Modifying Polyvinylidene Chloride Resin with Fluorine Monomer and Cross-Linking Monomers.

Modified polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) resin was prepared using octafluoropentyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as modifying monomers through seeded emulsion polymerization. The successful incorporation of octafluoropentyl methacrylate into the PVDC resin was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and XPS were utilized to investigate the element distribution in the modified monomer emulsion and the mechanism of monomer modification. The results demonstrated that the fluorine monomer was reacted in the resin, and mainly concentrated on the surface of the resin. The addition of octafluoropentyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate improved the water resistance of the resin. Compared to unmodified PVDC resin, the contact angle of the modified PVDC resin increased from 89.46° to 109.51°, and the water resistance at room temperature increased from 120 to 500 h. Furthermore, the modified resin exhibited excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and storage stability.

Research on the evolutionary patterns and control of surrounding rock superimposed stress field local area loading in double-layer Island face main roadway.

Double-layer island working face main roadway coal pillars are affected by complex mining stress superposition, when different coal pillar width combinations, the surrounding rock stress field will produce different degrees of regional loading increase effect; the study of the surrounding rock stress field regional superposition loading increase law is meaningful to explaining the failure mode of the roadway and determining the critical control area. This study combines numerical simulation with on-site monitoring and other methods and draws the following conclusions: The superimposed loading increase law ("decreasing" → "increasing") of the abutment pressure and deviatoric stress in the lower coal seam of the double-layer island working face during the mining; the type of the principal stress deflection in the advance working face region; and by obtaining the three types of development morphology of the deviatoric stress peak zone of the roadway and its corresponding nine evolution modes (one type of circular tube → four types of inverse hyperbolic body → four types of hyperbolic body) in the double-layered island working face mining. Indicated the critical reinforcement area corresponding to the main roadway when at different combinations of coal pillar widths; determined the main track roadway protective coal pillars width for 40 m and the shape of the roadway peak deviatoric stress zone is the inverse class hyperbolic body mode; according to the evolution mode of the peak deviatoric stress zone, determined the synergistic failure control program for the asymmetric critical zone of the roadway surrounding rock which is a targeted scientific support method; after the feedback of on-site monitoring and, the support program is reasonable and effective.

Structural characterization and mechanisms of macrophage immunomodulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide with a galactose backbone from the processed Polygonati Rhizoma.

A purified polysaccharide with a galactose backbone (SPR-1, Mw 3,622 Da) was isolated from processed Polygonati Rhizoma with black beans (PRWB) and characterized its chemical properties. The backbone of SPR-1 consisted of [(4)-ß-D-Galp-(1]9 â†’ 4,6)-ß-D-Galp-(1 â†’ 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 â†’ 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 â†’ 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ 4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ 4)-α/ß-D-Glcp, with a branch chain of R1: ß-D-Galp-(1 â†’ 3)-ß-D-Galp-(1→ connected to the →4,6)-ß-D-Galp-(1→ via O-6, and a branch chain of R2: α-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ connected to the →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ via O-6. Immunomodulatory assays showed that the SPR-1 significantly activated macrophages, and increased secretion of NO and cytokines (i.e., IL-1ß and TNF-α), as well as promoted the phagocytic activities of cells. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis and molecular docking results indicated high-affinity binding between SPR-1 and MD2 with the equilibrium dissociation constant (K D) of 18.8 µM. It was suggested that SPR-1 activated the immune response through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and downstream responses. Our research demonstrated that the SPR-1 has a promising candidate from PRWB for the TLR4 agonist to induce immune response, and also provided an easily accessible way that can be used for PR deep processing.

Neurological toxicities with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate neurological toxicities with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) in cancer patients. Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 1 January 2000 to 1 November 2023. Forty-six RCTs and 9529 patients were included. PARPis could increase the risk of all-grade headache [risk ratio (RR), 1.22; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.14-1.30; P < 0.00001], dizziness (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.28-1.53; P < 0.00001), dysgeusia (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.44-2.60; P < 0.0001) and insomnia (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.60; P < 0.0001) in cancer patients. Headache was the most common neurological toxicity. Niraparib was associated with a higher risk of headache and insomnia, talazoparib with a higher risk of dizziness and rucaparib with a higher risk of dysgeusia. Breast cancer patients receiving PARPis have a higher risk of dysgeusia, while ovarian cancer patients are at an increased risk of insomnia. PARPis may increase the risk of mild to moderate neurological toxicities, but not severe ones.

