Negative symptoms in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and its relationship with functioning.

BACKGROUND: Recent operational criteria for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) recognized positive and negative symptoms. TRS patients may have heterogeneity in negative symptoms, but empirical data were lacking. We aimed to characterize TRS patients based on negative symptoms using cluster analysis, and to examine between-cluster differences in social functioning. METHODS: We administered the Clinical Assessment Interview of Negative symptoms (CAINS), Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Social and Occupational Functional Assessment (SOFAS to 126 TRS outpatients. All patients also completed the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS), the Emotion Expressivity Scale (EES), and the Social Functional Scale (SFS). A two-stage hierarchical cluster analysis was performed with the CAINS, TEPS and EES as clustering variables. We validated the clusters using ANOVAs to compare group differences in the BNSS, PANSS, SOFAS and SFS. RESULTS: Clustering indices supported a 3-cluster solution. Clusters 1 (n = 46) and 3 (n = 16) exhibited higher CAINS scores than Cluster 2 (n = 64), and were negative-symptom TRS subtypes. Cluster 1 reported lower TEPS than Cluster 3; but Cluster 3 reported lower EES than Cluster 1. Upon validation, Clusters 1 and 3 exhibited higher BNSS scores than Cluster 2, but only Cluster 1 exhibited lower SOFAS and higher PANSS general symptoms than Cluster 2. Both Clusters 1 and 3 had higher self-report functioning than Cluster 2. CONCLUSION: We provided evidence for heterogeneity of negative symptoms in TRS. Negative symptoms can characterize TRS patients and predict functional outcome.

Progress on Salt Tolerance in Brassica napus.

In China, saline-alkali lands constitute 5.01% of the total land area, having a significant impact on both domestic and international food production. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), as one of the most important oilseed crops in China, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential adaptability to saline conditions. Breeding and improving salt-tolerant varieties is a key strategy for the effective utilization of saline lands. Hence, it is important to conduct comprehensive research into the adaptability and salt tolerance mechanisms of Brassica napus in saline environments as well as to breed novel salt-tolerant varieties. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance, physiological and phenotypic indexes, research strategies for the screening of salt-tolerant germplasm resources, and genetic engineering tools for salt stress in Brassica napus. It also introduces various agronomic strategies for applying exogenous substances to alleviate salt stress and provide technological tools and research directions for future research on salt tolerance in Brassica napus.

Fine particulate matter components associated with exacerbated depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Growing awareness acknowledges ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as an environmental risk factor for mental disorders, especially among older people. However, there remains limited evidence regarding which specific chemical components of PM2.5 may be more detrimental. This nationwide prospective cohort study included 22,126 middle-aged and older adult participants of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011-2016), to explore the individual and joint associations between long-term exposure to various PM2.5 components (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic matter, and black carbon) and depressive symptoms. The depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Using the novel quantile-based g-computation for multi-pollutant mixture analysis, we found that exposure to the mixture of major PM2.5 components was significantly associated with aggravating depressive symptoms, with the exposure-response curve exhibiting consistent linear or supra-linear shape without a lower threshold. The estimated weight index indicated that, among major PM2.5 components, only nitrate, sulfate, and black carbon significantly contributed to the exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Given the expanding aging population, stricter regulation on the emissions of particularly toxic PM2.5 components may mitigate the escalating disease burden of depression.

Supplementation of Seaweed Extracts to the Diet Reduces Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in the APPswePS1ΔE9 Mouse Model.

We previously demonstrated that diet supplementation with seaweed Sargassum fusiforme (S. fusiforme) prevented AD-related pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Here, we tested a lipid extract of seaweed Himanthalia elongata (H. elongata) and a supercritical fluid (SCF) extract of S. fusiforme that is free of excess inorganic arsenic. Diet supplementation with H. elongata extract prevented cognitive deterioration in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Similar trends were observed for the S. fusiforme SCF extract. The cerebral amyloid-ß plaque load remained unaffected. However, IHC analysis revealed that both extracts lowered glial markers in the brains of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. While cerebellar cholesterol concentrations remained unaffected, both extracts increased desmosterol, an endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. Both extracts increased cholesterol efflux, and particularly, H. elongata extract decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, our findings suggest a reduction of AD-associated phosphorylated tau and promotion of early oligodendrocyte differentiation by H. elongata. RNA sequencing on the hippocampus of one-week-treated APPswePS1ΔE9 mice revealed effects of H. elongata on, amongst others, acetylcholine and synaptogenesis signaling pathways. In conclusion, extracts of H. elongata and S. fusiforme show potential to reduce AD-related pathology in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Increasing desmosterol concentrations may contribute to these effects by dampening neuroinflammation.

