Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: A Multifaceted Accomplice in Tumor Progression.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) is a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, has a pivotal role in negatively regulating immune response, promoting tumor progression, creating pre-metastases niche, and weakening immunotherapy efficacy. The underlying mechanisms are complex and diverse, including immunosuppressive functions (such as inhibition of cytotoxic T cells and recruitment of regulatory T cells) and non-immunological functions (mediating stemness and promoting angiogenesis). Moreover, MDSC may predict therapeutic response as a poor prognosis biomarker among multiple tumors. Accumulating evidence indicates targeting MDSC can reverse immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and improve therapeutic response either single or combination with immunotherapy. This review summarizes the phenotype and definite mechanisms of MDSCs in tumor progression, and provide new insights of targeting strategies regarding to their clinical applications.

An applied anatomical study of bronchial artery.

The aim of this study was to reveal the external features of the bronchial artery (BA) system, so as to provide morphological basis for clinic. The BAs in 48 adult cadavers were dissected and analyzed. The number of BAs in 48 cases was 118. The incidence of BA arising from thoracic aorta, right posterior intercostal artery, and right subclavian artery was 69.49, 27.12, and 3.39%, respectively. The origin of BAs in individual specimen might be single, two, or all of them, respectively. According to the different origin and/or origins of BAs, it could be divided into five categories. As for the course of BAs, in this study, all the left BAs arising from thoracic aorta passed forward around the left side of esophagus and then entered left pulmonary hilum; most (n = 15) of the right BAs arising from thoracic aorta passed forward around the left side of esophagus and then entered right pulmonary hilum; a few (n = 8) of the right BAs arising from thoracic passed forward the right side of esophagus and bronchus and then entered right pulmonary hilum. Besides, in our group, the special courses were that right intercostal-bronchial trunk (RICBT) arising from thoracic aorta passed between vertebra and esophagus and gave off BA which curved forward around the right side of esophagus and then entered right pulmonary hilum, common bronchial trunk (CBT) arising from thoracic aorta passed forward around the left side of esophagus laying anterior to bronchus or posterior to bronchus, then dividing into a left and a right BAs entering right and left pulmonary hilum, respectively. In 4 cadavers, the RICBT gave off the radiculomedullary artery and BA in turn, so radiculomedullary artery has the same origin with BA. Of all BAs, the mean diameter of right posterior intercostal artery, CBT, left BA, and right BA was 2.17 ± 0.84, 1.79 ± 0.57, 1.44 ± 0.50, and 1.39 ± 0.38 mm, respectively. The information gained from this study will be of value in clinic application.