Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Electrocardiographic Complete Right Bundle Branch Block in Young Individuals.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is limited information on the clinical significance of complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) in young individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and significance of CRBBB in a large cohort of young individuals aged 14-35 years old. METHODS: From 2008 to 2018, 104,369 consecutive individuals underwent a cardiovascular assessment with a health questionnaire, electrocardiogram, clinical consultation, and selective echocardiography. Follow-up was obtained via direct telephone consultations. Mean follow-up was 7.3 ± 2.7 years. RESULTS: CRBBB was identified in 154 (0.1%) individuals and was more prevalent in males compared with females (0.20% vs. 0.06%; p<0.05) and in athletes compared with non-athletes (0.25% vs. 0.14%; p<0.05). CRBBB-related cardiac conditions were identified in 7 (5%) individuals (4 with atrial septal defect, 1 with Brugada syndrome, 1 with progressive cardiac conduction disease and 1 with atrial fibrillation). Pathology was more frequently identified in individuals with non-isolated CRBBB compared with individuals with isolated CRBBB (14% vs 1%; p < 0.05) and in individuals with a QRS duration of ≥130 milliseconds (ms) compared with individuals with a QRS of <130ms (10% vs 1%; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CRBBB in young individuals was 0.1% and was more prevalent in males and athletes. CRBBB-related conditions were identified in 5% of individuals and were more common in individuals with non-isolated CRBBB and more pronounced intraventricular conduction delay (QRS duration of ≥130ms). Secondary evaluation should be considered for young individuals with CRBBB with symptoms, concerning family history, additional electrocardiographic anomalies or significant QRS prolongation (≥130ms).

There is limited information on the clinical significance of complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) in young people (aged 14 to 35 years old). CRBBB is a rare finding in young individuals and is more common in male and athletic individuals. CRBBB related-conditions are found in 5% of young individuals with this electrocardiogram finding and are more common in those with additional heart symptoms, family history of premature heart disease, other abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and more pronounced forms of CRBBB (≥ 130 milliseconds). Further investigation, including at least an ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram), is recommended for all young individuals with CRBBB with concerning symptoms, family history of heart disease, additional ECG anomalies or more pronounced CRBBB (≥130milliseconds).

Right ventricular assessment of the adolescent footballer's heart.

INTRODUCTION: Athletic training can result in electrical and structural changes of the right ventricle that may mimic phenotypical features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), such as T-wave inversion and right heart dilatation. An erroneous interpretation may have consequences ranging from false reassurance in an athlete vulnerable to cardiac arrhythmias, to unnecessary sports restriction in a healthy individual. The primary aim of this study was to define normal RV dimension reference ranges for academy adolescent footballers of different ethnicities. Secondary aims include analysis of potential overlap between this adolescent group with ARVC criteria and comparison with normal adult ranges. RESULTS: Electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic data of 1087 academy male footballers aged between 13 and 18 years old (mean age 16.0 ± 0.5 years), attending mandatory cardiac screening were analysed. Ethnicity was categorised as white (n = 826), black (African/Caribbean; n = 166) and mixed-race (one parent white and one parent black; n = 95). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy major criteria for T-wave inversion was seen in 3.3% of the cohort. This was more prevalent in black footballers (12%) when compared to mixed race footballers (6.3%) or white footballers (1%), P < 0.05. Up to 59% of the cohort exceeded adult reference ranges for some of the right ventricular parameters, although values were similar to those seen in adult footballers. There were no differences in right ventricular dimensions between ethnicities. In particular, the right ventricular outflow tract diameter would fulfil major criteria for ARVC dimension in 12% of footballers. Overall, 0.2% of the cohort would fulfil diagnosis for 'definite' arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and 2.2% would fulfil diagnosis for 'borderline' arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy for RV dimensions and ECG changes. This was seen more frequently in black footballers (9.9%) than mixed race footballers (3.9%) or white footballer (0.6%), P < 0.05. Among athletes meeting definite or borderline arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy criteria, no cardiomyopathy was identified after comprehensive clinical assessment, including with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, exercise testing, ambulatory electrocardiograms and familial evaluation. CONCLUSION: Right heart sizes in excess of accepted adult ranges occurred in as many as one in two adolescent footballers. Structural adaptations in conjunction with anterior T-wave inversion may raise concern for ARVC, highlighting the need for evaluation in expert settings.