Biomass fuels related-PM2.5 promotes lung fibroblast-myofibroblast transition through PI3K/AKT/TRPC1 pathway.

Emerging evidence has suggested that exposure to PM2.5 is a significant contributing factor to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying biological effects and mechanisms of PM2.5 in COPD pathology remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the implication and regulatory effect of biomass fuels related-PM2.5 (BRPM2.5) concerning the pathological process of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) in the context of COPD. In vivo experimentation revealed that exposure to biofuel smoke was associated with airway inflammation in rats. After 4 weeks of exposure, there was inflammation in the small airways, but no significant structural changes in the airway walls. However, after 24 weeks, airway remodeling occurred due to increased collagen deposition, myofibroblast proliferation, and tracheal wall thickness. In vitro, cellular immunofluorescence results showed that with stimulation of BRPM2.5 for 72 h, the cell morphology of fibroblasts changed significantly, most of the cells changed from spindle-shaped to star-shaped irregular, α-SMA stress fibers appeared in the cytoplasm and the synthesis of type I collagen increased. The collagen gel contraction experiment showed that the contractility of fibroblasts was enhanced. The expression level of TRPC1 in fibroblasts was increased. Specific siRNA-TRPC1 blocked BRPM2.5-induced FMT and reduced cell contractility. Additionally, specific siRNA-TRPC1 resulted in a decrease in the augment of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by BRPM2.5. Notably, it was found that the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, inhibited enhancement of AKT phosphorylation level, FMT occurrence, and elevation of TRPC1 protein expression induced by BRPM2.5. The findings indicated that BRPM2.5 is capable of inducing the FMT, with the possibility of mediation by PI3K/AKT/TRPC1. These results hold potential implications for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in BRPM2.5-induced COPD and may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for pathological conditions characterized by fibrosis.

Ascitic microbiota alteration is associated with portal vein tumor thrombosis occurrence and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) frequently leads to malignant ascites (MA) in individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remaining a bottleneck in the treatment. This study aimed to explore the differences in microbes in paired groups and provide novel insights into PVTT and MA-related treatments. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedding ascite samples were collected from MA secondary to HCC and benign ascites (BA) secondary to liver cirrhosis (LC). Ascitic microbiota profiles were determined in the HCC and LC groups by 16S rRNA sequencing. Prognostic risk factors were screened using survival analysis. The correlation between the significantly different microbial signatures in the groups with PVTT (WVT) and non-PVTT (NVT) and clinical characteristics was explored. The expression of different immune cells was determined by labeling four markers in the MA tissue chips using multiplex immunohistochemistry. A total of 240 patients (196 with HCC with MA and 44 with LC with BA) were included in this study. Microbial profiles differed between the HCC and LC groups. PVTT and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage were shown to be prognostic risk factors. Significant differences in the alpha and beta diversities were observed between the WVT and NVT groups. Gammaproteobacteria and Acinetobacter were the most abundant in the HCC MA. Differences in microbial signatures between the WVT and NVT groups were correlated with the level of C-reactive protein and apolipoprotein A1. This study revealed the microbial differences in the tumor microenvironment of MA secondary to HCC and BA secondary to LC.IMPORTANCEFirst, we explored the alteration of the ascites ecosystem through the microbiota in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis. Second, this is the first clinical study to investigate the differences between patients with HCC with and without portal vein tumor thrombosis via 16S rRNA sequencing. These results revealed a decreased microbial diversity and metabolic dysregulation in individuals with HCC and portal vein tumor thrombosis. Gammaproteobacteria and Acinetobacter were the most abundant in the HCC malignant ascitic fluid. Our study provides a new perspective on treating malignant ascites secondary to HCC.

