RESUMO
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, Phyllanthus niruri L., and Morinda citrifolia L. are Indonesian medicinal herbs used empirically as traditional therapeutics for maintaining health. The cocktail extract of these three plants (CECPM) had been developed and demonstrated immunostimulant activity in rats. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of CECPM in vivo. The acute toxicity assay was conducted by orally administering a range dose of CECPM (313, 625, 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw) on female mice once and then evaluating the toxic symptom every day for 14 days later. The chronic toxicity test was carried out by giving various doses of CECPM (600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg·bw) to female and male rats orally continuously for 90 consecutive days. The signs of toxicities were evaluated at the 90- and 28 days postadministration. The acute oral toxicity assays showed that there was no toxic syndrome and mortality found during the period of the experiment. The lethal dose level (LD50) of CECPM was more than 5000 g/kg, which was categorized as practically non-toxic. Meanwhile, in the sub-chronic toxicity study, some parameters tested at 90 days postadministration and after 28 days of withdrawal, such as the body weight, relative organ weight, food intake, hematological and biochemical blood parameters, and also histopathological examination of five primary tissues (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and lung) revealed no abnormalities. There was no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the present study of CECPM 1000 mg/kg·bw of the rat. Therefore, it is concluded that the orally administered CECPM was relatively nontoxic during acute and subchronic toxicology studies.
RESUMO
Hyperglycaemia is one condition related to inflammation leading to insulin signalling impairment. This study was conducted to investigate the insulin sensitivity improvement of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.)) Nees extract in insulin resistance-induced HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cells by stimulating insulin sensitivities and inhibiting inflammatory response. Sambiloto extract at 2 µg/mL revealed glucose uptake stimulation and up-regulating GLUT-2 and IRS-1 gene expression, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 gene expression in IR-HepG2 cells. Phytochemical analysis showed that the total phenolic level and andrografolide content of Sambiloto extract were 2.91 ± 0.04% and 1.95%, respectively. This result indicated that Sambiloto extract ameliorated insulin resistance in high glucose-induced IR-HepG2 cells via modulating the IRS-1/GLUT-2 pathway due to IL-6 inhibition. These findings suggested that Sambiloto extract had potency as an anti-inflammatory and insulin-resistance improvement in IR-HepG2 cells.
RESUMO
Rhododendron album Blume (RA) has traditionally been used as an herbal medicine and is considered to have antiinflammatory properties. It is a wellknown medicine for treatment of allergic or atopic diseases. In the present study, the biological effects of an RA methanol extract (RAME) on inflammation were investigated in tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα)/interferonγ (IFNγ)stimulated human keratinocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms by which RAME inhibited TNFα/IFNγinduced expression of chemokines [thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophagederived chemokine (MDC)] and cytokines [interleukin (IL)6 and IL8] through the nuclear factorκB (NFκB) pathway in human keratinocytes. The effects of RAME treatment on cell viability were investigated in TNFα/IFNγstimulated HaCaT cells. The expression of TARC, MDC, IL6 and IL8 was assessed using reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis or ELISA, and its effect on the inhibitory mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also studied using western blot analysis. TNFα/IFNγ induced the expression of IL6, IL8, TARC and MDC in a dosedependent manner through NFκB and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) activation. Notably, treatment with RAME significantly suppressed TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced expression of IL6, IL8, TARC, and MDC. In addition, RAME treatment inhibited the activation of NFκB and the JAK/STAT pathway in TNFα/IFNγinduced HaCaT cells. These results suggest that RAME decreases the production of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines by suppressing the NFκB and the JAK/STAT pathways. Consequently, RAME may potentially be used for treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Assuntos
Interferon gama/farmacologia , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rhododendron/química , Fatores de Transcrição STAT/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Several endophytic fungal strains from Srikaya plants (Annona squamosa L.) have been isolated and one of them was identified as Penicillium sp. Penicillium has been proven as an established source for a wide array of unique bioactive secondary metabolites that exhibit a variety of biological activities. The aim of this study is isolation of secondary metabolite from Penicillium, an endophytic of A. squamosa L. Penicillium sp. from endophytic of A. squamosa L. was fermented in Wicherham media. The whole extract from both liquid media and mycelium was partitioned by ethyl acetate and evaporated to obtain crude ethyl acetate extract. The ethyl acetate extract was then brokedown using column chromatography with silica as stationary phase and mixture of ethyl acetate/methanol (98%:2%) as mobile phase and then was separated by sephadex column. Structure elucidation of isolated compounds were mainly done by analysis of one and two dimensional NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) data and supported by HPLC (High performance Liquid Chromatography) and MS-TOF (Mass Spectrometer-Time of Flight). Isolated secondary metabolites were tested using in vitro assays for anticancer and antimicrobial activity. For anticancer activity, the metabolites were tested against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) using MTT assay, while for antimicrobial activity was performed using disk diffusion assays. From these physical, chemical and spectral evidences that the secondary metabolites were confirmed as Chrysogine and Meleagrine. Chrysogine and Meleagrine have no activity as anticancer and antimicrobial.