Changes in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent responsiveness after transfer to combined therapy with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis for patients on peritoneal dialysis: A prospective multicenter study in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate dialysis and fluid overload are corrected after starting combined therapy with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). However, the effects on anemia management has not been elucidated. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study of 40 PD patients (age, 60 ± 10 years; male, 88%; median PD duration, 28 months) starting combined therapy and investigated changes in several clinical parameters, including erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) resistance index (ERI). RESULTS: ERI decreased significantly during 6 months after switching to combined therapy (from 11.8 [IQR 8.0-20.4] units/week/kg/(g/dL) to 7.8 [IQR 3.9-18.6] units/week/kg/(g/dL), p = 0.047). Body weight, urinary volume, serum creatinine and the dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio (D/P Cr) decreased, whereas hemoglobin and serum albumin increased. In subgroup analysis, the changes in ERI were not affected by cause for starting combined therapy, PD holiday and D/P Cr. CONCLUSION: Although detailed mechanism was unclear, ESA responsiveness improved after switching from PD alone to combined therapy.

Determination of a Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Reference Ranges in Japanese Adults Using Fully Automated Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: Despite an increasing interest in vitamin D status, a reference range of the nutrient has not been fully established. This is partly due to a paucity of standardized measuring systems with high throughput. In addition, the range may vary by populations and may change with modernization of lifestyles. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to calculate the current reference concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) among healthy people living in an urban area in Japan. METHODS: A newly developed fully automated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system was used to measure serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Reproducibility was assessed by measuring standardized samples. Accuracy was validated by comparing with commercially available immunoassays. Then, mass screening was conducted targeting participants who received medical checkups in Tokyo from April 2019 to March 2020, and the reference ranges were calculated. RESULTS: The coefficients of variations of interoperator and interday reproducibility were 4.1%-8.5% and 3.7%-8.0% for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and 4.7%-7.0% and 4.0%-6.9% for 25-hydroxyvitamine D3, respectively. The measured total 25(OH)D concentrations correlated well with those measured by immunoassays. In total, 5518 participants were measured for 25(OH)D concentrations, among whom 98% showed inadequate concentrations (<30 ng/mL). The reference ranges of total 25(OH)D for female, male, and total participants were 7-30 ng/mL, 5-27 ng/mL, and 6-29 ng/mL, respectively. After excluding those with abnormal renal and liver function, the range was 6-30 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among seemingly healthy population may be attributed to lifestyle characteristics of people living in urban areas of Japan, including spending less time outdoors and lower intake of traditional foods. Longitudinal follow-up and mass screenings targeting different population will help elucidate reasons for discrepancies between official guidelines and the observed concentrations, to which the well-validated measurement system is essential.

Iron absorption and phosphate-lowering effects of ferric citrate hydrate are not influenced by gastric acid secretion inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease: a retrospective post hoc analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ferric citrate hydrate (FC), an oral iron product is approved as iron preparation for iron deficiency anemia and phosphate binder for chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated whether gastric acid secretion inhibitors (GASI) influenced on iron absorption and phosphate-lowering effects of FC. METHODS: Two phase 3 studies of FC for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients (non-dialysis-dependent, 12 weeks, and hemodialysis, 52 weeks), were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into with or without concomitant GASI and levels of iron- and phosphate-related parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: In non-dialysis study (FC, 60 patients; placebo, 30 patients), 14 FC patients and 14 placebo patients used GASI. No significant differences were found between the FC and placebo groups for adjusted mean differences (95% CI) of changes from baseline to end of treatment (EOT) in serum ferritin [104.84 ng/mL (35.97, 173.71) with GASI vs 145.30 ng/mL (96.34, 194.25) without GASI, P = 0.34], and transferrin saturation (TSAT) [12.56% (- 0.83, 25.95) with GASI vs 18.56% (8.15, 28.98) without GASI, P = 0.49]. In hemodialysis study, 95/180 patients used GASI. Mean changes (SD) from baseline to EOT in serum ferritin were 166.32 ng/mL (153.70) with GASI and 155.16 ng/mL (139.47) without GASI, and for TSAT were 16.60% (19.44) with GASI and 16.02% (18.81) without GASI. In both studies, there were no differences in the changes from baseline to EOT in serum phosphate between with and without GASI cohorts. CONCLUSION: GASI did not influence on the changes in serum ferritin, TSAT and serum phosphate by FC administration.

First-in-Patient Phase I/II Study of Upacicalcet in Japanese Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Undergoing Hemodialysis: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties.

