hypomyelination (assessed by g-ratio). We conclude that the accumulated hyperphosphorylated tau in the axon terminals may induce dying-back axonal degeneration, myelin abnormalities, neuromuscular junction denervation, and muscular atrophy, which may be the mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of the motor function in Tau 58/4 mice. Tau 58/4 mice represent an interesting neuromuscular degeneration model, and the pathological mechanisms might be responsible for motor signs observed in some human tauopathies.
Assuntos
Transtornos Motores/etiologia , Mutação/genética , Degeneração Neural/complicações , Degeneração Neural/genética , Doenças da Junção Neuromuscular/etiologia , Proteínas tau/genética , Fatores Etários , Animais , Axônios/patologia , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Marcha/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neurônios Motores/metabolismo , Neurônios Motores/patologia , Força Muscular/genética , Bainha de Mielina/patologia , Bainha de Mielina/ultraestrutura , Degeneração Neural/patologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Microglia are tissue macrophages of the central nervous system that monitor brain homeostasis and react upon neuronal damage and stress. Aging and neurodegeneration induce a hypersensitive, pro-inflammatory phenotype, referred to as primed microglia. To determine the gene expression signature of priming, the transcriptomes of microglia in aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse models were compared using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). RESULTS: A highly consistent consensus transcriptional profile of up-regulated genes was identified, which prominently differed from the acute inflammatory gene network induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Where the acute inflammatory network was significantly enriched for NF-κB signaling, the primed microglia profile contained key features related to phagosome, lysosome, antigen presentation, and AD signaling. In addition, specific signatures for aging, AD, and ALS were identified. CONCLUSION: Microglia priming induces a highly conserved transcriptional signature with aging- and disease-specific aspects.