Whole-exome sequencing in a Chinese sample provides preliminary evidence for the link between rare/low-frequency immune-related variants and early-onset schizophrenia.

Rare and low-frequency variants contribute to schizophrenia (SCZ), and may influence its age-at-onset (AAO). We examined the association of rare or low-frequency deleterious coding variants in Chinese patients with SCZ. We collected DNA samples in 197 patients with SCZ spectrum disorder and 82 healthy controls (HC), and performed exome sequencing. The AAO variable was ascertained in the majority of SCZ participants for identify the early-onset (EOS, AAO<=18) and adult-onset (AOS, AAO>18) subgroups. We examined the overall association of rare/low-frequency, damaging variants in SCZ versus HC, EOS versus HC, and AOS versus HC at the gene and gene-set levels using Sequence Kernel Association Test. The quantitative rare-variant association test of AAO was conducted. Resampling was used to obtain empirical p-values and to control for family-wise error rate (FWER). In binary-trait association tests, we identified 5 potential candidate risk genes and 10 gene ontology biological processes (GOBP) terms, among which PADI2 reached FWER-adjusted significance. In quantitative rare-variant association tests, we found marginally significant correlations of AAO with alterations in 4 candidate risk genes, and 5 GOBP pathways. Together, the biological and functional profiles of these genes and gene sets supported the involvement of perturbations of neural systems in SCZ, and altered immune functions in EOS.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Cotton MYB Transcription Factors and the Functional Validation of GhMYB in Response to Drought Stress.

MYB transcription factors play important roles during abiotic stress responses in plants. However, little is known about the accurate systematic analysis of MYB genes in the four cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii. Herein, we performed phylogenetic analysis and showed that cotton MYBs and Arabidopsis MYBs were clustered in the same subfamilies for each species. The identified cotton MYBs were distributed unevenly on chromosomes in various densities for each species, wherein genome-wide tandem and segment duplications were the main driving force of MYB family expansion. Synteny analysis suggested that the abundant collinearity pairs of MYBs were identified between G. hirsutum and the other three species, and that they might have undergone strong purification selection. Characteristics of conserved motifs, along with their consensus sequence, promoter cis elements and gene structure, revealed that MYB proteins might be highly conserved in the same subgroups for each species. Subsequent analysis of differentially expressed genes and expression patterns indicated that most GhMYBs might be involved in response to drought (especially) and salt stress, which was supported by the expression levels of nine GhMYBs using real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, we performed a workflow that combined virus-induced gene silencing and the heterologous transformation of Arabidopsis, which confirmed the positive roles of GhMYBs under drought conditions, as validated by determining the drought-tolerant phenotypes, damage index and/or water loss rate. Collectively, our findings not only expand our understanding of the relationships between evolution and function of MYB genes, but they also provide candidate genes for cotton breeding.

Early-onset schizophrenia is associated with immune-related rare variants in a Chinese sample.

Background: Rare variants are likely to contribute to schizophrenia (SCZ), given the large discrepancy between the heritability estimated from twin and GWAS studies. Furthermore, the nature of the rare-variant contribution to SCZ may vary with the "age-at-onset" (AAO), since early-onset has been suggested as being indicative of neurodevelopment deviance. Objective: To examine the association of rare deleterious coding variants in early- and adult-onset SCZ in a Chinese sample. Method: Exome sequencing was performed on DNA from 197 patients with SCZ spectrum disorder and 82 healthy controls (HC) of Chinese ancestry recruited in Hong Kong. We also gathered AAO information in the majority of SCZ samples. Patients were classified into early-onset (EOS, AAO<18) and adult-onset (AOS, AAO>18). We collapsed the rare variants to improve statistical power and examined the overall association of rare variants in SCZ versus HC, EOS versus HC, and AOS versus HC at the gene and gene-set levels by Sequence Kernel Association Test. The quantitative rare-variant association test of AAO was also conducted. We focused on variants which were predicted to have a medium or high impact on the protein-encoding process as defined by Ensembl. We applied a 100000-time permutation test to obtain empirical p-values, with significance threshold set at p < 1e -3 to control family-wise error rates. Moreover, we compared the burden of targeted rare variants in significant risk genes and gene sets in cases and controls. Results: Based on several binary-trait association tests (i.e., SCZ vs HC, EOS vs HC and AOS vs HC), we identified 7 candidate risk genes and 20 gene ontology biological processes (GOBP) terms, which exhibited higher burdens in SCZ than in controls. Based on quantitative rare-variant association tests, we found that alterations in 5 candidate risk genes and 7 GOBP pathways were significantly correlated with AAO. Based on biological and functional profiles of the candidate risk genes and gene sets, our findings suggested that, in addition to the involvement of perturbations in neural systems in SCZ in general, altered immune responses may be specifically implicated in EOS. Conclusion: Disrupted immune responses may exacerbate abnormal perturbations during neurodevelopment and trigger the early onset of SCZ. We provided evidence of rare variants increasing SCZ risk in the Chinese population.

