Effects of biogas slurry on hydrothermal carbonization of digestate: Synergistic valorization of hydrochars and aqueous phase.

In this study, livestock manure digestate (LMD) was used as feedstock for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at different temperature (180-260 °C) and residence time (0-4 h). Nutrient flow and distribution during the HTC process were evaluated by comparing the effects of livestock manure biogas slurry (LBS) and ultrapure water (UW) to determine the optimal reaction conditions for the synergistic production and application of hydrochars (HC) and aqueous phases (AP). Compared with UW, the HC yields derived from LBS as solvent were increased by 27.05-38.24% under the same conditions. The C content, high heating value (HHV), and energy densification of HC obtained from LMD and UW were higher than those obtained from LMD and LBS, and the ash content was lower. While, LBS circumstance improved the porosity, N content and some trace elements e.g. Ca, Fe and Mg in HC that showed excellent fertility potential. In addition, the recovery rate of K, TOC, NH4+-N, and TN concentrations in AP were significantly higher in the LBS circumstance than in UW. The results show that the addition of UW is more favorable for fuel generation, and the HC obtained from LMD and UW at 220 °C has the potential to be used as a fuel. Whereas, the addition of LBS enhanced the potential of HC and AP for agricultural applications simultaneously. It is recommended to use HC and AP obtained from LMD and LBS at 240 °C for using as fertilizer.

The Effects of Perineural Dexamethasone on Rebound Pain After Nerve Block in Patients With Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: A single nerve block provides excellent analgesia in a short time, but rebound pain after the nerve block dissipates has attracted researchers' attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perineural dexamethasone on rebound pain after sciatic nerve block and femoral nerve block in patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). METHODS: In a double-blinded fashion, we recruited 72 patients undergoing UKA, each of whom received sciatic and femoral nerve block. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n=36): X (ropivacaine only) and D (ropivacaine combined with dexamethasone). The primary outcome was the incidence of rebound pain. The secondary outcomes were rebound pain score, the duration of rebound pain, the duration of nerve block, pain score, sufentanil consumption and rescue analgesic, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, distance walked, sleep quality score, C-reactive protein levels, and adverse effects. RESULTS: Compared with group X, the incidence of rebound pain in group D was higher, the rebound pain score was higher and the duration of the nerve block was prolonged ( P <0.05). At 12, 16, and 20 hours postoperatively, the pain scores at rest in group D were lower. At 32 and 36 hours postoperatively, the pain scores at rest in group D were higher ( P <0.05). Furthermore, patients in group D had lower levels of C-reactive protein after surgery ( P <0.05). DISCUSSION: The addition of dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine for UKA effectively prolonged the duration of nerve block and decreased C-reactive protein levels, but increased the incidence of rebound pain and rebound pain score, and had no beneficial effects on the postoperative analgesia.

Amino-grafted Biochar as a Novel Photocatalyst for degradation of high concentration dye.

Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollution by biochar was a sustainable strategy for waste water remediation, nevertheless, it still suffers drawbacks like low efficiency due to the poor photocatalytic properties of pristine biochar. Herein, amino groups were grafted on the edge sites/defects of biochar by Friedel-Crafts acylation to enhance the degradation of high concentration dye solutions. The results suggested that the amino groups played an important role in imparting photocatalytic properties to biochar. Owing to the strong Lewis basicity and electron-donating ability of amino groups, their interaction with oxygen-containing functional groups/aromatic structures in biochar was improved, which enhanced the electron exchange ability of biochar under visible light irradiation, resulting in excellent degradation performances of high concentration RhB (∼10 times faster than ungrafted biochar). In this work, amino-grafted garlic peel biochar delivered a new idea for the future direction of biochar-based photocatalysis in wastewater remediation.

Design of Variable Stiffness Trajectories with Cubic Ferguson Curve.

