Interceptive use of pendulum for advance resolution of class II patient: a guided eruption plan to reduce stress on permanent teeth root.

Use of the so-called distalizing mechanics is a common treatment to correct class II malocclusion. One of the first appliances made for molar distalization was the pendulum, which resulted immediately efficient. The knowledge of pendulum efficacy, in regards to distalizing treatment in adolescence, has guided the research to analyze pendulum effect in childhood: checking the pre-eruptive, natural and distal movement of upper second premolar following first upper molar distalization in order to obtain an advance resolution on Angle's Class II patient, limited treatment time, reduced periodontal inflammation and stress on permanent teeth root. A pilot study testing the possibility of a prospective study was necessary on 6 patients treated following an accurate protocol (6 months and 1-year Rx control) and 6 patient control after one year. Statistical analysis by T-Test was done. Oral hygiene controls every month were done. Second upper bicuspid vertical (1.6mm) and sagittal (2.5mm) movement mean values allow to emphasize a distal variation of tooth axis inclination of treatment group than control group, and a second upper bicuspid distal departure from "gubernaculus dentis" of second deciduous molar in treated patients. Periodontal inflammation appears inexistent on second and first upper premolar germs after the comparison between RX exam of treatment and control groups because of exploiting deciduous teeth. Besides periodontal inflammation and teeth root stress on first upper molar of treatment group, after RX analysis, results were limited compared to control groups because of the advanced orthodontic interceptive treatment during a previous stage of first upper molar root development.

Laser lingual frenectomy: basal eutonia achievement by natural homeostatis.

The aim of present study is a macro evaluation of adjustment to allow homeostasis before and after frenectomy. Macro analysis was done on 7 pediatric patients tested firstly simple surface elettromyography (EMG) to evaluate masticatory muscles, secondly the Romberg's test to assess the posture and thirdly cephalometric analysis according to Giannì and Rocabado to assess orthodontic variations. The frenectomy was performed with diode laser (wavelength 890 nm). Pre-frenectomy EMG outcomes indicate a clear masticatory muscular imbalance with a different electrical activity compared to physiological standard values and functional basal balance. Results after frenectomy EMG show a normalization of basal values with an improvement of mandibular posture. Depending on cephalometric analysis, outcomes reveal a tendency to normalize the cervical lordosis, previously altered. Ultimately, pre-frenectomy Romberg's test shows initial instability in the static posture, which decreases after frenectomy. In conclusion, the short lingual fraenum not only has static correlations with the oral cavity but also dynamic connections with the cervical posture and muscular basal organization. So, homeostasis includes macro alterations involving muscular tone and bone position. Frenectomy could favor the restoration of the basal eutonia achieved by a natural homeostasis.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma immune microenvironment and checkpoint expression: correlation with clinical-pathological features and intratumor heterogeneity over time.

Background: Tumor immune microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) pathogenesis and treatment outcome, supporting a role of immune checkpoint inhibitors as anticancer approach. This study retrospectively investigated TME and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in naïve MPM cases and their change under chemotherapy. Patients and methods: Diagnostic biopsies of MPM patients were collected from four Italian and one Slovenian cancer centers. Pathological assessment of necrosis, inflammation, grading, and mitosis was carried out. Ki-67, PD-L1 expression, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry. When available, the same paired sample after chemotherapy was analyzed. Pathological features and clinical characteristics were correlated to overall survival. Results: TME and PD-L1 expression were assessed in 93 and 65 chemonaive MPM samples, respectively. Twenty-eight samples have not sufficient tumor tissue for PD-L1 expression. Sarcomatoid/biphasic samples were characterized by higher CD8+ T lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, while epithelioid showed higher peritumoral CD4+ T and CD20+ B lymphocytes. Higher CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and PD-L1 expression were associated with pathological features of aggressiveness (necrosis, grading, Ki-67). MPM cases characterized by higher CD8+ T-infiltrate showed lower response to chemotherapy and worse survival at univariate analysis. Patients stratification according to a combined score including CD8+ T lymphocytes, necrosis, mitosis, and proliferation index showed median overall survival of 11.3 months compared with 16.4 months in cases with high versus low combined score (P < 0.003). Subgroup exploratory analysis of 15 paired samples before and after chemotherapy showed a significant increase in cytotoxic T lymphocytes in MPM samples and PD-L1 expression in immune cells. Conclusions: TME enriched with cytotoxic T lymphocytes is associated with higher levels of macrophages and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and with aggressive histopathological features, lower response to chemotherapy and shorter survival. The role of chemotherapy as a tumor immunogenicity inducer should be confirmed in a larger validation set.

Determinación del contenido de vitamina C en miel de abejas venezolanas por volumetría de óxido-reducción / Determination of the vitamin C content in honey of Venezuelan bees by oxide-reduction volumetry

En este trabajo se ha determinado el contenido de Vita mina C en mieles de abeja de la región andina venezolana. La Vitamina C pertenece junto con la Vitamina B al grupo de las hidrosolubles. Ayuda en el desarrollo de huesos, cartílagos, a la absorción del hierro, a la producción de colágeno (actuando como cofactor en la hidroxilación de los aminoácidos lisina y prolina). La propiedad química antioxidante es la más importante de la vitamina C; esto ayuda a prevenir la oxidación de las vitaminas A y E, y de algunas vitaminas del grupo B, tales como la riboflavina, tiamina, ácido fólico, y ácido pantoténico. Desarrolla acciones anti-infecciosas y actúa como un desintoxicante ya que puede reducir la toxicidad de metales pesados como el plomo, mercurio y arsénico. La Vitamina C no es sintetizada por el hombre, por esta razón debe ser ingerida en la dieta, los alimentos más ricos en Vitamina C son vegetales verdes, frutas cítricas y papas, entre otros. La Vitamina C esta presente en la miel en bajas concentraciones, el HPLC es la técnica más apropiada para su cuantificación, pero es una técnica costosa y de difícil acceso. Se propone una metodología más sencilla basada en volumetría de óxido-reducción, ya que la Vitamina C se oxida a ácido dehidroascórbico, por reacción con 2,6-diclorofenolindofenol el cual se reduce mediante una reacción redox a una solución incolora. Los valores encontrados, reportados en mg vit C/100 g miel, oscilan entre 12.74 y 40.13, con una media de 20.982 ± 2.8896.

This study has determined the content of Vitamin C in honey bee in the Andean Venezuelan region. The Vitamin C be - longs together with vitamin B to the group of water-soluble. Assists in the development of bones, cartilage, the absorption of iron, the production of collagen (acting as a cofactor in the hydroxylation of amino acids lysine and proline). The chemical antioxidant property is the most important of vitamin C. This helps prevent the oxidation of vitamins A and E, and some B vitamins such as riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid and pantothenic acid. Develops anti-infectious actions and acts as a detoxifying because it can reduce the toxicity of heavy metals like lead, mercury and arsenic. Vitamin C is not synthesized by man, for this reason should be eaten in the diet, foods rich in Vitamin C are green vegetables, citrus fruits and potatoes, among others. Vitamin C is present in honey in low concentrations, the HPLC technique is best suited to their quantification, but is a costly and difficult to access. It proposes a simpler method based on oxide-reduction volumetric, as the Vitamin C is oxidized to dehidroascorbic acid, a reaction with 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol which is reduced by a redox reaction to a colourless solution. The values found, reported in mg vit C/100 g honey, ranging between 12.74 and 40.13, with an average of 20,982 ± 2.8896.