Development and verification of the Menopause Emotional Symptom Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: A detailed, well-validated scale for measuring emotional symptoms in menopausal women is lacking. We aimed to develop the Menopause Emotional Symptom Questionnaire (MESQ) and to confirm its reliability and validity among Koreans. METHODS: Eighteen primary items based on previous research results were selected using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). New data, including answers to the novel MESQ, Menopause Rating Scale, Kupperman Index, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Anxiety Inventory, were collected from 200 perimenopausal women and 100 young men through a research company. Exploratory factor analysis and CFA were performed again to determine whether the MESQ accurately measures emotional symptoms in perimenopausal women. Receiver operating characteristic curve and k-means cluster analyses were used to identify the most appropriate cutoff value. RESULTS: The MESQ showed high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.926), and the CFA revealed that the factor structure comprised two subscales: nine items for mood/anxiety symptoms and four items for sleep symptoms. A high correlation between the total MESQ score and total scores of the existing scales was confirmed, indicating high convergence validity. Comparison of the mean MESQ scores between men and women showed significant sex difference, indicating secure known-group validity. The cutoff point of the total MESQ score between the high-risk and low-risk groups was 26. CONCLUSIONS: The novel MESQ has high validity and reliability, and this study confirmed that the MESQ is a valid tool for screening for and measuring emotional symptoms in menopausal women in Korea.

Developing an Attention Assessment Tool for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Timbre, Rhythm, and Pitch.

BACKGROUND: Music is regarded as a beneficial tool for assessing the clinical symptoms and communication skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism. The present study developed a music-based attention test (MAT) for individuals with autism using music parameters and the algorithm of the comprehensive attention test (CAT). METHODS: We recruited 51 autistic individuals and 50 neurotypical individuals to participate in the CAT, MAT, and social intelligence tests. The reliability and validity of the MAT were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and criterion-related validity. RESULTS: The MAT had sound internal consistency (high Cronbach's α = 0.948). In addition, the MAT had suitable concurrent validity in the correlation between CAT and MAT, as well as good criterion validity when attention was measured using the MAT and was compared between autistic individuals and neurotypical individuals. Attention evaluated using the MAT was associated with the social quotient in individuals with autism. CONCLUSIONS: The MAT could be a relevant tool for gauging attention in individuals with ASD. Furthermore, attention determined using the MAT may be correlated with social quotient in autistic individuals. Future studies should consider that using music in the field of attention could improve the social quotient of individuals with autism.

Latent Profile Analysis for Classification of Psychosomatic Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND: Over 80% of perimenopausal women experience various physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms due to changes in hormones. However, accurate evaluation and treatment of menopausal symptoms are lacking due to limited evidence regarding customized treatment for each symptom type. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify and cluster psychosomatic symptoms in Korean perimenopausal women and to investigate the characteristics of each cluster type. METHODS: This Web-based survey assessed 1060 Korean perimenopausal women recruited from nationally representative panels available from a commercial research company. Menopausal symptoms were evaluated using the Menopause Rating Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Insomnia Severity Index, Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified 4 latent classes: "all unimpaired (class 1)," "impaired sexual function, while others are unimpaired (class 2)," "unimpaired sexual function, while others are impaired (class 3)," and "all impaired (class 4)." Classes 3 and 4 were significantly more likely to have a family history of perimenopausal syndrome and a history of other mental disorders, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis than classes 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosomatic symptoms appear during perimenopause along with depression, somatic symptoms, insomnia, impaired memory, and overactive bladder symptoms. Individuals with these symptoms are more likely to have a history of postpartum depression, psychosis, and other psychiatric disorders. Therefore, sexual dysfunction must be independently treated. Further studies are needed to develop and verify individualized treatments according to symptom class.

Effect of Parental Perception on the Prevalence of Adolescent Internet Gaming Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, several studies have found that Internet usage and gaming times have increased among adolescents. Parents' Internet literacy and attitudes toward Internet gaming have been reported to affect children's Internet gaming disorder (IGD). We hypothesized that parents' attitudes toward Internet use and gaming would affect the prevalence of IGD among adolescents. METHODS: A total of 199 mothers of children who played Internet games were surveyed online to gather information regarding their demographic characteristics, children's Internet use patterns, psychological factors, and Internet gaming literacy. RESULTS: Among adolescents, increased Internet usage or gaming time was not associated with IGD, but the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was. Among parents, anxiety, depression, and family togetherness were not related to IGD, but a positive perception of gaming protected against the development of IGD, whereas a negative perception was a risk factor for IGD. CONCLUSION: Increased gaming time neither causes nor correlates with IGD in adolescents, even though ADHD may be a risk factor for IGD. Parents' positive or negative perceptions of gaming can be protective or present a risk factor, respectively, for their children's development of IGD.