To design a class of full cover trajectories that satisfy curvature limitations and enhance the buckling load of constructed laminates, a variable stiffness laminate is proposed by applying the cubic Ferguson curve. First, the traditional explicit form of the cubic Ferguson curve is redefined as polar coordinates, two connected Ferguson curve segments with three extra parameters are applied to describe full cover trajectories, and the effects on trajectories introduced by these modifications are discussed. Then, the finite element method is used to introduce parameters for analyzing the buckling load of the designed variable stiffness laminates. Numerical experiments show that automatic fiber placement (AFP) trajectories described by the cubic Ferguson curve can automatically reach C1 continuity and can be locally modified by adjusting the introduced parameters. Compared with traditional constant stiffness laminates, the variable stiffness laminates designed using the proposed method exhibit a higher buckling load and better stability.

Fingertip soft tissue defect caused by periungual warts: A case report.

Periungual warts are frequently encountered in the field of dermatology. Here, we describe the case of a 69-year-old individual who presented with hand warts. The wart growth extended to the finger stump, resulting in a soft tissue defect on the fingertip of the right thumb. A treatment approach involving superficial x-ray therapy in combination with tretinoin was employed to address this finding. The warts disappeared after completing 26 days of the treatment regimen. Fingertip soft tissue defects due to periungual warts are a rare occurrence in clinical settings. This report serves as the first documented case of such a problem successfully managed with the treatment approach mentioned above.

Bioinformatics Analysis, Expression Profiling, and Functional Characterization of Heat Shock Proteins in Wolfi-poria cocos.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play critical roles in regulating different mechanisms under high-temperature conditions. HSPs have been identified and well-studied in different plants. However, there is a lack of information about their genomic organization and roles in medicinal plants and fungi, especially in Wolfi-poria cocos (W. cocos). We identified sixteen heat shock proteins (HSPs) in W. cocos and analyzed in terms of phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, motif distribution patterns, physiochemical properties, and expression comparison in different strains. Based on phylogenetic analysis, HSPs were divided into five subgroups (WcHSP100, WcHSP90, WcHSP70, WcHSP60, and WcsHSP). Subgroups WcHSP100s, WcHSP90s, WcHSP70s, WcHSP60, and WcsHSPs were further divided into 3, 2, 3, 1, and 6 subfamilies, respectively. Moreover, the expression profiling of all HSP genes in five strains of W. cocos under different temperature extremes revealed that expression of most HSPs were induced by high temperature. However, every subfamily showed different expression suggesting distinctive role in heat stress tolerance. WcHSP70-4, WcHSP90-1, and WcHSP100-1 showed the highest response to high temperature stress. Heterologous expression of WcHSP70-4, WcHSP90-1, and WcHSP100-1 genes in Escherichia coli enhanced survival rate of E. coli during heat stress. These findings suggest the role of W. cocos heat shock genes in the high temperature stress tolerance.

Influence of nano-Fe3O4 biochar on the methanation pathway during anaerobic digestion of chicken manure.

Volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen (AN) accumulate during anaerobic digestion (AD) of high N substrates, such as chicken manure (CM), causing decreases in methane yield. Previous research found that the addition of nano-Fe3O4 biochar can alleviate the inhibition caused by acids and ammonia and increase methane production. The mechanism of enhanced methane production in nano-Fe3O4 biochar-mediated AD of CM was explored in depth in this study. The results showed the lowest AN concentration in the control and nano-Fe3O4 biochar addition groups were 8,229.0 mg/L and 7,701.5 mg/L, respectively. Methane yield of volatile solids increased from 92.0 mL/g to 219.9 mL/g in the nano-Fe3O4 biochar treatment, which was attributed to the enrichment of unclassified Clostridiales and Methanosarcina. The mechanism of nano-Fe3O4 biochar in AD of CM under high AN level was to improve methane production by promoting syntrophic acetate oxidation and facilitating direct electron transfer between microorganisms.

