RESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the dominant type of liver cancers and is one of the deadliest health threats globally. The conventional therapeutic options for HCC are hampered by low efficiency and intolerable side effects. Gene therapy, however, now offers hope for the treatment of many disorders previously considered incurable, and gene therapy is beginning to address many of the shortcomings of conventional therapies. Herein, we summarize the involvement of genes in the pathogenesis and prognosis of HCC, with a special focus on dysregulated signaling pathways, genes involved in immune evasion, and non-coding RNAs as novel two-edged players, which collectively offer potential targets for the gene therapy of HCC. Herein, the opportunities and challenges of HCC gene therapy are discussed. These include innovative therapies such as genome editing and cell therapies. Moreover, advanced gene delivery technologies that recruit nanomedicines for use in gene therapy for HCC are highlighted. Finally, suggestions are offered for improved clinical translation and future directions in this area of endeavor.
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Breast cancer is a wide-spread threat to the women's health. The drawbacks of conventional treatments necessitate the development of alternative strategies, where gene therapy has regained hope in achieving an efficient eradication of aggressive tumors. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) plays pivotal roles in the growth and survival of various tumors, which offers a promising target for treatment. In the present study, pH-responsive lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) based on the ionizable lipid,1,2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylammonium propane (DODAP), were designed for the delivery of siRNA targeting MCT4 gene to the breast cancer cells. Following multiple steps of characterization and optimization, the anticancer activities of the LNPs were assessed against an aggressive breast cancer cell line, 4T1, in comparison with a normal cell line, LX-2. The selection of the helper phospholipid to be incorporated into the LNPs had a dramatic impact on their gene delivery performance. The optimized LNPs enabled a powerful MCT4 silencing by â¼90â¯% at low siRNA concentrations, with a subsequent â¼80â¯% cytotoxicity to 4T1 cells. Meanwhile, the LNPs demonstrated a 5-fold higher affinity to the breast cancer cells versus the normal cells, in which they had a minimum effect. Moreover, the MCT4 knockdown by the treatment remodeled the cytokine profile in 4T1 cells, as evidenced by 90â¯% and â¼64â¯% reduction in the levels of TNF-α and IL-6; respectively. The findings of this study are promising for potential clinical applications. Furthermore, the simple and scalable delivery vector developed herein can serve as a breast cancer-targeting platform for the delivery of other RNA therapeutics.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Citocinas , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos , Proteínas Musculares , Nanopartículas , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Nanopartículas/química , Humanos , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/genética , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/metabolismo , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Feminino , Citocinas/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Camundongos , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Tamanho da Partícula , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread cancer that starts in the digestive tract. It is the third most common cause of cancer deaths around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates an expected death toll of over 1 million cases annually. The limited therapeutic options as well as the drawbacks of the existing therapies necessitate the development of non-classic treatment approaches. Nanotechnology has led the evolution of valuable drug delivery systems thanks to their ability to control drug release and precisely target a wide variety of cancers. This has also been extended to the treatment of CRC. Herein, we shed light on the pertinent research that has been performed on the potential applications of nanoparticles in the treatment of CRC. The various types of nanoparticles in addition to their properties, applications, targeting approaches, merits, and demerits are discussed. Furthermore, innovative therapies for CRC, including gene therapies and immunotherapies, are also highlighted. Eventually, the research gaps, the clinical potential of such delivery systems, and a future outlook on their development are inspired.
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Neoplasias Colorretais , Nanopartículas , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We report on a novel strategy for treating liver fibrosis through reprogramming activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs) into quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells (qHSCs) using siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The in vivo screening of an array of molecularly-diverse ionizable lipids identified two candidates, CL15A6 and CL15H6, with a high siRNA delivery efficiency to aHSCs. Optimization of the composition and physico-chemical properties of the LNPs enabled the ligand-free, selective, and potent siRNA delivery to aHSCs post intravenous administration, with a median effective siRNA dose (ED50) as low as 0.08 mg/Kg. The biosafety of the LNPs was confirmed by escalating the dose to 50-fold higher than the ED50 or by chronic administration. The recruitment of the novel LNPs for the simultaneous knockdown of Hedgehog (Hh) and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGFß1) signaling pathways using an siRNA cocktail enabled the reversal of liver fibrosis and the restoration of the normal liver function in mice. Analysis of the key transcription factors in aHSCs suggested that the reprogramming of aHSCs into qHSCs mediated the therapeutic outcomes. The scalable ligand-free platform developed in this study as well as the novel therapeutic strategy reported herein are promising for clinical translation.