[Iatrogenic hypospadias a preventable rare complication with two-stage repair with buccal mucosa graft: a case presen- tation].

Urethral catheterization is a common procedure, but it is associated with a number of complications. Iatrogenic hypospadias can rarely occur. There is a limited literature dedicated to this condition. We report a young patient with COVID-19 with iatrogenic hypospadias of grade 3. He was undergone to a two-stage procedure with acceptable outcome. Surgical repair should be offered and performed for young patients to ensure good function with acceptable penile appearance. A surgical treatment will improve psychological, sexual and social outcomes.

Rapid rise in COVID-19 among young people in England - learning for the future.

OBJECTIVES: We determined the age and sociodemographic distribution of COVID-19 cases between January and September 2020 to identify the group with the highest incidence rates at the beginning of the second wave in England. STUDY DESIGN: We undertook a retrospective cohort study design. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 cases in England were linked with area-level socio-economic status indicators using quintiles of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). Age-specific incidence rates were stratified by IMD quintile to further assess rates by area-level socio-economic status. RESULTS: Between July and September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates were highest amongst those aged 18-21 years, reaching rates of 213.9 (18-19 years) and 143.2 (20-21 years) per 100,000 population by week ending 21 September 2022. Stratification of incidence rates by IMD quintile evidenced that despite high rates observed in the most deprived areas of England amongst the very young and older age groups, the highest rates were observed in the most affluent areas of England amongst the 18- to 21-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: The reversal of sociodemographic trend in COVID-19 cases in England for those aged 18-21 years at the end of the summer of 2020 and beginning of the second wave showed a novel pattern of COVID-19 risk. For other age groups, the rates remained highest for those from more deprived areas, which highlighted persisting inequalities. Combined, this demonstrates the need to reinforce awareness of COVID-19 risk for young people, particularly given the late inclusion of the 16-17 years age group for vaccination administration, as well as continued efforts to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations.

Risk of hospitalisation or death in households with a case of COVID-19 in England: an analysis using the HOSTED data set.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether household contacts of confirmed cases of COVID-19 have an increased risk of hospitalisation or death. METHODS: We used the HOSTED data set of index cases of COVID-19 in England between June and November 2020, linked to Secondary Uses Service data on hospital episodes and Office for National Statistics' mortality data. Multivariable logistic regression models of the odds of household contacts being hospitalised or dying within six weeks of an index case, adjusted for case type, age, sex and calendar month were calculated. Excess risk was determined by comparing the first six weeks after the index case with 6-12 weeks after the index case in a survival analysis framework. RESULTS: Index cases were more likely to be hospitalised or die than either secondary cases or non-cases, having adjusted for age and sex. There was an increased risk of hospitalisation for non-cases (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.16) and of death (aHR 1.57; 95% CI 1.14, 2.16) in the first six weeks after an index case, compared to 6-12 weeks after. CONCLUSION: Risks of hospitalisation and mortality are predictably higher in cases compared to non-cases. The short-term increase in risks for non-case contacts following diagnosis of the index case may suggest incomplete case ascertainment among contacts, although this was relatively small.

Antibody persistency and trend post-SARS-CoV-2 infection at eight months.