Nationwide survey of physicians' familiarity and awareness of diabetes guidelines in China: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate physicians' familiarity and awareness of four diabetes guidelines and their practice of the recommendations outlined in these guidelines. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: An online questionnaire survey was conducted among physicians affiliated with the Specialist Committee for Primary Diabetes Care of China Association of Chinese Medicine, using the snowball sampling method to ensure a broader representation of physicians. PARTICIPANTS: 1150 physicians from 192 cities across 30 provinces in China provided complete data. RESULTS: Tertiary care hospital physicians (TCPs) exhibited the highest familiarity with the Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China (91.3%), followed by the National Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Diabetes in Primary Care (76.8%), the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes (72.2%) and the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes in Chinese Medicine (63.8%). Primary care practitioners (PCPs) exhibited familiarity with these four guidelines at about 50% or less. Self-reported reference to modern diabetes guidelines by physicians is more frequent than traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diabetes guidelines, with rates at 73.2% and 33.8%, respectively. Approximately 90% of physicians provided instructions on self-monitoring of blood glucose to their patients with diabetes. Less than one-third of physicians referred patients to a specialised nutritionist. In terms of health education management, TCPs reported having a diabetes health management team at the rate of 75.7%, followed by secondary care hospital physicians at 57.0% and PCPs at 27.5%. Furthermore, approximately 40% of physicians did not fully grasp hypoglycaemia characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Familiarity and awareness of the screening guidelines varied among physicians in different hospital settings. Importantly, significant discrepancies were observed between physicians' awareness and their self-reported reference to modern medicine guidelines and TCM guidelines. It is essential to consistently provide education and training on diabetes management for all physicians, particularly PCPs.

Interaction effect of midday napping duration and depressive symptoms on subjective memory impairment among older people in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study database.

BACKGROUND: Subjective memory impairment (SMI) is common in older people. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing SMI among older people in China, with specific focus on the interaction effect of midday napping duration and depressive symptoms on the risk of SMI. METHODS: Using a dataset representative of the Chinese population from a longitudinal study of health and retirement in China, subjects with SMI were screened using the question "how do you feel about your memory now?" and the Mini-Mental State Examination. A logistic regression model was applied to explore the factors affecting SMI. Additive and multiplicative models were used to analyze the interaction effect of midday napping duration and depressive symptoms on the risk of SMI. RESULTS: We enrolled 8,254 subjects included and the incidence of SMI was 63.9%. Depressive symptoms, nap time, and physical activity were influencing factors of SMI. Midday napping duration and depressive symptoms had positive additive interaction effects on the risk of SMI. When extended-length naps and depressive symptoms coexisted, the risk of SMI was 1.06 times greater than that for either alone (RERI, relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.07-0.43; AP, attributable proportion = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.01-0.23; S, synergy index = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.57-1.62). When short naps and depressive symptoms coexisted, the risk of SMI was 1.2 times higher than that for either alone (RERI = 0.12, 95% CI=-0.14-0.39; AP = 0.13, 95% CI=-0.07-0.22; S = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.79-1.82). LIMITATIONS: Since this was a cross-sectional study, the cause-and-effect relationships between the associated variables cannot be inferred. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction effect that exists between nap time and depressive symptoms in older people is important for the identification and early intervention of people at risk for SMI.