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Células Estreladas do Fígado , Nanopartículas , Camundongos , Animais , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Fígado/metabolismoRESUMO
Lung cancer is one of the most aggressive and deadliest health threats. There has been an increasing interest in non-coding RNA (ncRNA) recently, especially in the areas of carcinogenesis and tumour progression. However, ncRNA-directed therapies are still encountering obstacles on their way to the clinic. In the present article, we provide an overview on the potential of targeting ncRNA in the treatment of lung cancer. Then, we discuss the delivery challenges and recent approaches enabling the delivery of ncRNA-directed therapies to the lung cancer cells, where we illuminate some advanced technologies including chemically-modified oligonucleotides, nuclear targeting, and three-dimensional in vitro models. Furthermore, advanced non-viral delivery systems recruiting nanoparticles, biomimetic delivery systems, and extracellular vesicles are also highlighted. Lastly, the challenges limiting the clinical trials on the therapeutic targeting of ncRNAs in lung cancer and future directions to tackle them are explored.
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Neoplasias Pulmonares , RNA não Traduzido , Humanos , RNA não Traduzido/genética , RNA não Traduzido/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinogênese , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE AND SIGNIFICANCE: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become an interesting therapeutic modality and drug delivery platform. Herein, we aimed to investigate the impact of functional coating on the in vivo performance of AgNPs as an economic and scalable method to modulate their behavior. METHODS: AgNPs were coated with chitosan (CHI) as a model biopolymer using a one-pot reduction-based method, where CHI of two molecular weight ranges were investigated. The resultant CHI-coated AgNPs (AgNPs-CHI) were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, DLS, and TEM. AgNPs were administered intravenously to rats and their biodistribution and serum levels of hepato-renal function markers were monitored 24 h later compared to plain AgNO3 as a positive control. RESULTS: UV-VIS spectroscopy confirmed the successful coating of AgNPs with CHI. DLS revealed the superiority of medium molecular weight CHI over its low molecular weight counterpart. AgNPs-CHI demonstrated a semi-complete clearance from the systemic circulation, a liver-dominated tissue tropism, and limited renal exposure. On the other hand, AgNO3 was poorly cleared from the circulation, with relatively high renal exposure and a non-specific tissue tropism. AgNPs-CHI were well-tolerated by the liver and kidney without signs of toxicity or inflammation, in contrary with AgNO3 which resulted in a significant elevation of Creatinine (CRE), Urea, and Total Protein (TP), suggesting a significant nephrotoxicity and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Functional coating of AgNPs with CHI substantially modulated their in vivo behavior, promoting their hepatic selectivity and biotolerability, which can be invested in the development of drug delivery systems for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Nanopartículas Metálicas , Animais , Ratos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Prata/química , Distribuição Tecidual , Contenção de Riscos Biológicos , InflamaçãoRESUMO
Throughout decades, the intrinsic power of the immune system to fight pathogens has inspired researchers to develop techniques that enable the prevention or treatment of infections via boosting the immune response against the target pathogens, which has led to the evolution of vaccines. The recruitment of Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as either vaccine delivery platforms or immunogenic modalities has witnessed a breakthrough recently, which has been crowned with the development of effective LNPs-based vaccines against COVID-19. In the current article, we discuss some principles of such a technology, with a special focus on the technical aspects from a translational perspective. Representative examples of LNPs-based vaccines against cancer, COVID-19, as well as other infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and allergies are highlighted, considering the challenges and promises. Lastly, the key features that can improve the clinical translation of this area of endeavor are inspired.
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COVID-19 , Nanopartículas , Vacinas , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , TecnologiaRESUMO
Herein, we report on the development of a platform for the selective delivery of mRNA to the hard-to-transfect Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs), the fundamental player in the progression of liver fibrosis. Using a microfluidic device (iLiNP), we prepared a series of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) based on a diverse library of pH-sensitive lipids. After an in-depth in vivo optimization of the LNPs, their mRNA delivery efficiency, selectivity, potency, robustness, and biosafety were confirmed. Furthermore, some mechanistic aspects of their selective delivery to aHSCs were investigated. We identified a promising lipid candidate, CL15A6, that has a high affinity to aHSCs. Tweaking the composition and physico-chemical properties of the LNPs enabled the robust and ligand-free mRNA delivery to aHSCs in vivo post intravenous administration, with a high biosafety at mRNA doses of up to 2 mg/Kg, upon either acute or chronic administrations. The mechanistic investigation suggested that CL15A6 LNPs were taken up by aHSCs via Clathrin-mediated endocytosis through the Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRß) and showed a pKa-dependent cellular uptake. The novel and scalable platform reported in this study is highly promising for clinical applications.