Context-embedded hypergraph attention network and self-attention for session recommendation.

Modeling user intention with limited evidence in short-term historical sequences is a major challenge in session recommendation. In this domain, research exploration extends from traditional methods to deep learning. However, most of them solely concentrate on the sequential dependence or pairwise relations within the session, disregarding the inherent consistency among items. Additionally, there is a lack of research on context adaptation in session intention learning. To this end, we propose a novel session-based model named C-HAN, which consists of two parallel modules: the context-embedded hypergraph attention network and self-attention. These modules are designed to capture the inherent consistency and sequential dependencies between items. In the hypergraph attention network module, the different types of interaction contexts are introduced to enhance the model's contextual awareness. Finally, the soft-attention mechanism efficiently integrates the two types of information, collaboratively constructing the representation of the session. Experimental validation on three real-world datasets demonstrates the superior performance of C-HAN compared to state-of-the-art methods. The results show that C-HAN achieves an average improvement of 6.55%, 5.91%, and 6.17% over the runner-up baseline method on Precision@K, Recall@K, and MRR evaluation metrics, respectively.

Incorporating body mass index into esophageal manometry metrics and mean nocturnal baseline impedance for the evaluation of gastro-esophageal reflux disease.

This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of high resolution manometry (HRM) and pH-impedance monitoring metrics in distinguishing between gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and non-GERD. A retrospective propensity score matching (PSM) study was conducted on 643 patients with GERD symptoms. PSM matched 134 GERD patients with 134 non-GERD controls. Body mass index (BMI), intra-esophageal pressure (IEP) and intra-gastric pressure (IGP) were significantly higher in the GERD group compared to the non-GERD group. BMI was correlated with IEP and IGP positively. IGP was positively correlated with esophagogastric (EGJ) pressure (EGJ-P) in participants with EGJ type 1 and 2, but not in participants with EGJ type 3. BMI was correlated with distal MNBI negatively. Logistic regression showed BMI as an independent risk factor for GERD. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that BMI adjusted EGJ contractile integral (EGJ-CI) and BMI adjusted MNBI were superior to the corresponding original ones in predicting GERD susceptibility. According to the findings, BMI and IGP are the main factors contributing to the development of GERD. BMI affects IEP through the adaptive response of EGJ-P to IGP. Incorporating BMI into the calculations of EGJ-CI and MNBI can improve their ability in predicting GERD susceptibility.

Temperature tunability of topological phase transitions and edge states in two-dimensional acoustic topological insulators.

Topological insulators are characterized by exhibiting an internal insulating state but a surface conductor state, which makes them advantageous for applications in novel devices. However, for most given acoustic topological metamaterials, the operating frequency is relatively fixed and the effect of temperature on their topological properties is rarely considered. Therefore, a temperature-tunable acoustic topological insulator is constructed in this paper. The quadruple degenerate Dirac cone formed at Γ point can be opened by adjusting the temperature, causing topological band inversion between the doubly degenerate dipolar and quadrupole states, and achieving topological phase transition. The evolution of its topological state with temperature is numerically investigated and a novel topological acoustic waveguide is constructed. The switching effect of temperature on the waveguide device is verified by numerical simulation and experiment. Non-contact active modulation of edge states in the structure is achieved by temperature-controlled topological phases, exhibiting acoustic switching effects. This study can provide corresponding references for the intelligent control of acoustic topology in noise, vibration, and other aspects.

Characterizing and decoding the key odor compounds of Spirulina platensis at different processing stages by sensomics.

Processing is an indispensable technology in the preparation of Spirulina platensis (S. platensis). The key odorants in liquids, muds, and powders from S. platensis (NM and GZ) were characterized. A total of 90 odorants were identified and 41 odorants were sniffed with the flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 729. Among them, nonanal, decanal, d-limonene, ß-cyclocitral, and ß-ionone with FD factors ≥1 were detected in S. platensis during the whole processing stages. In addition, heptanal, (E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, 1-hepten-3-one, isophorone, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and α-ionone exhibited higher odor activity values in powders; ß-myrcene, methional, and S-methyl methanethiosulphonate were key odorants in muds; while trans-3-penten-2-ol was key odorant in liquids. Besides, the GZ-mud presented stronger earthy and fishy odor than NM-mud. S. platensis powders have the stronger grassy odor, roasted odor, and marine odor than S. platensis muds. Overall, drying process promotes the formation of aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, and terpenoids.