Introduction: A large amount of recent research has focused on the nature of immunity elicited by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, particularly its robustness and the duration of protection it offers. As a vaccine's efficacy relies on its ability to induce a protective immune response, these questions remain particularly pertinent. An improved understanding of the immunity offered by the antibodies developed against SARS-CoV-2 in recovered patients is critical for the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines. Methods: Our study aimed at the longitudinal analysis of antibody presence, persistence and its trend over eight months in a group of 30 COVID-19 recovered patients who tested positive by real-time quantitative PCR for SARS-CoV-2 in the period 1-30 March 2020. The subjects were divided into two groups based on disease severity: mild (n=17 subjects) and moderately-severe (n=13 subjects). The MAGLUMI 2019-nCoV lgM/lgG chemiluminescent analytical system (CLIA) assay was used to analyze these antibody titres. Results: IgG antibody persistency was demonstrated in 76.7 % of the subjects (23 out of 30) at eight months post-infection. For the moderately-severe group, the titre trends for both IgM and IgG changed in a statistically significant way throughout the time period with IgM below and IgG above the set cut-off. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight an important point in terms of the association between humoral immune response and disease severity. Patients who have experienced a relatively severe infection might develop a stronger immune response that could persist for a longer period.

Neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain 13 months after the recovery from the disease.

BACKGROUND: Information regarding the kinetics and longevity of acquired immunity in recovered COVID-19 patients requires thorough analysis and documentation. This is an update to an ongoing monocentric pilot observational study, that longitudinally analyzed the presence of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection. STUDY DESIGN: Antibody titers against nucleocapsid protein (NCP) of SARS-CoV-2 analyzed at 8 months was followed by adoption of a more specific immunoassay, anti-Spike-Receptor binding domain IgG CLIA for analysis at 12 and 13 months post infection. METHODS: MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was adopted for measurement of antibody titres at 12 and 13 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: 97% (34 out of 35) patients resulted positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG at 12 and 13 months. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In areas with vaccine and resource scarcity, vaccination could be prioritized for those individuals who have never been infected or for the ones who have recovered but show the absence of protective antibodies.

Differential time course of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

INTRODUCTION: GSK-3 is an immune regulator that plays a role in the modulation of cytokine-producing effector T cells associated with inflammation and demyelination of the CNS in EAE. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the treatment paradigm of a single dose of GSK-3 inhibitor administration at various time courses for the protection of the CNS from EAE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effects of GSK-3 inhibition on intracellular cytokine levels were evaluated from in vitro naïve CD4+ T cell cultures. Immunized C57BL/6 female mice with MOG35-55 in conjunction with CFA and Ptx were used as a chronic inflammatory EAE disease model. Tideglusib (NP12), a Thiadiazolidinone class, selective, and non-ATP competitive GSK-3 inhibitor, was injected intraperitoneally at pre-EAE, same-day of immunization or disease onset. After 30 days post-immunization, brain, and spinal cord tissues were collected for inflammation and demyelination analysis by H&E and luxol fast blue staining, respectively, whereas cytokine profiles of the serum were assessed by cytokine beads array. RESULTS: The inhibition of GSK-3 in CD4+ T cells increased IL-10 production. The administration of Tideglusib during pre-EAE and same-day, but not during disease onset, significantly reduced clinical symptoms and delayed disease onset. Histopathological analysis of spinal cord tissues showed a significant decline in the number of inflammatory cell infiltration with a concomitant reduction in demyelination through the blocking of GSK-3, especially during pre-EAE and sameday. Upregulation of IL-10 via GSK-3 inhibition coincided with the downregulation of cytokineassociated effector T cells, including IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-23. Increased IL-4 production, however, was only significant in the pre-EAE group. CONCLUSION: The neuroprotective effects of Tideglusib against EAE are time-dependent. Downregulation of Th1 and Th17 hallmark cytokines by Tideglusib in EAE may be associated with IL-10 production.

HOSTED-England's Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset: preliminary findings from a novel passive surveillance system of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important component of the community spread of the pandemic. Little is known about the factors associated with household transmission, at the level of the case, contact or household, or how these have varied over the course of the pandemic. METHODS: The Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset (HOSTED) is a passive surveillance system linking laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases to individuals living in the same household in England. We explored the risk of household transmission according to: age of case and contact, sex, region, deprivation, month and household composition between April and September 2020, building a multivariate model. RESULTS: In the period studied, on average, 5.5% of household contacts in England were diagnosed as cases. Household transmission was most common between adult cases and contacts of a similar age. There was some evidence of lower transmission rates to under-16s [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-0.74). There were clear regional differences, with higher rates of household transmission in the north of England and the Midlands. Less deprived areas had a lower risk of household transmission. After controlling for region, there was no effect of deprivation, but houses of multiple occupancy had lower rates of household transmission [aOR 0.74 (0.66-0.83)]. CONCLUSIONS: Children are less likely to acquire SARS-CoV-2 via household transmission, and consequently there was no difference in the risk of transmission in households with children. Households in which cases could isolate effectively, such as houses of multiple occupancy, had lower rates of household transmission. Policies to support the effective isolation of cases from their household contacts could lower the level of household transmission.