OBJECTIVE: Upacicalcet is a new renally excreted and injectable calcimimetic agent. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of single and multiple intravenous administration of upacicalcet in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: This study was a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose-escalation study consisting of a single-dose study and a multiple-dose study. The single-dose study consisted of seven dose steps from 0.025 to 0.8 mg. For each step, six patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive upacicalcet or a placebo. The multiple-dose study occurred over 3 weeks in three-dose steps from 0.05 to 0.2 mg. For each step, 12 patients were randomly assigned 3:1 to receive upacicalcet or a placebo. RESULTS: The plasma concentration of upacicalcet increased in a dose-dependent manner and was maintained for the next dialysis. Upacicalcet was approximately 80% removed by a single dialysis and did not increase in the plasma concentration with repeated administration. Serum intact parathyroid hormone and corrected calcium (Ca2+) levels tended to decrease in response to the plasma concentration of upacicalcet. In the single-dose study, upper gastrointestinal symptoms were observed as a non-serious and mild adverse drug reaction in the groups receiving upacicalcet ≥ 0.4 mg. In the multiple-dose study, abdominal discomfort occurred in each patient in the 0.1 mg and 0.2 mg groups. CONCLUSIONS: Upacicalcet for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing hemodialysis could be a calcimimetic agent that acts in a dose-dependent manner and persistently until the next dialysis session. No safety or tolerability issues specific to upacicalcet were found.

Safety and effectiveness of ferric citrate hydrate in serum phosphorus management of patients with chronic kidney disease: a long-term, real-world, observational, post-marketing surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: Ferric citrate hydrate (FC) is an oral iron-based phosphate binder that is used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This post-marketing surveillance study was performed to investigate the long-term safety and effectiveness of FC. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter, observational post-marketing surveillance study was performed in a real-world setting in Japan. The study involved CKD patients with hyperphosphatemia receiving FC who were undergoing either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis or were non-dialysis-dependent. Adverse drug reactions, iron- and erythrocyte-related parameters (i.e., levels of serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin), and serum levels of phosphorus, corrected calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone were monitored for up to 104 weeks. RESULTS: Safety was evaluated in 2723 patients. Of these patients, 20.5% discontinued FC because of adverse events, and 3.9% discontinued FC because of unsatisfactory effectiveness. Iron-related parameters gradually increased after the initiation of FC treatment but stabilized after week 36. Effectiveness was analyzed in 2367 patients. Serum phosphorus immediately decreased, and the effect persisted for 104 weeks. CONCLUSION: In this 104 week surveillance study, no new safety concerns were noted. The safety profile was not obviously different from those in pre-approval clinical trials and the 52 week interim report of this surveillance study. The serum ferritin level of most patients was below the upper limit of the target range, and iron overload risk was not evident. Long-term FC treatment effectively controlled serum phosphorus.

Ferric citrate hydrate is associated with a reduced cost of drugs and a smaller change in red blood cell distribution width.

The ASTRIO study was a randomised, multicentre, 24-week study that compared the effects of ferric citrate hydrate (FC) and non-iron-based phosphate binders (control) on anaemia management in haemodialysis (HD) patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). In that study, FC reduced the doses of ESAs and intravenous iron without affecting haemoglobin (Hb); however, the cost-effectiveness of FC was unclear. We retrospectively implemented a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in FC (n = 42) and control (n = 40) groups in patients with serum phosphate and Hb controlled within the ranges of 3.5-6.0 mg/dL and 10-12 g/dL, respectively. Costs included drug costs of phosphate binders, ESAs, and intravenous iron. Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) has been reported to be associated with mortality in HD patients and was therefore used as an effectiveness index. The mean (95% confidence interval) differences in drug costs and RDW between the FC and control groups were US$ - 421.36 (- 778.94 to - 63.78, p = 0.02) and - 0.83% (- 1.61 to - 0.05, p = 0.04), respectively. ICER indicated a decrease of US$ 507.66 per 1% decrease in RDW. FC was more cost-effective than non-iron-based phosphate binders. Iron absorbed via FC could promote erythropoiesis and contribute to renal anaemia treatment.