Ion-Exchanging Lead-Free Perovskite with Tunable Emission Wavelengths for Chemical and Fluorescent Double-Modal Anticounterfeiting Application.

Novel and covert fluorescence is quite desirable for fluorescent anticounterfeiting application. Here, Cs2InCl5·H2O/Sb and Cs2NaInCl6/Sb with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 99.61 and 99.9%, respectively, were achieved. Considering the excellent optical performances together with the high similarity of the two crystal structures, we tried to realize the crystal structure transition from Cs2InCl5·H2O/Sb to Cs2NaInCl6/Sb by an ion-exchange method. It was well done by just adding the NaCl precursor with different concentrations in the Cs2InCl5·H2O/Sb product. Interestingly, a gradual color change from yellow to orange, warm white, white, cool white, and blue was achieved in the process of crystal structure transition. The energy-transfer dynamic models of Cs2InCl5·H2O/Sb, the white product, and Cs2NaInCl6/Sb were identified. The chemical reaction and UV fluorescence properties made it possible for application in chemical and fluorescent double-modal anticounterfeiting and highly decreased the possibility of being cracked and copied. Especially, when salt for daily cooking was used to replace NaCl, a similar phenomenon happened as that of the 99.9% NaCl precursor, which made it easy to be applicated. The combination of chemical and optical verifications provides two levels of security and unbreakable encryption. The results demonstrate that the transition from Cs2InCl5·H2O/Sb to Cs2NaInCl6/Sb is highly promising in fluorescent anticounterfeiting application.

The impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is positively associated with cardiovascular diseases, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a common treatment for such patients. This study aimed to explore the impact of CPAP on cardiovascular outcomes and prognosis in patients with OSA. METHODS: A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL databases for relevant studies published up to March 2024. Two independent reviewers screened the studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were synthesised using RevMan 5.3 software. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q test and the I2 statistic. RESULTS: A total of 10 randomised controlled trials and 3 observational studies, comprising 13,832 patients, were included. Compared with standard treatment, the use of CPAP did not significantly reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (risk ratio [RR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-1.03; p = 0.07; I2 = 66%), all-cause mortality (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.72-1.16; p = 0.48; I2 = 0%), cardiovascular mortality (RR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.33-1.19; p = 0.15; I2 = 70%) or non-cardiovascular mortality (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.57-1.15; p = 0.23; I2 = 0%). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalisation due to unstable angina or heart failure or atrial fibrillation among those using CPAP. However, when CPAP adherence was ≥ 4 h, CPAP significantly reduced the risk of MACE and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION: Although CPAP's cardiovascular benefits in patients with OSA are not confirmed, it may be that bias risks, CPAP adherence and characteristics of the study population may attenuate the perceived benefits of CPAP. Further research is needed to optimise CPAP therapy.

Mxene-bpV plays a neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating the Akt and promoting the M2 microglial polarization signaling pathways.

Studies have shown that the inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)was neuroprotective against ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury. Bisperoxovanadium (bpV), a derivative of vanadate, is a well-established inhibitor of PTEN. However, its function islimited due to its general inadequacy in penetrating cell membranes. Mxene(Ti3C2Tx) is a novel two-dimensional lamellar nanomaterial with an excellent ability to penetrate the cell membrane. Yet, the effects of this nanomaterial on nervous system diseases have yet to be scrutinized. Here, Mxene(Ti3C2Tx) was used for the first time to carry bpV(HOpic), creating a new nanocomposite Mxene-bpV that was probed in a cerebral I/R injury model. The findings showed that this synthetic Mxene-bpV was adequately stable and can cross the cell membraneeasily. We observed that Mxene-bpV treatment significantly increased the survival rate of oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R)--insulted neurons, reduced infarct sizes and promoted the recovery of brain function after mice cerebral I/R injury. Crucially, Mxene-bpV treatment was more therapeutically efficient than bpV(HOpic) treatment alone over the same period. Mechanistically, Mxene-bpV inhibited the enzyme activity of PTEN in vitro and in vivo. It also promoted the expression of phospho-Akt (Ser473) by repressing PTEN and then activated the Akt pathway to boost cell survival. Additionally, in PTEN transgenic mice, Mxene-bpV suppressed I/R-induced inflammatory response by promoting M2 microglial polarization through PTEN inhibition. Collectively, the nanosynthetic Mxene-bpV inhibited PTEN' enzymatic activity by activating Akt pathway and promoting M2 microglial polarization, and finally exerted neuroprotection against cerebral I/R injury.