Assuntos
Células Estreladas do Fígado , Nanopartículas , Humanos , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Nanopartículas/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A new era of nanomedicines that involve nucleic acids/gene therapy has been opened after two decades in 21st century and new types of more efficient drug delivery systems (DDS) are highly expected and will include extrahepatic delivery. In this review, we summarize the possibility and expectations for the extrahepatic delivery of small interfering RNA/messenger RNA/plasmid DNA/genome editing to the spleen, lung, tumor, lymph nodes as well as the liver based on our studies as well as reported information. Passive targeting and active targeting are discussed in in vivo delivery and the importance of controlled intracellular trafficking for successful therapeutic results are also discussed. In addition, mitochondrial delivery as a novel strategy for nucleic acids/gene therapy is introduced to expand the therapeutic dimension of nucleic acids/gene therapy in the liver as well as the heart, kidney and brain.
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Nanopartículas , Ácidos Nucleicos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Lipossomos , NanomedicinaRESUMO
There is currently no therapy available for periprosthetic osteolysis, the most common cause of arthroplasty failure. Here, the role of AnxA1 in periprosthetic osteolysis and potential therapeutics were investigated. Reducing the expression of AnxA1 in calvarial tissue was found to be associated with increased osteolytic lesions and the osteolytic lesions induced by debris implantation were more severe in AnxA1-defecient mice than in wild-type mice. AnxA1 inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts through suppressing NFκB signaling and promoting the PPAR-γ pathway. Administration of N-terminal-AnxA1 (Ac2-26 peptide) onto calvariae significantly reduced osteolytic lesions triggered by wear debris. These therapeutic effects were abrogated in mice that had received the PPAR-γ antagonist, suggesting that the AnxA1/PPAR-γ axis has an inhibitory role in osteolysis. The administration of Ac2-26 suppressed osteolysis induced by TNF-α and RANKL injections in mice. These findings indicate that AnxA1 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Anexina A1 , Reabsorção Óssea , Osteólise , Animais , Anexina A1/genética , Anexina A1/metabolismo , Reabsorção Óssea/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteólise/etiologia , Osteólise/patologia , Receptores Ativados por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite the massive advancements in the nanomedicines and their associated research, their translation into clinically-applicable products is still below promises. The latter fact necessitates an in-depth evaluation of the current nanomedicines from a clinical perspective to cope with the challenges hampering their clinical potential. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductors-based nanomaterials with numerous biomedical applications such as drug delivery, live imaging, and medical diagnosis, in addition to other applications beyond medicine such as in solar cells. Nevertheless, the power of QDs is still underestimated in clinics. In the current article, we review the status of QDs in literature, their preparation, characterization, and biomedical applications. In addition, the market status and the ongoing clinical trials recruiting QDs are highlighted, with a special focus on the challenges limiting the clinical translation of QDs. Moreover, QDs are technically compared to other commercially-available substitutes. Eventually, we inspire the technical aspects that should be considered to improve the clinical fate of QDs.
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Nanoestruturas , Pontos Quânticos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Nanomedicina , SemicondutoresRESUMO
Despite the massive interest and recent developments in the field of nanomedicine, only a limited number of formulations have found their way to the clinics. This shortcoming reveals the challenges facing the clinical translation of this technology. In the current article, we summarize and evaluate the status, market situation, and clinical profiles of the reported nanomedicines, the shortcomings limiting their clinical translation, as well as some approaches designed to break through this barrier. Moreover, some emerging technologies that have the potential to compete with nanomedicines are highlighted. Lastly, we identify the key factors that should be considered in nanomedicine-related research to be clinically-translatable. These can be classified into five areas: rational design during the research and development stage, the recruitment of representative preclinical models, careful design of clinical trials, development of specific and uniform regulatory protocols, and calls for non-classic sponsorship. This new field of endeavor was firmly established during the last two decades and more in-depth progress is expected in the coming years.
