Risk of COVID-19 in pediatric population and the effects of COVID-19 vaccination: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Prior studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of upper respiratory infections on the pediatric population, such as increased risk for acute otitis media (AOM). Other studies have noted decreased otitis media complaints during the COVID-19 pandemic. This project aims to identify whether individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 at the Emergency Department (ED) visit had an increased risk of developing severe complications. Additionally, we will study whether vaccination helped decrease following COVID-19 complications. METHODS: Utilizing the TriNetX database, we obtained de-identified electronic medical records for children under five and 6-10 years old from 2020-2023 in the United States. The study population was propensity-matched for gender, index age, and comorbidities. Complications within eight weeks of the ED visit were compared between COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Risk ratio was used to measure associations between our groups. A p-value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: After propensity matching, a total of 211,138 children were identified. Within eight weeks after the ED visit, unvaccinated children <5 years old who tested negative for COVID-19 had a 30 % relative risk reduction for AOM, 52 % for sinusitis, 76 % for multisystem inflammatory system (MIS), 17 % for acute respiratory failure, and 37 % for septic shock when compared to those with a positive COVID-19 result (p ≤ 0.05). Unvaccinated 6-10 years old children who tested negative for COVID-19 had an 18 % risk reduction for AOM, 44 % reduction for sinusitis, 63 % reduction for MIS, and 42 % for acute respiratory failure (p ≤ 0.05) compared to those that tested positive for COVID-19. Vaccinated children with positive COVID-19 results have no significant risk of AOM or acute respiratory failure. Additionally, children 6-10 years old with positive COVID-19 results did not have a substantial risk of sinusitis. CONCLUSION: COVID-19's effects require continued investigation in children. This study showed that there are some increased risks of severe complications following this viral infection.

Severe epistaxis after posterior nasal nerve ablation requiring surgical intervention: A multi-center case series.

KEY POINTS: Severe epistaxis occurs in 2% of PNN ablation cases, independent of method or device type. Major epistaxis requiring intervention after PNN ablation can occur on average 20 days post-procedure.

GPT-4 accuracy and completeness against International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis.

KEY POINTS: GPT-4 is an AI language model that can answer basic questions about rhinologic disease. Vetting is needed before AI models can be safely integrated into otolarygologic patient care.

Survey of anesthesiologists on anesthetic maintenance techniques and total intravenous anesthesia for endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND: Inhalational anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) are techniques used for maintenance of general anesthesia for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Growing evidence exists that TIVA may be associated with decreased bleeding and improved surgical fields, yet data suggest it is used in a minority of sinus surgery cases. The objective of this study was to investigate perceptions and approaches to anesthetic maintenance techniques in ESS among anesthesia providers. METHODS: A total of 719 anesthesiology residents, faculty, and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) at 3 tertiary academic centers in the United States were invited to participate in a survey of considerations and practice patterns for inhalational anesthesia and TIVA for ESS. RESULTS: Responses were received from 200 participants (28%). Sixty-five percent of respondents reported a lack of familiarity with current literature on TIVA for ESS. Many considered factors other than surgical field visualization when choosing a maintenance technique. Most were comfortable with performing TIVA but stated they would participate in additional training. CONCLUSION: The majority of anesthesiology providers were unaware of the existing literature demonstrating advantage in improved surgical visualization with TIVA. Many used a combination of inhaled and intravenous anesthetics for maintenance. These findings suggest that future opportunities may exist to develop education, training, and practice approaches specific to anesthetic techniques for ESS.

Construct validity of a low-cost medium-fidelity endoscopic sinus surgery simulation model.

OBJECTIVE: Assess construct validity of a low-cost medium-fidelity silicone injection molded model task trainer for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) training. METHODS: Fellowship-trained rhinologists, otolaryngology attendings, and otolaryngology residents at various levels of training performed sinus endoscopy and seven procedures on the model. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing novice to various levels of experienced performance using a validated checklist. RESULTS: Thirty-two subjects participated in this study. Otolaryngology attendings and postgraduate year (PGY) 3 to 5 otolaryngology residents significantly outperformed PGY 1 to 2 otolaryngology residents on most tasks in the task-specific checklist. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the construct validity of the low-cost medium-fidelity ESS model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 129:1505-1509, 2019.

High-throughput precision measurement of subcellular localization in single cells.

To quantify visual and spatial information in single cells with a throughput of thousands of cells per second, we developed Subcellular Localization Assay (SLA). This adaptation of Proximity Ligation Assay expands the capabilities of flow cytometry to include data relating to localization of proteins to and within organelles. We used SLA to detect the nuclear import of transcription factors across cell subsets in complex samples. We further measured intranuclear re-localization of target proteins across the cell cycle and upon DNA damage induction. SLA combines multiple single-cell methods to bring about a new dimension of inquiry and analysis in complex cell populations. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Geobacter sulfurreducens subsp. ethanolicus, subsp. nov., an ethanol-utilizing dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium from a lotus field.

An ethanol-utilizing Fe(III)-reducing bacterial strain, OSK2A(T), was isolated from a lotus field in Aichi, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of OSK2A(T) and related strains placed it within Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA(T). Strain OSK2A(T) was shown to be a Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, strictly anaerobic, 0.76-1.65 µm long and 0.28-0.45 µm wide. Its growth occurred at 20-40℃, pH 6.0-8.1, and it tolerated up to 1% NaCl. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.2 mol% and DNA-DNA hybridization value with Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA(T) was 60.7%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major fatty acids were 16：1 ω7c, 16：0, 14：0, 15：0 iso, 16：1 ω5c, and 18：1 ω7c. Strain OSK2A(T) could utilize H2, ethanol, acetate, lactate, pyruvate, and formate as substrates with Fe(III)-citrate as electron acceptor. Amorphous Fe(III) hydroxide, Fe(III)-NTA, fumarate, malate, and elemental sulfur were utilized as electron acceptors with either acetate or ethanol as substrates. Results obtained from physiological, DNA-DNA hybridization, and chemotaxonomic tests support genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain OSK2A(T) from its closest relative. The isolate is assigned as a novel subspecies with the name Geobacter sulfurreducens subsp. ethanolicus, subsp. nov. (type strain OSK2A(T)=DSMZ 26126(T)=JCM 18752(T)).