An efficient flavonoid glycosyltransferase NjUGT73B1 from Nardostachys jatamansi of alpine Himalayas discovered by structure-based protein clustering.

Tilianin and linarin, two rare glycosylated flavonoids in the aromatic endangered medicinal plant Nardostachys jatamansi (D.on)DC., play an important role in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, food and dye industries. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the phytochemical investigation of N. jatamansi resulted in the isolation of linarin. With help of AlphaFold2 to cluster the entire glycosyltransferase family based on predicted structure similarities, we successfully identified a flavonoid glycosyltransferase NjUGT73B1, which could efficiently catalyze the glucosylation of acacetin at 7-OH to produce tilianin, also the key precursor in the biosynthesis of linarin. Additionally, NjUGT73B1 displayed a high degree of substrate promiscuity, enabling glucosylation at 7-OH of many flavonoids. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that H19, H21, H370, F126, and F127 play the crucial roles in the glycosylation ability of NjUGT73B1. Notably, comparation with the wild NjUGT73B1, mutant H19K led to a 50% increase in the activity of producing tilianin from acacetin.

Polygala tenuifolia willd. Extract alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats via TLR4/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome suppression.

BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury (ALI) has received considerable attention in the field of critical care as it can lead to high mortality rates. Polygala tenuifolia, a traditional Chinese medicine with strong expectorant properties, can be used to treat pneumonia. Owing to the complexity of its composition, the main active ingredient is not yet known. Thus, there is a need to identify its constituent compounds and mechanism of action in the treatment of ALI using advanced technological means. PURPOSE: We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism and constituent compounds with regard to the effect of P. tenuifolia Willd. extract (EPT) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: The UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology was used to investigate the chemical profile of EPT. Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets and pathways of action of EPT in ALI, and molecular docking was used to validate the binding of polygalacic acid to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. The main compounds were determined using LC-MS. A rat model of LPS-induced ALI was established, and THP-1 cells were stimulated with LPS and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to construct an in vitro model. Pathological changes were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Wright-Giemsa staining, and immunohistochemistry. The expression of inflammatory factors (NE, MPO, Ly-6 G, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and iNOS) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. The LPS + ATP-induced inflammation model in THP-1 cells was used to verify the in vivo experimental results. RESULTS: Ninety-nine compounds were identified or tentatively deduced from EPT. Using network pharmacology, we found that TLR4/NF-κB may be a relevant pathway for the prevention and treatment of ALI by EPT. Polygalacic acid in EPT may be a potential active ingredient. EPT could alleviate LPS-induced histopathological lung damage and reduce the wet/dry lung weight ratio in the rat model of ALI. Moreover, EPT decreased the white blood cell and neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased the expression of genes and proteins of relevant inflammatory factors (NE, MPO, Ly-6 G, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and iNOS) in lung tissues. It also increased the expression of endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase expression. Western blotting confirmed that EPT may affect TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways in vivo. Similar results were obtained in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION: EPT reduced the release of inflammatory factors by affecting TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways, thereby attenuating the inflammatory response of ALI. Polygalacic acid is the likely compounds responsible for these effects.

Integrated multicomponent analysis based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and network pharmacology to elucidate the effective constituents and potential mechanism of Zhibai Dihuang pill in treating childhood precocious puberty.

RATIONALE: Childhood precocious puberty (CPP) is a common pediatric endocrine disorder with significant associated risks. Zhibai Dihuang pill (ZBDHP), a classic recipe of the Qing dynasty with its efficacy of nourishing yin and clearing heat, can downregulate the expression of ESR1 in the uterus and ovaries, thereby inhibiting CPP. However, as of now, the main active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of ZBDHP remain unclear. METHODS: A comprehensive approach was proposed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS) and network pharmacology to explore the potentially active constituents of ZBDHP and reveal the underlying mechanisms against CPP. Molecular docking was used to verify the possible mechanisms. RESULTS: A total of 214 constituents derived were identified via UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS, and 12 of them were definitely characterized using reference standards. Subsequently, compounds tetrahydropalmatine, alisol C, 25-anhydroalisol A 11-acetate, hispidone, cavidine, alisol E, melianone, neogitogenin, denudatin B, and 16ß-hydroperoxyalisol B with related targets PIK3CA, HSD11B1, CYP19A1, AR, PTGS2, CDK2, NR3C1, MMP2, MMP1, and MAPK1 were regarded as key components and targets for ZBDHP treating CPP using the compound-target-pathway network. Besides, the results revealed that the pathways conduced obviously to therapeutic efficacy, including pathways in cancer, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP） signaling pathways. Molecular docking indicated that PIK3CA, HSD11B1, and CYP19A1 exhibited high affinities to corresponding compounds. Overall, the study determined the multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway mechanisms of ZBDHP against CPP. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a new method for exploring the chemical constituents and pharmacology mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine.