Report from the 20th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; 28-29 September 2018.

The 20th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference was held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 28-29 September 2018. This interactive multidisciplinary conference is attended by health care professionals from across Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) who are involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, invited speakers from other provinces participate. Surgical, medical, and radiation oncologists, and allied health care professionals participated in presentations and discussion sessions for the purpose of developing the recommendations presented here. This consensus statement addresses current issues in the management of colorectal cancers.

Longevity and mortality in Kennel Club registered dog breeds in the UK in 2014.

BACKGROUND: The domestic dog is one of the most diverse mammalian species, exhibiting wide variations in morphology, behaviour and morbidity across breeds. Therefore, it is not unexpected that breeds should also exhibit variation in mortality and longevity. While shorter longevity per se may not necessarily be a welfare issue, a generally foreshortened lifespan in a breed that is accompanied by a high prevalence of a particular cause of death may reveal potentially serious welfare concerns and highlight scope to improve breed welfare. Survey data gathered directly from owners offer useful insights into canine longevity and mortality that can support the overall evidence base for welfare reforms within breeds. RESULTS: Mortality data on 5663 deceased dogs registered with the UK Kennel Club were collected from an owner-based survey. The most commonly reported causes of death were old age (13.8%), unspecified cancer (8.7%) and heart failure (4.9%); with 5.1% of deaths reported as unknown cause. Overall median age at death was 10.33 years (interquartile range: 7.17-12.83 years). Breeds varied widely in median longevity overall from the West Highland Terrier (12.71 years) to the Dobermann Pinscher (7.67 years). There was also wide variation in the prevalence of some common causes of death among breeds, and in median longevity across the causes of death. CONCLUSION: Substantial variation in the median lifespan and the prominent causes of death exists across breeds. This study has identified some breeds with both a low median lifespan and also a high proportional mortality for one or more specific causes of death that should be considered as both potential welfare concerns as well as opportunities for improvement.

Role of variants rs5030717 and rs5030718 of TLR4 in the risk prediction of nephropathy, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder characterised by prolonged elevated blood glucose that brings a risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular disease. Several factors, such as dysregulation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), are reputed to contribute to the multiple pathophysiological disturbances responsible for impaired glucose homeostasis. We hypothesised that variants rs5030717 and rs5030718 of TLR4 are associated with diabetic nephropathy, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. MATERIAL & METHODS: We recruited 370 diabetics (122 with nephropathy, 119 with hypertension and 129 with dyslipidaemia) and 120 ethnicity matched healthy controls. TLR4 polymorphisms were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The genotyping data were compared between cases and controls using chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Although there was no overall difference in the genotype frequencies of TLR4 rs5030717 in diabetes v controls, the genotype frequencies of diabetic dyslipidaemia cases compared with controls were different (p = 0.001). Overall, the rs5030718 GA and GG genotype frequencies in the entire diabetes cohort were different from those of the controls (p = 0.037), and the frequencies of diabetic nephropathy cases (p = 0.03) and diabetic dyslipidaemia cases were different (p = 0.001) compared with controls. There were no links with diabetic hypertension. CONCLUSION: TLR4 polymorphisms rs5030717 and rs5030718 may be useful in predicting those type 2 diabetics who are at risk of hypertension, nephropathy and/or dyslipidaemia.

Report from the 19th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference; Winnipeg, Manitoba; 29-30 September 2017.