Effects of Indirect Experience of Client Violence on Social Workers' Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to empirically determine if indirect exposure to client violence has significant negative effects on social workers' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) the same way direct victimization does. METHODS: Using a sample of 1,359 social workers drawn from the data collected by the Seoul Association of Social Workers, this study employs descriptive statistics to examine the prevalence of indirect experiences with client violence, and utilizes a series of hierarchical regression analyses to demonstrate the potential impact of indirect exposure to client violence on PTSD. To assess the severity of PTSD symptoms in participants, the Korean version of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R-K) was employed. RESULTS: A descriptive analysis shows that 12.4% of the sample indirectly experienced client violence by witnessing it or hearing about a violent incident, whereas 6.0% were directly victimized. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that direct experience (B=4.548, p<0.05) and indirect experience (B=7.297, p<0.001) of client violence have a significant association with the scores on IES-R-K. An investigation of the interaction terms between experiences of client violence and violence-prevention training illustrates that such training significantly moderates the influence on the scores on IES-R-K from indirect exposure to client violence (B=-8.639, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Social workers who are indirectly exposed to client violence experience PTSD symptoms comparable to their colleagues who were directly victimized. Further, violence-prevention training has greater ameliorative effects with regard to indirect experience of client violence than for direct victimization.

Internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder in the context of seeking and not seeking treatment for video-gaming.

The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and gaming disorder (GD) and the degree of concordance between treatment seeking for gaming and IGD/GD. One hundred gamers who sought treatment for their gaming were compared with one hundred gamers who never sought treatment and gamers who met IGD and/or GD criteria were compared with those who did not meet these criteria, regardless of their treatment-seeking status. These comparisons were made using semi-structured diagnostic interviews and self-report psychopathology and symptom measures. There was only a partial concordance between treatment seeking and IGD/GD because 61% of treatment-seeking gamers met the diagnostic criteria for IGD and 36% met the diagnostic criteria for GD. GD criteria were found to reflect a more intense, pathological pattern of gaming, associated with high rates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and coping as the main reason for gaming. IGD criteria were found to refer to a broad, heterogeneous entity that encompasses a "spectrum" of gaming from risky/hazardous to pathological. These findings suggest that gamers may seek treatment for IGD/GD, a diagnostically subthreshold, risky gaming pattern (i.e., hazardous gaming) or for a gaming pattern that seems normal. A partial overlap between IGD and GD indicates that the two disorders as conceptualized by their respective criteria, should not be considered interchangeably. The relationship and extent of the conceptual overlap between ADHD and a gaming-related disorder, especially GD, merit further study.

Resilience as a Protective Factor for Suicidal Ideation among Korean Workers.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate resilience as a protective factor for suicidality among Korean workers. METHODS: Participants were workers from 26 organizations in Korea, aged 18 to 63 years, who completed a self-reported questionnaire comprising items on sociodemographic factors, job stress, resilience, and suicidality. Completed questionnaires were collected from 4,405 persons, with 4,389 valid responses. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were performed using suicidality as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Results of the logistic regression analyses indicated that among the sociodemographic factors, older age, being female, and being single were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation. A high level of job stress, depressive mood, and anxiety, in addition to a short job duration, were also associated with suicidal ideation. Resilience was a significant protective factor for suicidal ideation after adjusting for all other variables. Older age and high anxiety levels were associated with having a suicide plan among participants with suicidal ideation. The association of resilience with suicide plans and suicide attempts was non-significant. CONCLUSION: In this study, we found that a high level of resilience was associated with a low incidence of suicidal ideation in Korean workers. Based on these results, we suggest the need to develop and implement interventions to improve resilience in the workplace, thereby protecting workers, especially those with a high level of work stress, from suicidal ideation.

Resilience as a Protective Factor for Depressive Mood and Anxiety among Korean Employees.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate resilience as a protective factor for depressive mood and anxiety among Korean employees. METHODS: Participants were employees of eight private and local government organizations in Korea, aged 19 to 65 years. A self-report questionnaire that included items on resilience, job stress, levels of depression and anxiety, and socio-demographic factors, was administered to 1,079 Korean employees, with 1,076 valid responses. We performed hierarchical linear regression analyses with the levels of depression and anxiety scores as dependent variables. RESULTS: Being women and having a high level of job stress were associated with greater depressive mood and anxiety. In contrast, resilience was negatively related to depressive mood and anxiety, after adjusting for demographic variables and the level of job stress. Among the five factors for resilience, "support" and "hardiness" were protective factors for depressive mood and anxiety after adjusting for demographic variables and the level of job stress. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the current study, we suggest that focusing on the resilience of employees, especially on "support" and "hardiness," factors as well as developing and engaging in interventions that increase resilience in the workplace, can protect against depressive mood and anxiety, especially for those with high levels of job stress.

Character strengths as protective factors against depression and suicidality among male and female employees.