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Nanomedicina/métodos , Animais , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence mono-resistant tuberculosis (MR-TB) and multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB), and evaluate the risk factors associated with the drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study was applied, utilizing the TB patients' medical records at King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital (KFAFH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The records of patients notified between 2000 and 2018 were reviewed and culture positive cases for Mycobacterium tuberculosis species were included. Moreover, the risk factors included were age, gender, smoking history, renal disease, liver disease, hyperbilirubinemia, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). RESULTS: Nine hundred and one cases in entirety were involved in the research, out of which 193 had drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) (21.4%). Out of the 21.4% DR-TB, 91.7% were MR-TB and 8.3% were MDR-TB. The highest MR prevalence was for pyrazinamide at 33.4%, while the lowest resistance was for ethambutol at 7.1%. For the risk factors of drug-resistant TB, only age depicted a statistically significant (p<0.01) but weak negative (r= -0.145) correlation with anti-TB drug resistance. CONCLUSION: Rates of DR-TB reported in the study are considered higher compared to the recently reported national and international rates. According to the results, only younger people are at risk of developing DR-TB. Moreover, genetic mutation may play a role in drug resistance among our cases specifically for pyrazinamide monoresistance.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Arábia Saudita/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal disease with limited therapeutic choices. The stroma-rich tumor microenvironment hinders the in vivo delivery of most nanomedicines. Ultra-small lipid nanoparticles (usLNPs) were designed for the selective co-delivery of the cytotoxic drug, sorafenib (SOR), and siRNA against the Midkine gene (MK-siRNA) to HCC in mice. The usLNPs composed of a novel pH-sensitive lipid, a diversity of phospholipids and a highly-selective targeting peptide. A microfluidic device, iLiNP, was used and a variety of factors were controlled to tune particle size aiming at maximizing tumor penetration efficiency. Optimizing the composition and physico-chemical properties of the usLNPs resulted in an enhanced tumor accumulation, selectivity and in vivo gene silencing. The optimized usLNPs exerted potent gene silencing in the tumor (median effective dose, ED50~0.1 mg/Kg) with limited effect on the healthy liver. The novel combination synergistically-eradicated HCC in mice (~85%) at a surprisingly-low dose of SOR (2.5 mg/Kg) which could not be achieved via individual monotherapy. Toxicity studies revealed the biosafety of the usLNPs upon either acute or chronic treatment. Furthermore, the SOR-resistant HCC established in mice was eradicated by 70% using this approach. We conclude that our strategy is promising for potential clinical applications in HCC treatment.
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Antineoplásicos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Nanopartículas , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Lipídeos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Midkina , RNA Interferente Pequeno/uso terapêutico , Sorafenibe , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The last few years have witnessed a great advance in the development of nonviral systems for in vivo targeted delivery of nucleic acids. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most promising carriers for producing clinically approved products in the future. Compared with other systems used for nonviral gene delivery, LNPs provide several advantages including higher stability, low toxicity, and greater efficiency. Additionally, systems based on LNPs can be modified with ligands and devices for controlled biodistribution and internalization into specific cells. Efforts are ongoing to improve the efficiency of lipid-based gene vectors. These efforts depend on the appropriate design of nanocarriers as well as the development of new lipids with improved gene delivery ability. Several ionizable lipids have recently been developed and have shown dramatically improved efficiency. However, enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to target specific cells in the body remains the most difficult challenge. Systemically administered LNPs can access organs in which the capillaries are characterized by the presence of fenestrations, such as the liver and spleen. The liver has received the most attention to date, although targeted delivery to the spleen has recently emerged as a promising tool for modulating the immune system. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of LNPs for cell-specific targeted delivery of nucleic acids. We focus mainly on targeting liver hepatocytes and spleen immune cells as excellent targets for gene therapy. We also discuss the potential of endothelial cells as an alternate approach for targeting organs with a continuous endothelium.
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Lipídeos/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Nucleicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Baço/metabolismoRESUMO
Sulpiride (SUL), anti-dopaminergic drug, has a specific site for absorption located in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract hence, its oral delivery represents a challenge regarding SUL absorption and bioavailability. So, a gastro-retentive oral platform of SUL was developed to increase its gastric residence time, release SUL at a controlled rate in the stomach and consequently, enable it to reach its specific absorption site. Floating microsponges were prepared via quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and characterised for their physico-chemical properties. In addition, Taguchi design of experiment was utilised to optimise some independent variables affecting microsponges performance. The optimised SUL microsponges showed a yield of 79.82 ± 2.37%, an encapsulation efficiency of 89.11 ± 2.28% and in vitro time for floatation of 8.0 h. Additionally, pharmacokinetics were investigated in rabbits and compared with the commercial SUL formulation, Dogmatil® capsules. Optimised SUL microsponges showed a significantly (p < .05) higher Cmax, AUC and 2-fold increase in oral bioavailability compared with the commercial product. Moreover, the optimised SUL microsponges remained present in the stomach up to 8.0 h post administration when viewed via X-ray radiographs in rabbits. It could be concluded that the floating microsponges could be useful as an oral platform to enhance the sulpiride absorption and bioavailability.