Clinical feasibility of transfer to combined therapy with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis for patients on peritoneal dialysis: A prospective multicenter study in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Although combined therapy with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) is widespread in Japan, its clinical utility has been reported only in retrospective or before-and-after test lacking a control group. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study of 176 incident PD patients and compared patient survival and changes in clinical parameters between patients on different dialysis modalities. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 41 months, 47 patients transferred to combined therapy and 35 patients transferred directly to HD. Patients transferred to combined therapy had a significantly better survival than those transferred directly to HD. However, we could not establish this difference in a multivariate analysis because only six patients died among these groups. The decreases in urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were more prominent among patients directly transferred to HD. CONCLUSION: This is the first report revealing clinical feasibility of transfer to combined therapy for PD patients.

Association of fibroblast growth factor 23 and α-klotho in hemodialysis patients during administration of ferric citrate hydrate: post hoc analysis of ASTRIO study.

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and α-klotho are associated with anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. In this post hoc analysis of the ASTRIO study (UMIN000019176), we investigated the relationship between FGF23 and α-klotho during treatment with an iron-based phosphate binder, ferric citrate hydrate (FC), compared with non-iron-based phosphate binders in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We examined the effect of iron absorption by FC on the relationship between FGF23 and α-klotho. There have been few clinical studies evaluating these biomarkers simultaneously in HD patients. METHODS: The ASTRIO study was a 24-week, randomized, open-label, multicenter trial. HD patients taking non-iron-based phosphate binder(s) were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to continue other binder(s) (control group) or switch to FC (FC group). Serum phosphate (P) and hemoglobin (Hb) were maintained within 3.5-6.0 mg/dL and 10-12 g/dL, respectively. Plasma levels of intact FGF23 (i-FGF23), C-terminal FGF23 (c-FGF23), and α-klotho were measured, as were iron-related parameters. Association analyses of FGF23 and α-klotho were conducted. RESULTS: Patients were randomized to FC (n = 48) and control (n = 45) groups. Serum ferritin significantly increased from baseline to end-of-treatment (EOT) in the FC group, compared with the control group (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval]: 79.5 [44.7, 114.4] ng/mL; p <  0.001). The mean change from baseline to EOT in c-FGF23 was significantly different between the FC and control groups (mean ± standard deviation (SD): - 0.2 ± 0.8 loge pg/mL vs. 0.2 ± 0.8 loge pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.04). The mean change from baseline to EOT in i-FGF23 and α-klotho were not significantly different between the FC and control groups (mean ± SD: - 0.1 ± 0.8 loge pg/mL vs. 0.1 ± 0.9 loge pg/mL; p = 0.33, and 2.0 ± 91.5 pg/mL vs. - 8.9 ± 145.3; p = 0.58, respectively). However, both forms of FGF23 and α-klotho were not significantly associated with each other in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Iron absorbed via FC administration in HD patients did not influence the correlation relationship between plasma levels of FGF23 and α-klotho under the condition of serum P and Hb were maintained. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ASTRIO study ( UMIN000019176 , registered at UMIN Clinical Trials Registry on October 1, 2015).

Safety and efficacy of etelcalcetide, an intravenous calcimimetic, for up to 52 weeks in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: results of a post-marketing surveillance in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Etelcalcetide is a second-generation calcimimetic for the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients on dialysis. We performed a post-marketing surveillance (PMS) to obtain information on the safety and efficacy of etelcalcetide in clinical practice in Japan. METHODS: This PMS enrolled SHPT patients who started initial treatment with etelcalcetide between April 1, 2017 and February 28, 2018 in Japan. Safety [adverse drug reactions (ADRs)] and efficacy [serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), corrected calcium (cCa), phosphorous (P), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were recorded for up to 52 weeks or until treatment discontinuation. Treatment decisions were at the physician's discretion. RESULTS: Of 1226 patients enrolled across 282 centers, safety and efficacy data were available for 1195 and 1192, respectively, while 933 continued treatment to Week 52. The starting dose was 5 mg in 82.0% of patients. There were 218 ADRs in 169 patients (14.1%). Metabolism and nutrition disorders (8.8%), adverse laboratory test results (1.8%), and gastrointestinal disorders (1.6%) were the most frequent classes of ADRs. Hypocalcemia-related ADRs occurred in 104 patients (8.7%). The percentage of patients with iPTH levels within the target range (60-240 pg/mL) steadily increased from 19.5% at Week 0 to 64.1% at Week 52 or last dose. cCa, P, and ALP levels remained well controlled. CONCLUSION: This was the first real-world, large-scale, long-term observational PMS of etelcalcetide in Japan. We did not observe any new safety concerns. Etelcalcetide was associated with clinically relevant improvements in serum iPTH and maintenance of serum cCa, P, and ALP levels.

