Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infection for Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the nosocomial infection (NI) risk factors in neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS Databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, VANFUN, CNKI, and VTTMS) were searched using index words to find relevant studies published before November 2018. Meta-analyses of relative risk (RR) were performed for the identification of risk factors. RESULTS Data from 22 cohort studies (2270 infants with and 21 605 infants without NI) were included in the meta-analysis. Infant weight of <2500 g (RR: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.31-5.11), gestational age of <37 weeks (RR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.87-7.92), mechanical ventilation use (RR: 3.16, 95% CI: 2.21-4.50), venipuncture (RR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.20-7.57), the incidence of asphyxia (RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.04-2.71), and feeding intolerance (RR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.60-2.81) were identified as the risk factors for the incidence of NI. There was no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that <2500 g infant body weight, gestational age of <37 weeks, mechanical ventilation utility, venipuncture, asphyxia incidence, and feeding intolerance are the risk factors for NI nosocomial infection in infants in NICU. Appropriate preventive measures and targeted interventions are needed.

Hot Compress with Chinese Herbal Salt Packets Reducing PICC Catheter Complications: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the preventive effect of applying hot compress with Chinese herbal salt packets (CHSP) to puncture vessels under aseptic conditions during peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) on postoperative phlebitis. METHODS: A total of 720 hospitalized patients undergoing first PICC were assigned to treatment and control groups (360 cases each group) according to a random number table. The control group received conventional catheterization and nursing care. The treatment group was first given hot compress with CHSP (which consisted of honeysuckle 30 g, Semen brassicae 30 g, Salvia miltiorrhiza 30 g, Angelica dahurica 30 g, Semen raphani 30 g, Evodia rutaecarpa 30 g, and coarse salt 20 g) on the punctured vessel under aseptic conditions for 5-10 min before conventional catheterization. The main efficacy indices were the vessel diameters before and during catheterization and the success rate of a single catheter, and the secondary efficacy indiex was the incidence of superficial phlebitis within 1 week after catheterization. RESULTS: The vessel diameter during catheterization of the treatment group was remarkably increased compared with the control group [(7.96±0.42) mm vs. (4.39±0.54) mm, P<0.01]. The success rate of the single catheter of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group [94.00% (329/350) vs. 73.72% (244/329), P<0.01]. The incidence of superficial phlebitis within 1 week after catheterization in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group (P=0.007). There was no adverse event with CHSP. CONCLUSION: Hot compress with CHSP during PICC is applicable as it can effectively improve the success rate of a single catheter and reduce the incidence of superficial phlebitis after catheterization (Trial registration No. ChiCTR-ONC-17010498).

[Research progress on the degradation mechanisms and restoration of riparian ecosystem].

Restoration and reconstruction of degraded riparian ecosystem caused by natural and anthropogenic disturbances is one of the important issues in restoration ecology and watershed ecology. The disturbances on riparian ecosystem include flow regime alteration, direct modification and watershed disturbance, which have different affecting mechanisms. Flow regime alteration affects riparian ecosystem by changing riparian soil humidity, oxidation-reduction potential, biotaliving environment, and sediment transfer; direct modification affects riparian vegetation diversity through human activities and exotic plants invasion; and watershed disturbance mainly manifests in the channel degradation, aggradation or widening, the lowering of groundwater table, and the modification in fluvial process. The assessment objects of riparian restoration are riparian ecosystem components, and the assessment indicators are shifted from ecological to synthetic indices. Riparian restoration should be based on the detailed understanding of the biological and physical processes which affect riparian ecosystem, and implemented by vegetation restoration and hydrological adjustment at watershed or landscape scale. To extend the research scales and objects and to apply interdisciplinary approaches should be the key points in the further studies on the degradation mechanisms and restoration of riparian ecosystem.

[Characteristics and effect factors for sorption of trichlorobenzene on sediment in Huaihe River (Jiangsu reach)].

The characteristics for sorption of trichlorobenzene on sediment in Huaihe River (Jiangsu reach) was studied. It was also in vestigated at the same time that some factors of influence on the sorption, such as initial consistence of adsorbate, concentration of adsorbent and pH value, by ortho-experiment. The results indicate that the sorption isotherms of trichlorobenzene to sediment in Huaihe River (Jiangsu reach) are linear in the experiments condition,and distribution plays a leading role. The affected degrees of different environmental factors are different for sorption of trichlorobenzene on sediment in Huaihe River. The results of ortho-experiment are analysis with SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Science) and the results are indicate that the affection of initial consistence of adsorbate is the biggest in all environmental factors,and initial consistences of adsorbate have expressly significant influence for sorption of trichlorobenzene on sediment in fresh water, and yet the pH has almost no influence for the sorption of trichlorobenzene on same sediment.

[Quantitative structure-activity relationships and joint toxicity of substituted biphenyls].

The single toxicities (24h-EC50) and mixture toxicities of 18 substituted biphenyls to Daphnia magna were tested. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed from the single toxicities. Octanol-water partition coefficient (IgK(ow)) model, theoretical linear solvation energy relationship (TLSER) model and quantum chemistry parameter model were built for these compounds. It was found that the quantum chemistry parameter model had a good predictive capability. The study of mixture toxicities of substituted biphenyls showed that the joint toxicity mechanism was concentration addition. Half effective concentrations of mixtures (EC50mix) were predicted according to concentration addition. The predicted and observed values coincided rather well.

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship for prediction acute toxicity of benzene derivatives to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata).

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragment types, and the subsequent partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. In this paper, the acute toxicity data to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) for a series of 56 substituted benzenes, phenols, aromatic amines and nitro-aromatics were subjected and this resulted in a model with a high predictive ability. The influence of fragment size and fragment distinction parameters on the quality of HQSAR model was investigated. The robustness and predictive ability of the model were also validated by leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation procedure and external testing data set.

Surface microlayer enrichment of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water source.

Enrichment of volatile organic compounds(VOC) and semi-volatility organic compounds(SVOC) in surface microlayer(SM) of three drinking water sources were studied. The enrichment factor(EFs) were 0.67 to 13.37 and 0.16 to 136, respectively. The results showed some VOC and most SVOC could enrich in SM. Some EFs of SVOC was quite high. Suspension and temperature could affect EFs of SVOC, slim wind and water movement do not destroy enrichment of organic in SM.