Molecular Characteristics of Salmonella Spp. Responsible for Bloodstream Infections in a Tertiary Hospital in Nanjing, China, 2019-2021.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and molecular characteristics of Salmonella spp. causing bloodstream infections (BSIs) in our hospital. Methods: We studied 22 clinical Salmonella isolates from BSIs and 16 from non-BSIs, performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The analysis included serovars, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors (VFs), sequence types (STs), plasmid replicons, and genetic relationships. We also assessed pathogenicity of the isolates causing BSIs through growth, biofilm formation, and anti-serum killing assays. Results: WGS analysis identified 13 Salmonella serovars, with four responsible for BSIs. S. Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar, involved in 19 (50.0%) cases. BSIs were caused by 17S. Enteritidis, two S. Typhimurium, two S. Munster and one S. Diguel. Of the 38 isolates, 27 (71.1%) exhibited high resistance to ampicillin, and 24 (63.2%) to ampicillin/sulbactam. Thirty-six types of ARGs were identified, with blaTEM-1B (n = 25, 65.8%) being the most frequent. Ten plasmid replicons were found; the combination of IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S)-IncX1 was the most common in S. Enteritidis (94.7%). Fifteen STs were identified, among which ST11 was the most prevalent and clonally disseminated, primarily responsible for BSIs. A total of 333 different VFs were detected, 177 of which were common across all strains. No significant differences were observed between the BSI and non-BSI isolates in terms of resistance rates, ARGs, plasmid replicons, and VFs, except for seven VFs. No strong pathogenicity was observed in the BSI-causing isolates. Conclusion: BSIs were predominantly caused by clonally disseminated S. Enteritidis ST11, the majority of which carried multiple ARGs, VFs and plasmid replicons. This study provides the first data on clonally disseminated S. Enteritidis ST11 causing BSIs, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced infection control measures.

Quality analysis and function prediction of soil microbial communities of Polygonatum cyrtonema in two indigenous-origins.

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH), as an important economic crop, is used as raw industrial materials and traditional Chinese medicine. There are significant variations in the quality of PCH from different geographical origins. It can be due to the change of the endophytic fungi and soil microbial communities of PCH. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the composition and functional prediction of the main microbial communities in the rhizomes and soil of PCH and explore their impact on medicinal quality. High-throughput sequencing techniques targeting ITS and 16S rDNA were employed to compare the structure and biodiversity differences of endophytic fungi in the rhizomes and soil microbial communities of PCH from 12 different locations in Sichuan and Guangxi province. Heatmap analysis was used for comprehensive statistics and visualization of the richness of rhizome and soil microbial communities from all locations. Venn analysis was conducted to determine the total number of shared fungi between rhizomes and soil, and GraphPad Prism analysis was employed to predict and compare the microbial communities related to phenotypes at the genus level in Sichuan and Guangxi. Tax4Fun and Fungild were used for metabolic function prediction of microbial communities in the rhizomes and soil of PCH. The results revealed the identification of 19,387 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in the rhizomes and 37,990 bacterial ASVs in the soil, with 6,889 shared bacterial ASVs. In addition, 2,948 fungal ASVs were identified in the rhizomes and 8,868 in the soil, with 1,893 shared fungal ASVs. Microbial sequencing results indicated that the fungal communities between soil and rhizomes were mainly composed of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, while bacterial communities included Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidota, Gammatimonadota, and Firmicutes. Dominant bacterial groups such as Nitrospira, Acidibacter, and fungal groups including Mortierella, Ceratobasidium, and Fusarium were identified as potential contributors to the observed traits. In the top 15 microbial genera, both Sichuan and Guangxi contain 15 bacterial genera, but there are differences in their abundance. Guangxi has three unique fungal genera, including the genera Scleroderma, Russula, and Gliocladiopsis. On the other hand, Sichuan has the unique fungal genus Chamaeota. The correlation analysis between the microbiota and the chemical content from 12 different collecting spots was performed by GraphPad Prism. Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Acidibacter, and Amycolatopsis show an inverse proportionality to total polysaccharides and saponins, while Enterobacter shows a direct proportionality to total polysaccharides and inverse proportionality to saponins. The metabolism pathways show a significant positive correlation with PCH polysaccharides and saponins. This study provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the quality differences between the two major indigenous areas.