Comparison of peritoneal function within the first 1 year of peritoneal dialysis between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

The aim of this study was to compare the changes in peritoneal function and residual renal function in the first year between diabetic and non-diabetic patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). We extracted 73 incident PD patients (male, 73%; age, 59 ± 15 years) from a previous cohort, and investigated the changes in PD-related parameters, including the dialysate to plasma ratio of creatinine (D/P Cr) and Kt/V. D/P Cr increased in non-diabetics, whereas it did not change significantly in diabetic patients. These differences were more pronounced among icodextrin users. On multivariate analysis, the presence of diabetes was independently associated with the changes in D/P Cr. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in the changes of renal Kt/V between the two groups. A higher peritoneal solute transport rate at the start of PD in diabetics was attenuated within 1 year. Icodextrin is thought to have an important role through improving body fluid status.

A disposable, ultra-fine endoscope for non-invasive, close examination of the intraluminal surface of the peritoneal dialysis catheter and peritoneal cavity.

The ability to visualize intraluminal surface of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter and peritoneal cavity could allow elucidation of the cases of outflow problems, and provide information on changes to the peritoneal membrane leading to encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. A non-invasive examination that allows those monitoring in need is desirable. We have developed a disposable ultra-fine endoscope that can be inserted into the lumen of the existing PD catheter, allowing observation of the luminal side of the catheter and peritoneal cavity from the tip of the PD catheter, with minimum invasion in practice. In a pre-clinical study in pigs and a clinical study in 10 PD patients, the device provided detailed images, enabling safe, easy observation of the intraluminal side of the entire catheter, and of the morphology and status of the peritoneal surface in the abdominal cavity under dwelling PD solution. Since this device can be used repeatedly during PD therapy, clinical application of this device could contribute to improved management of clinical issues in current PD therapy, positioning PD as a safer, more reliable treatment modality for end-stage renal disease.

Relationship between serum calcium or phosphate levels and mortality stratified by parathyroid hormone level: an analysis from the MBD-5D study.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited evidence about the association between calcium and phosphate levels and mortality stratified by intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level. METHODS: We investigated whether differences in iPTH level affect the relationship between calcium and phosphate levels and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Calcium and phosphate levels were categorized as low (< 8.5 mg/dL, < 4.0 mg/dL), medium (≥ 8.5-< 9.5 mg/dL, ≥ 4.0-< 7.0 mg/dL), and high (≥ 9.5 mg/dL, ≥ 7.0 mg/dL), respectively. iPTH levels were grouped into < 300 or ≥ 300 pg/mL. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) were analyzed by weighted Poisson regression. RESULTS: For calcium, patients with higher iPTH (≥ 300 pg/mL) had significantly higher all-cause mortality rates in the high than in the medium category (aIRR 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-3.42), and tended to have a higher mortality rate in the low category (aIRR 2.04, 95% CI 0.94-4.42). Patients with lower iPTH (< 300 pg/mL) had higher mortality rates in the high than in the medium category (aIRR 1.65, 95% CI 1.39-1.96). For phosphate, the mortality rate was significantly higher in the high than in the medium category in patients with higher and lower iPTH (aIRR 3.23, 95% CI 1.63-6.39 for iPTH ≥ 300 pg/mL; aIRR 1.58, 95% CI 1.06-2.36 for iPTH < 300 pg/mL). CONCLUSION: High calcium and phosphate levels were associated with increased risk of mortality irrespective of iPTH level.

Dysfunctional ABCG2 gene polymorphisms are associated with serum uric acid levels and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients.

Dysfunctional variants of ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), a urate transporter in the kidney and intestine, are the major causes of hyperuricemia and gout. A recent study found that ABCG2 is a major transporter of uremic toxins; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between ABCG2 gene polymorphisms and mortality. This prospective cohort study of 1214 hemodialysis patients investigated the association between serum uric acid levels and ABCG2 genotype and mortality. Genotyping of dysfunctional ABCG2 variants, Q126X (rs72552713) and Q141K (rs2231142), was performed using the patients' DNA. During the study period, 220 patients died. Lower serum uric acid levels were associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-3.10, P ≤ 0.001). ABCG2 dysfunction, estimated by genetic variants, had a significant positive association with serum uric acid levels (full function: 7.4 ± 1.2 mg/dl, 3/4 function: 7.9 ± 1.3 mg/dl, 1/2 function: 8.2 ± 1.4 mg/dl, ≤ 1/4 function: 8.7 ± 1.3 mg/dl, P ≤ 0.001). This association remained significant on multiple regression analysis. The Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that the ABCG2 ≤ 1/4 function type was significantly associated with higher mortality (HR 6.66, 95% CI 2.49 to 17.8, P ≤ 0.001) than the other function types. These results showed that ABCG2 plays a physiologically important role in uric acid excretion, and that ABCG2 dysfunction is a risk factor for mortality in hemodialysis patients.