Disruption of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Contacts Underlies Contractile Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Atrial Fibrillation: A Key Role of Mitofusin 2.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common and progressive tachyarrhythmia. Diabetes is a common risk factor for AF. Recent research findings revealed that microtubule network disruption underlies AF. The microtubule network mediates the contact between sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, 2 essential organelles for normal cardiomyocyte function. Therefore, disruption of the microtubule network may impair sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial contacts (SRMCs) and subsequently cardiomyocyte function. The current study aims to determine whether microtubule-mediated SRMCs disruption underlies diabetes-associated AF. Methods and Results Tachypacing (mimicking AF) and high glucose (mimicking diabetes) significantly impaired contractile function in HL-1 cardiomyocytes (loss of calcium transient) and Drosophila (reduced heart rate and increased arrhythmia), both of which were prevented by microtubule stabilizers. Furthermore, both tachypacing and high glucose significantly reduced SRMCs and the key SRMC tether protein mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and resulted in consequent mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which were prevented by microtubule stabilizers. In line with pharmacological interventions with microtubule stabilizers, cardiac-specific knockdown of MFN2 induced arrhythmia in Drosophila and overexpression of MFN2 prevented tachypacing- and high glucose-induced contractile dysfunction in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and/or Drosophila. Consistently, SRMCs/MFN2 levels were significantly reduced in right atrial appendages of patients with persistent AF compared with control patients, which was aggravated in patients with diabetes. Conclusions SRMCs may play a critical role in clinical AF, especially diabetes-related AF. Furthermore, SRMCs can be regulated by microtubules and MFN2, which represent novel potential therapeutic targets for AF.

The efficacy and safety of topical Tretinoin combined with superficial X-ray therapy (SXRT) in treating periungual warts.

There are multiple treatment modalities for periungual warts (PWs), although most are destructive and painful, limiting their application. Radiotherapy is a non-invasive method suitable for treating PW patients with contraindications to invasive procedures. To investigate the efficacy and safety of topical Tretinoin combined with Superficial X-ray therapy (SXRT) in treating PWs. This study included patients with 65 PWs who underwent treatment and a 3-month follow-up. Twenty four PWs were subjected to SXRT alone (group A). The remaining 41 PWs were subjected to SXRT combined with the application of the Tretinoin cream from the first day (group B). The overall clinical response rate, recurrence rates, cosmetic outcomes, and adverse events were observed during the follow-up period. The complete clearance rate (75% vs. 92.7% in groups A and B, respectively) and healing times (19.9 vs. 16.0 days in groups A and B, respectively) between the two groups were significantly different (p < 0.046 and 0.04), indicating the combination treatment is more effective. Notably, there was no damaging or permanent deformation on the nail, and the other adverse effects were mild and bearable. Topical Tretinoin combined with SXRT therapy is an effective strategy for treating PWs, with minor side effects. It is painless and with excellent cosmetic outcomes.

Effect of quorum-sensing molecule 2-phenylethanol and ARO genes on Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm.

Biofilms are a form of microbial community that can be beneficial for industrial fermentation because of their remarkable environmental resistance. However, the mechanism of biofilm formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains to be fully explored, and this may enable improved industrial applications for this organism. Although quorum-sensing (QS) molecules are known to be involved in bacteria biofilm formation, few studies have been undertaken with these in fungi. 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is considered a QS molecule in S. cerevisiae. Here, we found that exogenous 2-PE could stimulate biofilm formation at low cell concentrations. ARO8p and ARO9p are responsible for the synthesis of 2-PE and were crucial to the formation of biofilm. Deletion of the ARO8 and ARO9 genes reduced the content of 2-PE in the early stage of fermentation, reduced ethanol yield and decreased biofilm formation. The expression of FLOp, which is involved in cell adhesion, and the content of extracellular polysaccharides of mutant strains ΔARO8 and ΔARO9 were also significantly reduced. These findings indicate that the production of 2-PE had a positive effect on biofilm formation in S. cerevisiae, thereby providing further key details for studying the formation of biofilm mechanism in the future. KEY POINTS: • Quorum-sensing molecule 2-PE positively affects biofilm formation in S. cerevisiae. • 2-PE synthetic genes ARO8 and ARO9 deletion reduced extracellular polysaccharide. • ARO8 and ARO9 deletion reduced the gene expression of the FLO family.