BACKGROUND: So far, studies on workplace mental health have only focused on work-related environmental risk factors, disregarding both protective and individual factors of employees. Therefore, we aimed to identify character strengths that act as protective factors against depressive moods and suicidality in Korean employees. METHODS: In total, 84 male and 151 female employees (aged 19-50 years) reported their sociodemographic characteristics; depressive symptoms, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II; suicidality, as measured by the Korean version of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview suicidality module; and character strengths, as measured by the 24 Character Strength Alphas on the Values in Action Survey-72. We conducted a hierarchical logistic regression, in which depressive mood and suicidality served as the categorical outcome variables. RESULTS: In females, scores on the "curiosity" (B = 1.107, Wald = 10.207, odds ratio = 3.026, p = .001) and "love" (B = .862, Wald = 5.767, odds ratio = 2.367, p = .016) sub scales of the 24 Character Strength Alphas on the Values in Action Survey-72 were statistically significant predictors of having depressive mood. Additionally, females' scores on "judgment" (B = - 1.405, Wald = 5.663, odds ratio = .245, p = .017) and "kindness" (B = - 1.456, Wald = 6.486, odds ratio = .233, p = .011) were protective factors against suicidality. In males, the "love" (B = 1.746, Wald = 4.279, odds ratio = 5.729, p = .039) score was a predictor of having depressive mood, while "teamwork" (B = - 2.204, Wald = 4.666, odds ratio = .110, p = .031) and "creativity" (B = - 1.384, Wald = 4.202, odds ratio = .251, p = .040) scores were protective factors against having depressive mood and suicidality, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that focusing on "judgement" and "kindness" in female employees, and "teamwork" and "creativity" in male employees, and engaging in activities that use these strengths at the workplace can be protective factors against depression and suicidality. Future research should focus on developing interventions to promote these character strengths among employees at the workplace.

Validation Study of a Korean Version of the Abbreviated University of California, Los Angeles, PTSD Reaction Index (Abb-UCLA-PTSD RI) for Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to verify a Korean version of the Abbreviated University of California, Los Angeles, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (Abb-UCLA-PTSD RI-Korean version) among Korean adolescents to assess post-traumatic stress in this population. METHODS: We recruited 1,254 adolescents who completed the Abb-UCLA-PTSD RI-Korean version scale, the Child Report of Post-Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events (LITE), and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Test-retest reliability was computed for a randomly selected 314 participants. Among all the students, 765 were included in the analysis because 143 students were classified in the normative group (LITE 1) and 622 were in the traumatized group (LITE 4). RESULTS: The internal consistencies of the nine-item and eight-item versions of the Abb-UCLA PTSD RI-Korean version were found to be high (Cronbach's α = 0.843 and 0.842, respectively). The criterion-related validity was based on comparison of the Abb-UCLA PTSD RI total scores between the normative and trauma groups. For the eight-item version, the normative group (4.6 ± 4.6) and the traumatized group (8.8 ± 6.0) demonstrated better criterion-related validity than those in the nine-item version (4.5 ± 4.3 and 8.5 ± 5.0, respectively). The test-retest reliability of the eight-item version was better than the nine-item version (r = 0.85 vs. 0.77). A two-factor model with eight items (two items regarding sleep, and the other six items made up the second factor) showed the best fit. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the eight-item Abb-UCLA PTSD RI-Korean version is a useful screening tool for post-traumatic stress in Korean adolescents.

Korean Version of Inventory of Complicated Grief Scale: Psychometric Properties in Korean Adolescents.

We aimed to validate the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG)-Korean version among 1,138 Korean adolescents, representing a response rate of 57% of 1,997 students. Participants completed a set of questionnaires including demographic variables (age, sex, years of education, experience of grief), the ICG, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events-Child (LITE-C). Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine whether the ICG items indicated complicated grief in Korean adolescents. The internal consistency of the ICG-Korean version was Cronbach's α=0.87. The test-retest reliability for a randomly selected sample of 314 participants in 2 weeks was r=0.75 (P<0.001). Concurrent validity was assessed using a correlation between the ICG total scores and the CDI total scores (r=0.75, P<0.001). The criterion-related validity based on the comparison of ICG total scores between adolescents without complicated grief (1.2 ± 3.7) and adolescent with complicated grief (3.2 ± 6.6) groups was relatively high (t=5.71, P<0.001). The data acquired from the 1,138 students was acceptable for a factor analysis (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy=0.911; Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, χ(2)=13,144.7, P<0.001). After omission of 3 items, the value of Cronbach's α increased from 0.87 for the 19-item ICG-Korean version to 0.93 for the 16-item ICG-Korean version. These results suggest that the ICG is a useful tool in assessing for complicated grief in Korean adolescents. However, the 16-item version of the ICG appeared to be more valid compared to the 19-item version of the ICG. We suggest that the 16-item version of the ICG be used to screen for complicated grief in Korean adolescents.

Attitudes toward rape: a comparison between Asian and Caucasian college students.

The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in attitudes toward rape between Asian and Caucasian college students. The Attitudes Toward Rape scale was used to measure beliefs about rape in a convenience sample of 169 college students. Three items regarding stranger rape myths were added. Findings suggest that Asian students are more likely than Caucasian students to believe women should be held responsible for preventing rape and to view sex as the primary motivation for rape. Asians also have stronger beliefs than Caucasians do that victims cause the rape and that most rapists are strangers. This research suggests that outreach programs can play an important role in providing information, education, and prevention regarding rape and that males and Asian students should be target populations for such programs.