Influence of dialysate Ca concentrations on the therapeutic effects of etelcalcetide with concomitant drugs in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

AIM: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), a complication of haemodialysis, is commonly treated with calcimimetics. The impact of dialysates containing different calcium (Ca) concentrations on clinical efficacy of calcimimetics are unclear. We examined whether dialysate Ca concentrations influence the efficacy and dosing of etelcalcetide with concomitant drugs. METHODS: We performed post hoc analyses of a 52-week, open-label, multicentre study of etelcalcetide in Japanese SHPT patients to determine whether dialysate Ca influences the therapeutic effects of etelcalcetide with concomitant drugs. We evaluated the differences in serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), corrected Ca (cCa) and phosphate levels among three dialysate Ca concentration groups (2.5, 2.75 or 3.0 mEq/L Ca). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels were also compared. Since the dialysate Ca concentration may influence dose adjustment, we assessed the etelcalcetide and concomitant drug doses. RESULTS: There were no clinically meaningful differences in iPTH, cCa and phosphate levels among the 2.5, 2.75 and 3.0 mEq/L groups (n = 34, 64 and 35, respectively) over 52 weeks. At Week 52, more than 82%, 71% and 67% of patients had iPTH, cCa and phosphate levels within target ranges (60-240 pg/mL, 8.4-10.0 mg/dL and 3.5-6.0 mg/dL, respectively) across the three groups. TRACP-5b and BAP levels decreased by Week 52 regardless of dialysate Ca. Changes in etelcalcetide and concomitant drug doses were generally similar in each group. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and dosing of etelcalcetide with concomitant drugs were essentially unaffected by the dialysate Ca concentration. Patients showed improvements in bone hypermetabolism during treatment.

Effect of diabetes on incidence of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Several reports on patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD) have shown a higher risk of PD-associated peritonitis compared to non-DM (NDM) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of PD-associated peritonitis in DM patients. METHODS: We divided all patients who received PD at a single center between January 1980 and December 2012 into three groups according to era: Period 1 (n = 43, 1980-1993); Period 2 (n = 123, 1994-2004); and Period 3 (n = 207, 2005-2012). We investigated incidences of PD-associated peritonitis between patients with and without DM. RESULTS: In Periods 1 and 2, incidence of PD-associated peritonitis was higher in the DM group than in the NDM group (P<0.05). However, no difference according to presence of DM was seen in Period 3. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed DM as a risk factor for incidence of PD-associated peritonitis in Periods 1 and 2, but not in Period 3 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 5.23; HR, 2.36; 95%CI, 1.13 to 4.58; and HR, 0.82; 95%CI, 0.41 to 1.54, respectively). Furthermore, the peritonitis-free period was significantly shorter in the DM group than in the DM group in Periods 1 and 2, whereas no significant difference was seen in Period 3 (P<0.01, P<0.01 and P = 0.55, respectively). Moreover, a significant interaction was seen between diabetes and study period, and became less pronounced during Period 3(P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of peritonitis in diabetics reported in previous periods has not been evident in recent years.

Randomised clinical trial of ferric citrate hydrate on anaemia management in haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: ASTRIO study.

Ferric citrate hydrate (FC) is an iron-based phosphate binder approved for hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. We conducted a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects of FC on anaemia management in haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia. We 1:1 randomised 93 patients who were undergoing haemodialysis and being treated with non-iron-based phosphate binders and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) to receive 24 weeks of FC or to continue their non-iron-based phosphate binders (control) in a multicentre, open-label, parallel-design. Phosphate level was controlled within target range (3.5-6.0 mg/dL). The primary endpoint was change in ESA dose from baseline to end of treatment. Secondary endpoints were changes in red blood cell, iron and mineral, and bone-related parameters. Compared with control, FC reduced ESA dose [mean change (SD), -1211.8 (3609.5) versus +1195 (6662.8) IU/week; P = 0.03] without significant differences in haemoglobin. FC decreased red blood cell distribution width (RDW) compared with control. While there were no changes in serum phosphate, FC reduced C-terminal fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 compared with control. The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. Despite unchanged phosphate and haemoglobin levels, FC reduced ESA dose, RDW, and C-terminal FGF23 compared with control.