The 19th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference (wcgccc) was held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, 29-30 September 2017. The wcgccc is an interactive multidisciplinary conference attended by health care professionals from across Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) who are involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Surgical, medical, and radiation oncologists; pathologists; radiologists; and allied health care professionals participated in presentation and discussion sessions for the purpose of developing the recommendations presented here. This consensus statement addresses current issues in the management of colorectal cancer.

Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds.

BACKGROUND: Pedigree or purebred dogs are often stated to have high prevalence of disorders which are commonly assumed to be a consequence of inbreeding and selection for exaggerated features. However, few studies empirically report and rank the prevalence of disorders across breeds although such data are of critical importance in the prioritisation of multiple health concerns, and to provide a baseline against which to explore changes over time. This paper reports an owner survey that gathered disorder information on Kennel Club registered pedigree dogs, regardless of whether these disorders received veterinary care. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of disorders among pedigree dogs overall and, where possible, determine any variation among breeds. RESULTS: This study included morbidity data on 43,005 live dogs registered with the Kennel Club. Just under two thirds of live dogs had no reported diseases/conditions. The most prevalent diseases/conditions overall were lipoma (4.3%; 95% confidence interval 4.13-4.52%), skin (cutaneous) cyst (3.1%; 2.94-3.27%) and hypersensitivity (allergic) skin disorder (2.7%; 2.52-2.82%). For the most common disorders in the most represented breeds, 90 significant differences between the within breed prevalence and the overall prevalence are reported. CONCLUSION: The results from this study have added vital epidemiological data on disorders in UK dogs. It is anticipated that these results will contribute to the forthcoming Breed Health & Conservation Plans, a Kennel Club initiative aiming to assist in the identification and prioritisation of breeding selection objectives for health and provide advice to breeders/owners regarding steps that may be taken to minimise the risk of the disease/disorders. Future breed-specific studies are recommended to report more precise prevalence estimates within more breeds.

Achromatic Metalens over 60 nm Bandwidth in the Visible and Metalens with Reverse Chromatic Dispersion.

In this Letter, we experimentally report an achromatic metalens (AML) operating over a continuous bandwidth in the visible. This is accomplished via dispersion engineering of dielectric phase shifters: titanium dioxide nanopillars tiled on a dielectric spacer layer above a metallic mirror. The AML works in reflection mode with a focal length independent of wavelength from λ = 490 to 550 nm. We also design a metalens with reverse chromatic dispersion, where the focal length increases as the wavelength increases, contrary to conventional diffractive lenses. The ability to engineer the chromatic dispersion of metalenses at will enables a wide variety of applications that were not previously possible. In particular, for the AML design, we envision applications such as imaging under LED illumination, fluorescence, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

Closed-incision negative-pressure therapy in high-risk general surgery patients following laparotomy: a retrospective study.

AIM: Surgical site infection (SSI) and wound dehiscence are dreaded complications following laparotomy in general surgical patients, and can potentially occur more often in various comorbid states. Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has a positive effect of on open and complicated wounds and so has been used for at-risk surgical incisions with the aim of redistributing lateral tension and holding incision edges together. The aim of the present study was to compare the rate of wound complications following laparotomy in high-risk general surgical patients with a clean incision treated with closed-incision negative-pressure therapy (ciNPT) with those receiving conventional care. METHOD: A retrospective review was performed of the hospital medical records of patients who underwent laparotomy between 1 October 2010 and 31 March 2012. Records of 69 patients who received ciNPT and 112 who were managed by adherent gauze dressings were included in the final analysis. RESULTS: Two (2.9%) patients in the ciNPT group and 23 (20.5%) in the non-NPWT group developed a wound complication following laparotomy (P < 0.0009). The relative risk (RR) was 0.14 (0.03-0.58), suggesting that infection is less likely to occur in ciNPT-treated incisions, compared with gauze dressings. CONCLUSION: ciNPT was associated with a positive clinical outcome and was a safe and effective method of postsurgical management in our general surgery patients considered to have risk of developing wound complications following laparotomy.

A meta-analysis for echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular structure and function in ARVC.