Pathway-Specific Polygenic Scores Improve Cross-Ancestry Prediction of Psychosis and Clinical Outcomes.

Psychotic disorders are debilitating conditions with disproportionately high public health burden. Genetic studies indicate high heritability, but current polygenic scores (PGS) account for only a fraction of variance in psychosis risk. PGS often show poor portability across ancestries, performing significantly worse in non-European populations. Pathway-specific PGS (pPGS), which restrict PGS to genomic locations within distinct biological units, could lead to increased mechanistic understanding of pathways that lead to risk and improve cross-ancestry prediction by reducing noise in genetic predictors. This study examined the predictive power of genome-wide PGS and nine pathway-specific pPGS in a unique Chinese-ancestry sample of deeply-phenotyped psychosis patients and non-psychiatric controls. We found strong evidence for the involvement of schizophrenia-associated risk variants within "nervous system development" (p=2.5e-4) and "regulation of neuron differentiation" pathways (p=3.0e-4) in predicting risk for psychosis. We also found the "ion channel complex" pPGS, with weights derived from GWAS of bipolar disorder, to be strongly associated with the number of inpatient psychiatry admissions a patient experiences (p=1.5e-3) and account for a majority of the signal in the overall bipolar PGS. Importantly, although the schizophrenia genome-wide PGS alone explained only 3.7% of the variance in liability to psychosis in this Chinese ancestry sample, the addition of the schizophrenia-weighted pPGS for "nervous system development" and "regulation of neuron differentiation" increased the variance explained to 6.9%, which is on-par with the predictive power of PGS in European ancestry samples. Thus, not only can pPGS provide greater insight into mechanisms underlying genetic risk for disease and clinical outcomes, but may also improve cross-ancestry risk prediction accuracy.

The genetic basis of onset age in schizophrenia: evidence and models.

Schizophrenia is a heritable neurocognitive disorder affecting about 1% of the population, and usually has an onset age at around 21-25 in males and 25-30 in females. Recent advances in genetics have helped to identify many common and rare variants for the liability to schizophrenia. Earlier evidence appeared to suggest that younger onset age is associated with higher genetic liability to schizophrenia. Clinical longitudinal research also found that early and very-early onset schizophrenia are associated with poor clinical, neurocognitive, and functional profiles. A recent study reported a heritability of 0.33 for schizophrenia onset age, but the genetic basis of this trait in schizophrenia remains elusive. In the pre-Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) era, genetic loci found to be associated with onset age were seldom replicated. In the post-Genome-Wide Association Study era, new conceptual frameworks are needed to clarify the role of onset age in genetic research in schizophrenia, and to identify its genetic basis. In this review, we first discussed the potential of onset age as a characterizing/subtyping feature for psychosis, and as an important phenotypic dimension of schizophrenia. Second, we reviewed the methods, samples, findings and limitations of previous genetic research on onset age in schizophrenia. Third, we discussed a potential conceptual framework for studying the genetic basis of onset age, as well as the concepts of susceptibility, modifier, and "mixed" genes. Fourth, we discussed the limitations of this review. Lastly, we discussed the potential clinical implications for genetic research of onset age of schizophrenia, and how future research can unveil the potential mechanisms for this trait.

Activation of Liver X Receptors and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors by Lipid Extracts of Brown Seaweeds: A Potential Application in Alzheimer's Disease?