Evaluation of changes in ferritin levels during sucroferric oxyhydroxide treatment.

BACKGROUND: A sub-analysis of a Phase III study was conducted to identify factors that might predict increased ferritin levels during long-term sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SO) treatment in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: The open-label, multicenter, Phase III study assessed the efficacy and safety of SO 750-3000 mg/day for 52 weeks in Japanese patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia. A total of 125 of 161 patients from the Phase III trial, and who had data for ferritin levels after 28 weeks of SO treatment, were evaluated. RESULTS: Baseline ferritin was the strongest contributor (P < 0.0001) to ferritin increases during SO treatment. By Week 28, there were significant differences (P < 0.05/3) in ferritin increases between patients with higher [quartile 4 (Q4)] versus lower (Q1, Q2 and Q3) baseline ferritin. An erythropoiesis-stimulating agent dosage reduction was observed in patients with the lowest baseline ferritin level (Q1), and only slight reductions were noted in the other patient subsets. SO dosages administered to patients in baseline ferritin quartiles Q2, Q3 and Q4 were comparable throughout the study with slight fluctuations. SO dosages in Q1 were considerably lower than those in the other quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, of the baseline variables found to predict increased ferritin, and changes in iron-related parameters, during SO treatment in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, baseline ferritin was the most relevant variable.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Evocalcet in Japanese Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Receiving Hemodialysis.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and as the disease progresses SHPT is associated with systemic consequences, termed CKD-mineral and bone disorder. Currently, cinacalcet is indicated for the treatment of SHPT; however, cinacalcet is associated with upper gastrointestinal adverse events. Evocalcet has been developed to address these issues, but the long-term safety and efficacy of evocalcet need to be evaluated. To more accurately reflect clinical practice, this phase 3, multicenter, open-label study was specifically designed without a cinacalcet washout period, and focused on those patients who switched from cinacalcet to evocalcet. A total of 137 SHPT patients undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled, of whom 113 switched from cinacalcet to evocalcet. The most frequent type of adverse drug reaction was decreased adjusted calcium. The incidence of gastrointestinal-related adverse events did not increase in a dose-dependent manner as the dose of evocalcet was increased. The percentage of patients achieving the target intact parathyroid hormone concentration increased from 40.9% to 72.3% with 52-week treatment. The corrected serum calcium and phosphorus levels remained largely unchanged throughout the study. The long-term safety and efficacy of evocalcet was confirmed using a clinically relevant intra-subject dose-adjustment strategy in SHPT patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Hepcidin/Ferritin Ratios Differ Among Non-Dialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients, and Patients on Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis.

The serum levels of hepcidin generally increase in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to inflammation or a decline in the glomerular filtration rate. However, the differences in the ferrokinetics among dialysis modalities are unclear. We investigated the relationship between serum levels of hepcidin and ferritin among non-dialyzed CKD (ND), hemodialysis (HD), and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We recruited 285 CKD patients (117 ND, 80 HD, and 88 PD patients) and measured the serum levels of hepcidin-25, ferritin, hemoglobin, iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT), albumin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Hepcidin-25 levels were elevated in all CKD patients and were significantly higher in PD than in ND and HD patients. The hepcidin/ferritin ratio was significantly higher in PD patients independent of TSAT, hemoglobin, hs-CRP, and serum albumin. Hepcidin/ferritin ratio, associated with both dialysis modality and inflammation, is expected to be a useful indicator of anemia in CKD.

Clinical outcome of incident peritoneal dialysis patients with diabetic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) is becoming more widespread, PD among diabetic patients carries some concerns, such as worsened glycemic control due to constant exposure to glucose and operational errors due to diabetic complications. However, several technical advances could overcome these disadvantages. We, therefore, aimed to compare technical and patient survival between diabetic and non-diabetic PD patients. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of 103 patients (mean age, 57 ± 16 years; 75 males, 32 diabetic patients) who started PD between January 2011 and January 2016. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare technical and patient survivals between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of the presence of diabetes on these outcomes. RESULTS: Technical and patient survivals did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0.62, P = 0.34, respectively). In addition, presence of diabetes affected neither technical nor patient survival in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-2.82 and HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.22-2.68, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Technical and patient survivals of diabetic PD patients were not inferior to those of non-diabetic PD patients. These results suggest that no hesitation is warranted in initiating PD for diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.