High-yield nanovesicles extruded from dental follicle stem cells promote the regeneration of periodontal tissues as an alternative of exosomes.

AIM: To identify an optimized strategy for the large-scale production of nanovesicles (NVs) that preserve the biological properties of exosomes (EXOs) for use in periodontal regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NVs from dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) were prepared through extrusion, and EXOs from DFSCs were isolated. The yield of both extruded NVs (eNVs) and EXOs were quantified through protein concentration and particle number analyses. Their pro-migration, pro-proliferation and pro-osteogenesis capacities were compared subsequently in vitro. Additionally, proteomics analysis was conducted. To further evaluate the periodontal regeneration potential of eNVs and EXOs, they were incorporated into collagen sponges and transplanted into periodontal defects in rats. In vivo imaging and H&E staining were utilized to verify their biodistribution and safety. Micro-Computed Tomography analysis and histological staining were performed to examine the regeneration of periodontal tissues. RESULTS: The yield of eNVs was nearly 40 times higher than that of EXOs. Interestingly, in vitro experiments indicated that the pro-migration and pro-proliferation abilities of eNVs were superior, and the pro-osteogenesis potential was comparable to EXOs. More importantly, eNVs exhibited periodontal regenerative potential similar to that of EXOs. CONCLUSIONS: Extrusion has proven to be an efficient method for generating numerous eNVs with the potential to replace EXOs in periodontal regeneration.

Standby extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a better strategy for high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background: The incidence of cardiac arrest (CA) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is relatively rare. However, when it does occur, the mortality rate is extremely high. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has shown promising survival rates for in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCA), with low-flow time being an independent prognostic factor for CA. However, there is no definitive answer on how to reduce low-flow time. Methods: This retrospective study, conducted at a single center, included 39 patients who underwent ECPR during PCI between January 2016 and December 2022. The patients were divided into two cohorts based on whether standby extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was utilized during PCI: standby ECPR (SBE) (n = 13) and extemporaneous ECPR (EE) (n = 26). We compared the 30-day mortality rates between these two cohorts and investigated factors associated with survival. Results: Compared to the EE cohort, the SBE cohort showed significantly lower low-flow time (P < 0.01), ECMO operation time (P < 0.01), and a lower incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) (P = 0.017), as well as peak lactate (P < 0.01). Stand-by ECMO was associated with improved 30-day survival (p = 0.036), while prolonged low-flow time (p = 0.004) and a higher SYNTAX II score (p = 0.062) predicted death at 30 days. Conclusions: Standby ECMO can provide significant benefits for patients who undergo ECPR for CA during PCI. It is a viable option for high-risk PCI cases and may enhance the overall prognosis. The low-flow time remains a critical determinant of survival.

A Real-Time Grasping Detection Network Architecture for Various Grasping Scenarios.

In the field of robot grasping detection, due to uncertain factors such as different shapes, distinct colors, diverse materials, and various poses, robot grasping has become very challenging. This article introduces a integrated robotic system designed to address the challenge of grasping numerous unknown objects within a scene from a set of α -channel images. We propose a lightweight and object-independent pixel-level generative adaptive residual depthwise separable convolutional neural network (GARDSCN) with an inference speed of around 28 ms, which can be applied to real-time grasping detection. It can effectively deal with the grasping detection of unknown objects with different shapes and poses in various scenes and overcome the limitations of current robot grasping technology. The proposed network achieves 98.88 % grasp detection accuracy on the Cornell dataset and 95.23 % on the Jacquard dataset. To further verify the validity, the grasping experiment is conducted on a physical robot Kinova Gen2, and the grasp success rate is 96.67 % in the single-object scene and 94.10 % in the multiobject cluttered scene.

The Evolution of Grain Microstructure in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys with Ultrasonic Assistance.