The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRα/ß) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα/γ) are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including lipid metabolism and inflammation. The activation of these receptors has been found to have neuroprotective effects, making them interesting therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The Asian brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme contains both LXR-activating (oxy)phytosterols and PPAR-activating fatty acids. We have previously shown that dietary supplementation with lipid extracts of Sargassum fusiforme prevents disease progression in a mouse model of AD, without inducing adverse effects associated with synthetic pan-LXR agonists. We now determined the LXRα/ß- and PPARα/γ-activating capacity of lipid extracts of six European brown seaweed species (Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Himanthalia elongata, Saccharina latissima, and Sargassum muticum) and the Asian seaweed Sargassum fusiforme using a dual luciferase reporter assay. We analyzed the sterol and fatty acid profiles of the extracts by GC-MS and UPLC MS/MS, respectively, and determined their effects on the expression of LXR and PPAR target genes in several cell lines using quantitative PCR. All extracts were found to activate LXRs, with the Himanthalia elongata extract showing the most pronounced efficacy, comparable to Sargassum fusiforme, for LXR activation and transcriptional regulation of LXR-target genes. Extracts of Alaria esculenta, Fucus vesiculosus, and Saccharina latissima showed the highest capacity to activate PPARα, while extracts of Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, and Sargassum muticum showed the highest capacity to activate PPARγ, comparable to Sargassum fusiforme extract. In CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, all extracts induced expression of cholesterol efflux genes (ABCG1, ABCA1, and APOE) and suppressed expression of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis genes (DHCR7, DHCR24, HMGCR and SREBF2, and SREBF1, ACACA, SCD1 and FASN, respectively). Our data show that lipophilic fractions of European brown seaweeds activate LXRs and PPARs and thereby modulate lipid metabolism. These results support the potential of brown seaweeds in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and possibly cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases via concurrent activation of LXRs and PPARs.

Prediction of HER2 status via random forest in 3257 Chinese patients with gastric cancer.

The accurate evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is crucial for successful trastuzumab-based therapy in individuals with gastric cancer (GC). The present study, involving a retrospective cohort (N = 2865) from Wuhan Union Hospital and a prospective cohort (N = 392) from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, evaluated the benefits of clinical features using random forest and logistic regression models for the detection of HER2 status in patients with GC. Patients from the Union cohort were randomly assigned to either a training (N = 2005) or an internal validation (N = 860) group. Data processing and feature selection were done in Python, which was also used to build random forest and logistic regression models for the prediction of HER2 overexpression. The Renmin cohort (N = 392) was used as the external validation group. Ten features were closely correlated with HER2 overexpression, including age, albumin/globulin ratio, globulin, activated partial thromboplastin time, tumor stage, node stage, tumor node metastasis stage, tumor size, tumor differentiation, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Random forest and logistic regression had areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.9995 and 0.6653 in the training group and 0.923 and 0.667 in the internal validation group, respectively. When the two predictive models were validated using data from the Renmin cohort, random forest and logistic regression had AUCs of 0.9994 and 0.627, respectively. This is the first multicenter study to predict HER2 overexpression in individuals with GC, based on clinical variables. The random forest model significantly outperformed the logistic regression model.

AURKA, TOP2A and MELK are the key genes identified by WGCNA for the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma.

The comprehensive analysis of single or multiple microarray datasets is currently available in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, with several studies having identified genes strongly associated with the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the mechanisms of LUAD development remain largely unknown and has not yet been systematically studied; thus, further studies are required in this field. In the present study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used for the evaluation of key genes with potential high risk of LUAD, and to provide more reliable evidence concerning its pathogenesis. The GSE140797 dataset from the high-throughput GEO database was downloaded and was first analyzed using the Limma package in the R language in order to determine the differentially expressed genes. The dataset was then analyzed using the WGCNA package to analyze the co-expressed genes, and the modular genes with the highest correlation with the clinical phenotype were identified. Subsequently, the pathogenic genes shared in common between the result of the two analyses were imported into the STRING database for protein-protein interaction network analysis. The hub genes were screened out using Cytoscape, and then The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis, receiver operating characteristic analysis and survival analysis were subsequently performed. Finally, the key genes were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Bioinformatics analysis of the GSE140797 dataset revealed eight key genes: AURKA, BUB1, CCNB1, CDK1, MELK, NUSAP1, TOP2A and PBK. Finally, the AURKA, TOP2A and MELK genes were evaluated in samples from patients with lung cancer using WGCNA and RT-qPCR, western blot analysis experiments, providing basis for further research on the mechanisms of LUAD development and targeted therapy.

Research Progress in High-Efficiency Utilization of Nitrogen in Rapeseed.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important mineral elements for plant growth and development and a key factor for improving crop yield. Rapeseed, Brassica napus, is the largest oil crop in China, producing more than 50% of the domestic vegetable oil. However, high N fertilizer input with low utilization efficiency not only increases the production cost but also causes serious environmental pollution. Therefore, the breeding of rapeseed with high N efficiency is of great strategic significance to ensure the security of grain and oil and the sustainable development of the rapeseed industry. In order to provide reference for genetic improvement of rapeseed N-efficient utilization, in this article, we mainly reviewed the recent research progress of rapeseed N efficiency, including rapeseed N efficiency evaluation, N-efficient germplasm screening, and N-efficient physiological and molecular genetic mechanisms.