Characterizing and decoding the key odor-active compounds in fresh, pasteurized, and high pressure processing sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice.

The non-thermal and thermal effects on aroma of sea buckthorn juice have rarely been investigated. In this study, 57 odor compounds were identified in fresh sea buckthorn juice (FSBJ), high pressure processing sea buckthorn juice (HSBJ), and pasteurized sea buckthorn juice (PSBJ), including 29 esters, 8 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 5 alcohols, 5 acids, 6 terpenoids, and 3 others. Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate with flavor dilution factors ranging from 729 to 59,049 contributed to the fruity odors of FSBJ and HSBJ. Besides, the formation of off-odor compounds including hexanal, nonanal, furfural, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and dimethyl disulfide with odor activity values ≥ 1, imparts fatty, roasted, sweaty, and cooked odor in PSBJ. The variations of vitamin C and reducing sugar are significantly associated with changes in odor-active compounds during pasteurized processing. These findings provide new insights that high pressure processing minimizes the adverse effects of pasteurization.

Correlation Analysis of Serum Lipopolysaccharide, Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 and Haem Oxygenase 1 Levels and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the levels of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Methods: Serum LPS, Nrf2, HO-1 levels and cognitive impairment were measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score in 56 patients in the "severe" group, 67 patients in the "mild-to-moderate" group and 100 healthy people in the "control" group. The differences in general conditions and serological indexes between the three groups were compared, the correlation between the MoCA scores and the serological indexes was explored and the independent predictors of the MoCA scores were analysed. Results: Serum LPS, Nrf2 and HO-1 levels were higher in the severe group than in the mild-to-moderate group and the control group (p < 0.05). A total of 71 patients with OSA had combined cognitive impairment, accounting for 57.7%, and the MoCA scores were lower in the severe group than in the mild-to-moderate group and the control group (p = 0.018). Serum LPS, Nrf2 and HO-1 levels were significantly higher in the severe group and mild-to-moderate group than in the control group (p < 0.05) and were negatively correlated with the MoCA scores. Lipopolysaccharide (p < 0.001) and HO-1 (p = 0.002) could be considered independent predictors of the MoCA score. Conclusion: Serum LPS and HO-1 levels are closely related to cognitive impairment in patients with OSA and have potential clinical value in the diagnosis.

Impact of extraction method on the lipids of Himalayan marmot oil with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis.

RATIONALE: Himalayan marmot oil (SPO) has been used for pharmaceutical purposes for centuries, but its composition is still unclear. The bioactivity of SPO highly depends on the techniques used for its processing. This study focused on the comprehensive lipidomics of SPO, especially on the ones derived from dry rendering, wet rendering, cold pressing, and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. METHODS: We performed lipid profiling of SPO acquired by different extraction methods using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and 17 classes of lipids (2 BMPs, 12 LysoPCs, 9 LysoPEs, 41 PCs, 24 PEs, 23 Plasmenyl-PCs, 10 Plasmenyl-PEs, 10 MGs, 63 DGs, 187 TGs, 2 MGDGs, 3 Cer[NDS]s, 22 Cer[NS]s, 2 GlcCer[NS]s, 14 SMs, 14 CEs, and 6 AcylCarnitines) were characterized. RESULTS: Fifty-five lipids were differentially altered (VIP > 1.5, p < 0.05) between the extraction techniques, which can be used as potential biomarkers to differentiate SPO extracted by various methods. Additionally, the contents of oleic acid and arachidic acid were abundant in all samples that may suggest their medicinal values and are conducive to in-depth research. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal the alterations of lipid profile and free fatty acid composition in SPO obtained with different extraction methods, providing a theoretical foundation for investigating its important components as functional factors in medicines and cosmetics.