Role of Oxidative DNA Damage and Repair in Atrial Fibrillation and Ischemic Heart Disease.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) represent the two most common clinical cardiac diseases, characterized by angina, arrhythmia, myocardial damage, and cardiac dysfunction, significantly contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and posing a heavy socio-economic burden on society worldwide. Current treatments of these two diseases are mainly symptomatic and lack efficacy. There is thus an urgent need to develop novel therapies based on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that oxidative DNA damage might be a major underlying mechanism that promotes a variety of cardiac diseases, including AF and IHD. Antioxidants, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) boosters, and enzymes involved in oxidative DNA repair processes have been shown to attenuate oxidative damage to DNA, making them potential therapeutic targets for AF and IHD. In this review, we first summarize the main molecular mechanisms responsible for oxidative DNA damage and repair both in nuclei and mitochondria, then describe the effects of oxidative DNA damage on the development of AF and IHD, and finally discuss potential targets for oxidative DNA repair-based therapeutic approaches for these two cardiac diseases.

Blood-based 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level: A potential diagnostic biomarker for atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Recent research findings have revealed a key role of oxidative DNA damage in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore, the circulating oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) may represent a biomarker for staging AF and identifying patients at risk for AF recurrence and postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether serum levels of 8-OHdG correlate with the stage of AF, recurrence after AF treatment, and onset of POAF after cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 8-OHdG levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human serum samples. Blood samples were collected from control patients without AF history; patients with paroxysmal AF and persistent AF undergoing electrical cardioversion or pulmonary vein isolation (PVI); and patients with sinus rhythm (SR) undergoing cardiac surgery. AF recurrence was determined during 12-month follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify changes in 8-OHdG levels between the groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, 8-OHdG levels in the patient groups gradually and significantly increased during arrhythmia progression. 8-OHdG levels in AF patients showing AF recurrence after PVI treatment were significantly increased compared to patients without AF recurrence. Moreover, in SR patients undergoing cardiac surgery, 8-OHdG levels were significantly elevated in those showing POAF compared to patients without POAF. CONCLUSION: 8-OHdG level may represent a potential diagnostic biomarker for AF staging as well as for predicting AF recurrence and POAF after treatment.

Covalent functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets via reductive activation.

Hexagonal boron nitride is well known for its unique structure and excellent physical properties, particularly in hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with high potential in multiple technological applications. However, its severe layer-by-layer aggregation and incompatibility with processing liquids or condensed phase materials pose a great challenge. Covalent functionalization of BNNSs has been a common approach to address these critical issues, yet it is extremely difficult to carry out due to the chemical inertness of BNNSs. In this study, we report a novel and general route to covalently functionalize BNNSs via a simple reduction reaction. This involves initial negative charging through effective reductive activation which enables subsequent reactions with various organic alkyl halides. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirm that linear alkyl chains with varying lengths are successfully grafted onto BNNSs, which leads to matched compatibility with organic media and the exfoliation level of few-layer thickness. The increase of the alkyl chain length considerably promotes their solubility in organic solvents with iodoalkanes as the most efficient grafting agents. Incorporation of alkylated BNNSs into a polymer matrix at low filler loadings leads to significant enhancements in mechanical properties over neat polymers, suggesting their exceptional reinforcement for polymer nanocomposites. This facile and scalable reductive chemistry route is applicable to versatile chemical modifications of BNNSs with diverse functional groups and grafting agents by reactions with suitable electrophiles.

Biofilm-based fermentation: a novel immobilisation strategy for Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle progression during ethanol production.