[Consideration of Supervision of Mesotherapy Needles for Cosmetic Injection].

With the development of medical aesthetics industry in China, sodium hyaluronic is injected into the facial dermis with multi needles to relieve wrinkles, thick pores, skin relaxation and other aging problems, is more and more popular nowadays. The wide application of mesotherapy for cosmetic injection and the subsequent adverse events are widely reported. This study attempts to explore the adverse events and countermeasures for the application of mesotherapy from the perspective of medical device supervision.

Development and validation of a risk prediction model for frailty in patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is the third most common complication of diabetes after macrovascular and microvascular complications. The aim of this study was to develop a validated risk prediction model for frailty in patients with diabetes. METHODS: The research used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a dataset representative of the Chinese population. Twenty-five indicators, including socio-demographic variables, behavioral factors, health status, and mental health parameters, were analyzed in this study. The study cohort was randomly divided into a training set and a validation set at a ratio of 70 to 30%. LASSO regression analysis was used to screen the variables for the best predictors of the model based on a 10-fold cross-validation. The logistic regression model was applied to explore the associated factors of frailty in patients with diabetes. A nomogram was constructed to develop the prediction model. Calibration curves were applied to evaluate the accuracy of the nomogram model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and decision curve analysis were conducted to assess predictive performance. RESULTS: One thousand four hundred thirty-six patients with diabetes from the CHARLS database collected in 2013 (n = 793) and 2015 (n = 643) were included in the final analysis. A total of 145 (10.9%) had frailty symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that marital status, activities of daily living, waist circumference, cognitive function, grip strength, social activity, and depression as predictors of frailty in people with diabetes. These factors were used to construct the nomogram model, which showed good concordance and accuracy. The AUC values of the predictive model and the internal validation set were 0.912 (95%CI 0.887-0.937) and 0.881 (95% CI 0.829-0.934). Hosmer-Lemeshow test values were P = 0.824 and P = 0.608 (both > 0.05). Calibration curves showed significant agreement between the nomogram model and actual observations. ROC and DCA indicated that the nomogram had a good predictive performance. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive nomogram constructed in this study was a promising and convenient tool to evaluate the risk of frailty in patients with diabetes, and contributed clinicians to screening the high-risk population.

Identification of Side Chain Oxidized Sterols as Novel Liver X Receptor Agonists with Therapeutic Potential in the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The nuclear receptors-liver X receptors (LXR α and ß) are potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases because of their key role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Specific oxy(phyto)sterols differentially modulate the transcriptional activity of LXRs providing opportunities to develop compounds with improved therapeutic characteristics. We isolated oxyphytosterols from Sargassum fusiforme and synthesized sidechain oxidized sterol derivatives. Five 24-oxidized sterols demonstrated a high potency for LXRα/ß activation in luciferase reporter assays and induction of LXR-target genes APOE, ABCA1 and ABCG1 involved in cellular cholesterol turnover in cultured cells: methyl 3ß-hydroxychol-5-en-24-oate (S1), methyl (3ß)-3-aldehydeoxychol-5-en-24-oate (S2), 24-ketocholesterol (S6), (3ß,22E)-3-hydroxycholesta-5,22-dien-24-one (N10) and fucosterol-24,28 epoxide (N12). These compounds induced SREBF1 but not SREBP1c-mediated lipogenic genes such as SCD1, ACACA and FASN in HepG2 cells or astrocytoma cells. Moreover, S2 and S6 enhanced cholesterol efflux from HepG2 cells. All five oxysterols induced production of the endogenous LXR agonists 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol by upregulating the CYP46A1, encoding the enzyme converting cholesterol into 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol; S1 and S6 may also act via the upregulation of desmosterol production. Thus, we identified five novel LXR-activating 24-oxidized sterols with a potential for therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.