INTRODUCTION: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited pathology that can increase the risk of sudden death. Current Task Force Criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis do not include new, regional assessment tools which may be relevant in a phenotypically diverse disease. We adopted a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to highlight echocardiographic indices that differentiated ARVC patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Data was extracted and analysed from prospective trials that employed a case-control design meeting strict inclusion and exclusion as well as a-priori quality criteria. Structural indices included proximal RV outflow tract(RVOT1) and RV diastolic area(RVDarea). Functional indices included RV fractional area change (RVFAC), Tricuspid Annular Systolic Excursion(TAPSE), peak systolic and early diastolic myocardial velocities (S' and E' respectively) and myocardial strain. RESULTS: Patients with ARVC had larger RVOT1 (mean  SD; 34 vs. 28 mm P<0.001) and RVDarea (23 vs. 18 cm2 P<0.001) compared to healthy controls. ARVC patients also had lower RVFAC (38 vs. 46 % P<0.001), TAPSE(17 vs. 23 mm P<0.001), S' (9 vs. 12 cm.s-1 P<0.001), E' (9 vs. 13 cm.s-1 P<0.001) and myocardial strain (-17 vs. -30% P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The data from this meta-analysis support current Task Force criteria for the diagnosis of ARVC. In addition, other RV measures that reflect the complex geometry and function in ARVC clearly differentiated between ARVC and healthy controls and may provide additional diagnostic and management value. We recommend that future working groups consider this data when proposing new / revised criteria for the echocardiographic diagnosis of ARVC.

The development and evaluation of a community-based clinical diagnosis tool and treatment regimen for postpartum sepsis in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum sepsis accounts for most maternal deaths between three and seven days postpartum, when most mothers, even those who deliver in facilities, are at home. Case fatality rates for untreated women are very high. Newborns of ill women have substantially higher infection risk. METHODS/DESIGN: The objectives of this study are to: (1) create, field-test and validate a tool for community health workers to improve diagnostic accuracy of suspected puerperal sepsis; (2) measure incidence and identify associated risk factors and; (3) describe etiologic agents responsible and antibacterial susceptibility patterns. This prospective cohort study builds on the Aetiology of Neonatal Infection in South Asia study in three sites: Sylhet, Bangladesh and Karachi and Matiari, Pakistan. Formative research determined local knowledge of symptoms and signs of postpartum sepsis, and a systematic literature review was conducted to design a diagnostic tool for community health workers to use during ten postpartum home visits. Suspected postpartum sepsis cases were referred to study physicians for independent assessment, which permitted validation of the tool. Clinical specimens, including urine, blood, and endometrial material, were collected for etiologic assessment and antibiotic sensitivity. All women with puerperal sepsis were given appropriate antibiotics. DISCUSSION: This is the first large population-based study to expand community-based surveillance for diagnoses, referral and treatment of newborn sepsis to include maternal postpartum sepsis. Study activities will lead to development and validation of a diagnostic tool for use by community health workers in resource-poor countries. Understanding the epidemiology and microbiology of postpartum sepsis will inform prevention and treatment strategies and improve understanding of linkages between maternal and neonatal infections.

Measuring genetic knowledge: a brief survey instrument for adolescents and adults.

Basic knowledge of genetics is essential for understanding genetic testing and counseling. The lack of a written, English language, validated, published measure has limited our ability to evaluate genetic knowledge of patients and families. Here, we begin the psychometric analysis of a true/false genetic knowledge measure. The 18-item measure was completed by parents of children with congenital heart defects (CHD) (n = 465) and adolescents and young adults with CHD (age: 15-25, n = 196) with a mean total correct score of 12.6 [standard deviation (SD) = 3.5, range: 0-18]. Utilizing exploratory factor analysis, we determined that one to three correlated factors, or abilities, were captured by our measure. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we determined that the two factor model was the best fit. Although it was necessary to remove two items, the remaining items exhibited adequate psychometric properties in a multidimensional item response theory analysis. Scores for each factor were computed, and a sum-score conversion table was derived. We conclude that this genetic knowledge measure discriminates best at low knowledge levels and is therefore well suited to determine a minimum adequate amount of genetic knowledge. However, further reliability testing and validation in diverse research and clinical settings is needed.