Biofilm-based fermentation, as a new immobilisation strategy, is beneficial for industrial fermentation due to its excellent environmental resistance, high productivity and continuous fermentation relative to calcium alginate-immobilised fermentation. These two techniques differ mainly regarding cell stages. Here, we describe the cell phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm-based fermentation and compare cell cycle stages with those during immobilisation in calcium alginate. Most cells in the biofilm-based fermentation adhered to the cotton-fibre carrier of the biofilm and were in the G2/M phase whereas alginate-embedded cells were in the G1/G0 phase. Deletion of the RIM15 gene, which regulates cell cycle progression according to nutritional status, hampered the cell cycle arrest observed in alginate-embedded cells, enhanced biofilm formation and improved fermentation ability. The improved biofilm formation shown by the rim15△ strain could be attributed to an increase in the expression level of the adhesion protein FLO11 and synthesis of trehalose. These findings suggest that the extracellular environment is mainly responsible for the difference between biofilm-based fermentation and alginate-embedded fermentation, and that RIM15 plays an essential role in cell cycle progression. KEY POINTS: • In the biofilm, S. cerevisiae cell populations were mostly in the G2/M phase while alginate-embedded cells were arrested in the G1/G0 phase. • The RIM15 gene partially influenced the cell cycle progression observed during ethanol fermentation. • Biofilm-based cells were actively adsorbed on the physical carrier. • Biofilm immobilisation could maintain cell division activity explaining its fermentation efficiency.

Anaerobic co-digestion of corn stover and wastewater from hydrothermal carbonation.

This study aimed to investigate the interactions between wastewater of hydrothermal carbonation (W-HTC) and corn stover (CS) during anaerobic co-digestion. The results showed the maximum cumulative methane production of co-digestion was 280.7 ± 3.2 mL/g VS, and it increased by 5.84% and 10.69% compared with mono-digestion of CS and W-HTC, respectively. Increasing the HTC temperature and excess addition of W-HTC inhibits early and middle stage of co-digestion due to toxic organic inhibitors, and the negative effect of phenols is substantially more than furans. The microbial analysis illustrated the addition of W-HTC can promote the growth of Clostridia and Bacteroidia. The growth of Methanomassiliicoccus and Methanosarcina was more vigorous in most of co-digestions, which was positively correlated with methane production. The study concluded methanogenesis can be enhanced by the co-digestion of W-HTC and CS, which provide optimization of process conditions and some reaction mechanism for application of W-HTC in anaerobic digestion.

Cell-Free Circulating Mitochondrial DNA: A Potential Blood-Based Marker for Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common, progressive tachyarrhythmia is associated with serious complications, such as stroke and heart failure. Early recognition of AF, essential to prevent disease progression and therapy failure, is hampered by the lack of accurate diagnostic serum biomarkers to identify the AF stage. As we previously showed mitochondrial dysfunction to drive experimental and human AF, we evaluated whether cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA (cfc-mtDNA) represents a potential serum marker. Therefore, the levels of two mtDNA genes, COX3 and ND1, were measured in 84 control patients (C), 59 patients undergoing cardiac surgery without a history of AF (SR), 100 paroxysmal (PAF), 116 persistent (PeAF), and 20 longstanding-persistent (LS-PeAF) AF patients undergoing either cardiac surgery or AF treatment (electrical cardioversion or pulmonary vein isolation). Cfc-mtDNA levels were significantly increased in PAF patients undergoing AF treatment, especially in males and patients with AF recurrence after AF treatment. In PeAF and LS-PeAF, cfc-mtDNA levels gradually decreased. Importantly, cfc-mtDNA in serum may originate from cardiomyocytes, as in vitro tachypaced cardiomyocytes release mtDNA in the medium. The findings suggest that cfc-mtDNA is associated with AF stage, especially in males, and with patients at risk for AF recurrence after treatment.

Role of HDACs in cardiac electropathology: Therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation.

Perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is caused by electropathology, which is defined as impairment of electrical activation caused by structural and metabolic remodeling of cardiomyocytes. We previously dissected the molecular mechanisms underlying electropathology and identified an important role for histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs catalyze the removal of acetyl-groups from lysine residues within nucleosomal histone tails and many non-histone proteins. Various HDAC inhibitors are efficacious in attenuating electropathology, and improve contractile function in experimental AF. Emerging evidence reveals novel mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors prevent cardiac electropathology and thereby benefit the heart during AF. These mechanisms include post-translational modification of contractile and structural proteins and changes in gene expression. In this review paper, we summarize recent findings on novel functions of zinc-dependent HDACs in electropathology and discuss the potential for pharmacological HDAC inhibition as a strategy to treat AF.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics, chemical speciation and environmental risk of Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn in biochars derived from pig manure.

The comprehensive analysis of environmental risk for heavy metals in pig manure was essential for optimization of pyrolysis conditions and scientific utilization of pig manure biochars as soil amendment. However, in previous studies, the selected pyrolysis temperature points were limited and temperature interval was large, it's was difficult to accurately verify the effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical speciation and environmental risk of heavy metals. Therefore, in this study, pig manure was pyrolyzed at 300-700 °C with a small interval of 50 °C to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and environmental risk of Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn in pig manure biochar. Results indicated that the characteristics of biochars (>500 °C) were relatively stable. The biochar obtained at 700 °C exhibited the largest surface area (8.28 m2 g-1) and pore volume (25.17 m3 kg-1), secondly is the biochar derived at 500 °C. The total percentages of exchangeable and acid fraction and reducible fraction decreased from 16.98% to 9.43% for Cr, 85.60% to 65.55% for Mn, 57.26% to 10.61% for Cu, 37.90% to 13.78% for Zn, respectively, suggesting that exchangeable and acid fraction and reducible fraction of Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn in pig manure were transformed into oxidizable and residual fractions after pyrolysis. The leaching rates, risk assessment code and potential ecological risk index values significantly decreased after pyrolysis and presented lower value at 500 and 700 °C. Biochars derived at 300-700 °C conditions posed no phytotoxicity with germination index >80%. Correlation analyses revealed that larger surface area, pore volume and pH values of biochars may help to immobilize heavy metals and reduce bioavailability. These findings demonstrated that bioavailability and toxicity of Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn in pig manure biochar were greatly reduced after pyrolysis and the optimum temperature was 500 °C considering energy cost.

[Effect of Biochar Structure on Adsorption Characteristics of Ammonia Nitrogen].

Ammonia inhibition is a common phenomenon in biogas engineering which is rich in organic nitrogen substrate. Ammonia nitrogen in anaerobic digestate slurry can be fixed by biochar adsorption. Biochar is prepared from corn stalks and rice husks as raw materials at different temperatures (350℃, 450℃, and 550℃). The purpose is to explore the correlation between the physical and chemical structure of biochar and the adsorption characteristics of ammonia nitrogen. The structure and physicochemical properties of biochar were analyzed by elemental analysis, FTIR, BET, etc., and batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of biochar with different physicochemical properties on adsorption characteristics of ammonia nitrogen. The results indicated that the carbon and ash content in biochar increases with an increase in pyrolysis temperature; the NH4+-N adsorption of the corn stalk biochar prepared at 450℃ (CS450) and the rice husk biochar prepared at 550℃ (RH550) follows the quasi-secondary-and quasi-first-order kinetic models. The Freundlich adsorption model can better describe the isothermal adsorption process of ammonia nitrogen in CS450 and RH550 biochar. The adsorption capacity of corn straw carbon correlated strongly with its surface functional groups. The most significant correlation with the adsorption capacity of rice husk carbon is the specific surface area of biochar, followed by surface functional groups, and finally ash content. Among them, RH550 had the best adsorption performance, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 12.16 mg·g-1.