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Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Sulpirida/administração & dosagem , Sulpirida/metabolismo , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Preparações de Ação Retardada/administração & dosagem , Preparações de Ação Retardada/metabolismo , Difusão , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Emulsões/química , Emulsões/metabolismo , Masculino , CoelhosRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a common deadly malignancy, requires novel therapeutic strategies to improve the survival rate. Combining chemotherapy and gene therapy is a promising approach for increasing efficiency and reducing side effects. We report on the design of highly specific lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating both the chemotherapeutic drug, sorafenib (SOR), and siRNA against the midkine gene (MK), thereby conferring a novel highly efficient anticancer effect on HCC. The LNPs were modified with a targeting peptide, SP94, which is selective for hepatic cancer cells (HCCs), thus permitting the specific delivery of the payload. MK-siRNA increased the sensitivity of HCCs, HepG2, to SOR (IC50 for SOR+MK-siRNA: 5 ± 1.50 µM compared to 9 ± 2.20 and 17 ± 2.60 µM for SOR+control siRNA and MK-siRNA, respectively). The selectivity was confirmed by cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and gene-silencing studies in HCCs, HepG2, and Hepa 1-6, compared to other cancerous cells, HeLa, and normal cells, FL83B. The use of a novel pH-sensitive lipid, YSK05, increased the cytotoxic and gene knockdown efficiencies and limited extracellular drug release. The nanoparticles were also compatible with serum and showed no aggregation after long storage. The efficient and specific codelivery system reported here is a highly promising strategy for the treatment of HCC.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/química , Lipídeos/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Midkina/genética , Nanopartículas/química , Piperidinas/química , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/química , Sorafenibe/química , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Inativação Gênica , Terapia Genética/métodos , Células HeLa , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart disorders and accumulation of lipids in blood vessels could contribute to angina pectoris. Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate sublingual tablets containing a novel combination of Atorvastatin calcium (ATOR) and Trimetazidine HCl (TMZ) for efficient treatment of coronary heart disorders. METHODS: The dissolution rate of water-insoluble ATOR was enhanced via complexation with sulfobutyl ether-ß-cyclodextrin (SBE-ß-CD) and addition of soluplus as a polymeric solubilizer excipient. The solubilized ATOR and TMZ were compressed into a sublingual tablets by direct compression technique and evaluated for their tableting characteristics. In addition, a new validated method based on High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was developed for simultaneous determination of both drugs in pure forms and sublingual tablets. RESULTS: The developed HPTLC method showed LODs of 0.056 and 0.013⯵g/band and LOQs of 0.17, 0.040⯵g/band for TMZ and ATOR, respectively and proved to be linear, accurate, precise and robust. The optimum formulation containing mixture of superdisintegrants; Ac-Di-Sol and crospovidone (4.8% w/w, each) showed the shortest disintegration time (65â¯s) and enhanced release profiles of both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The prepared sublingual tablets combining ATOR and TMZ will be a promising dosage form for coronary heart disease patients with an instant action and improved patient compliance.
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In an attempt to decrease the dose, anticipated side effects, and the cost of production of glibenclamide, GLC, a potent oral hypoglycemic drug, the enhancement of the dissolution and hence the oral bioavailability were investigated. Adsorption and co-adsorption techniques using carriers having a very large surface area and surface active agents were utilized to enhance the drug dissolution. Moreover, the Langmuir adsorption isotherms were constructed to identify the type and mechanism of adsorption. The optimized formulation showing the highest in vitro release was compressed into mini-tablet to facilitate drug administration to elderly patients and those having swallowing difficulties. The produced mini-tablets were tested for their mechanical strength and in vitro release pattern. In addition, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies in New Zealand rabbits were performed using the optimized mini-tablet formulation. Mini-tablets containing GLC co-adsorbate with Pluronic F-68 and Laponite RD showed 100 ± 1.88% of GLC released after 20 min. Pharmacodynamic studies in rabbits revealed significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) hypoglycemic effect with the optimized mini-tablets at a lower GLC dose compared to mini-tablets containing the commercial GLC dose. Moreover, pharmacokinetic analysis showed significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) AUC, Cmax, and shorter Tmax. The optimized mini-tablet formulation showed 1.5-fold enhancement of the oral bioavailability compared to mini-tablets containing untreated GLC. It could be concluded that the co-adsorption technique successfully enhanced the oral bioavailability of GLC. Furthermore, the produced mini-tablets have a higher oral bioavailability with a lower GLC dose, which could offer economic benefit for industry as well as acceptability for patients.