The process of grain refinement during welding significantly influences both the final microstructure and performance of the weld joint. In the present work, merits of acoustic addition in the conventional Frictions Stir Welding (FSW) process were evaluated for joining dissimilar Al/Mg alloys. To capture the near "in situ" structure around the exit hole, an "emergency stop" followed by rapid cooling using liquid nitrogen was employed. Electron Backscatter Diffraction analysis was utilized to characterize and examine the evolution of grain microstructure within the aluminum matrix as the material flowed around the exit hole. The findings reveal that two mechanisms, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX), jointly or alternatively influence the grain evolution process. In conventional FSW, CDRX initially governs grain evolution, transitioning to GDRX as material deformation strain and temperature increase. Subsequently, as material deposition commences, CDRX reasserts dominance. Conversely, in acoustic addition, ultrasonic vibration accelerates GDRX, promoting its predominance by enhancing material flow and dislocation movements. Even during the material deposition, GDRX remains the dominant mechanism.

In-situ sonochemical formation of N-graphyne modulated porous g-C3N4 for boosted photocatalysis degradation of pollutants and nitrogen fixation.

Herein, Nitrogen-doped graphyne/porous g-C3N4 composites are firstly in-situ synthesized via the ultrasound vibration of CaC2, triazine, and porous g-C3N4 in absolute ethanol. A variety of characterizations are performed to investigate the morphology, microstructure, composition, and electrical/optical features of the obtained composites, such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so forth. It is found that N-doped graphyne with flexible folds lamellar structure is intimately attached to flake g-C3N4 in the as-prepared composites. An enlargement of 1.68 and 1.44 folds for the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin, rhodamine B, Methylene blue, and Tetracycline is realized by N-doped graphyne/g-C3N4 in comparison with that of pristine g-C3N4, respectively. In addition, the highest NH3 production rate attains 1.71 mmol⋅gcat-1⋅h-1 for N-doped graphyne/g-C3N4, which is 5.89 times larger than that of g-C3N4 (0.29 mmol⋅gcat-1⋅h-1). The improved mechanism of photocatalysis including higher photo-response and carrier separation rate is verified by transient photo-current, transient photo-potential, Mott-Schottky plots, Tafel plots, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, turn-over frequency, photoluminescence spectra, and UV-vis diffuse absorption spectra, etc. Overall, the current study shows that N-doped graphyne synthesized from CaC2 and triazine is a useful decoration to modulate the photocatalytic features of g-C3N4, which can also be widely extended for in-situ modification of other photocatalysts.

Effective surface passivation of GaAs nanowire photodetectors by a thin ZnO capping.

The III-V nanowire (NW) structure is a good candidate for developing photodetectors. However, high-density surface states caused by the large surface-to-volume ratio severely limit their performance, which is difficult to solve in conventional ways. Here, a robust surface passivation method, using a thin layer of ZnO capping, is developed for promoting NW photodetector performance. 11 cycles of ZnO, grown on pure zinc blende high-quality GaAs NWs by atomic layer deposition, significantly alleviates the undesirable effect of the surface states, without noticeable degradation in NW morphology. An average 20-fold increase in micro-photoluminescence intensity is observed for passivated NWs, which leads to the development of detectors with high responsivity, specific detectivity, and optical gain of 9.46 × 105 A W-1, 3.93 × 1014 Jones, and 2.2 × 108 %, respectively, under low-intensity 532 nm illumination. Passivated NW detectors outperform their counterparts treated by conventional methods, so far as we know, which shows the potential and effectiveness of thin ZnO surface passivation on NW devices.

Patients with ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion achieve better response to ICI based combination therapy among TFE3-rearranged renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: TFE3-rearranged renal cell carcinoma (TFE3-rRCC) is a rare but highly heterogeneous renal cell carcinoma (RCC) entity, of which the clinical treatment landscape is largely undefined. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of different systemic treatments and further explore the molecular correlates. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with metastatic TFE3-rRCC were enrolled. Main outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate. RNA sequencing was performed on 32 tumors. RESULTS: Patients receiving first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) based combination therapy achieved longer PFS than those treated without ICI (median PFS: 11.5 vs. 5.1 months, P = 0.098). After stratification of fusion partners, the superior efficacy of first-line ICI based combination therapy was predominantly observed in ASPSCR1-TFE3 rRCC (median PFS: not reached vs. 6.5 months, P = 0.01; ORR: 67.5% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.019), but almost not in non-ASPSCR1-TFE3 rRCC. Transcriptomic data revealed enrichment of ECM and collagen-related signaling in ASPSCR1-TFE3 rRCC, which might interfere with the potential efficacy of anti-angiogenic monotherapy. Whereas angiogenesis and immune activities were exclusively enriched in ASPSCR1-TFE3 rRCC and promised the better clinical outcomes with ICI plus tyrosine kinase inhibitor combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The current study represents the largest cohort comparing treatment outcomes and investigating molecular correlates of metastatic TFE3-rRCC based on fusion partner stratification. ICI based combination therapy could serve as an effective first-line treatment option for metastatic ASPSCR1-TFE3 rRCC patients. Regarding with other fusion subtypes, further investigations should be performed to explore the molecular mechanisms to propose pointed therapeutic strategy accordingly.

VNN2-expressing circulating monocytes exhibit unique functional characteristics and are decreased in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to elucidate the significance of VNN2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes and its clinical relevance in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: We investigated VNN2 expression by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect and compare VNN2 expression in total monocytes, classical monocytes (cMo), intermediate monocytes (iMo) and non-classical monocytes (ncMo). Additionally, we examined the expression of HLA, ICAM1, CD62L, ITGAM, S100A8, S100A9, CCR2, CCR6, CX3CR1 and CXCR3 in VNN2+ and VNN2- cells. We analyzed the correlation between VNN2 expression and clinical indicators and assessed the clinical utility of VNN2+ monocytes in pSS diagnosis using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: We observed high VNN2 expression in monocytes, with significantly higher levels in CD14++ monocytes compared to ncMo. VNN2+ monocytes exhibited decreased expression of HLA and CD62L and increased expression of ICAM1, ITGAM, S100A8, S100A9, CCR2, CCR6, CX3CR1 and CXCR3 compared to VNN2- monocytes. Although scRNA-seq data showed that VNN2 mRNA was upregulated, cell surface expression of VNN2 was decreased in monocytes from pSS patients compared to healthy controls. The reduced levels of VNN2+ monocyte subpopulations in pSS patients were negatively correlated with anti-ribosome antibody levels and positively correlated with complement 4 levels. Detection of VNN2 expression in monocytes can aid in the auxiliary diagnosis of pSS. CONCLUSION: Monocytes expressing cell surface VNN2 are significantly reduced in pSS patients. This suggests a potential role for VNN2 in pSS development and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for pSS.

Boosting agricultural green development: Does socialized service matter?

Agricultural socialized service is gradually emerging as a new stimulus for enhancing the agricultural production environment. However, their precise impact on improving the agricultural ecological environment and promoting the green development of agriculture remains incompletely understood. Therefore, leveraging panel data spanning from 2003 to 2020 across 31 provinces in China, this study utilizes the bidirectional fixed effect model, moderating effect model, and spatial Durbin model to systematically assess the influence of agricultural socialized services on agricultural green development and its spatial ramifications. The findings show that (I) agricultural socialized services significantly contribute to promoting agricultural green development, particularly in regions with lower aging demographics. (II) The application of the spatial Durbin model reveals that this promotional effect does not exhibit significant spatial spillover effect. (III) The role of agricultural socialized services in fostering agricultural green development can be significantly enhanced by advancements in land transfer, agricultural technological innovations, and the improvement of rural human capital. In conclusion, the study provides a set of policy recommendations that include government financial support, facilitating land transfer, improving rural education and technical training, and promoting green production technologies to effectively promote agricultural green development.

Vanin-2 is expressed in peripheral blood T cells and upregulated in SLE patients.

Members of the vanin gene family include VNN1, VNN2 and VNN3 in humans. Although the functions of vanins have been widely examined in myeloid cells, their expression and functions have not been clarified in T lymphocytes. This study aimed to elucidate the significance of Vanin-2 (VNN2) on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and study its expression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The differential expression of Vanins was analysed by bioinformatics. VNN2 expressions in peripheral blood T cell subsets were analysed by single-cell RNA sequencing data and flow cytometry. Changes of VNN2 expression before and after T cell activation were further clarified by western blot. The function of VNN2+ cells was studied by granzyme B and perforin detection. Changes in VNN2+ proportions in T cell subsets of SLE patients were further analysed. In the present study, only VNN2 among vanins showed distinguishable expression in T cells. VNN2+ percentages were higher in CD8+ T cells than in CD4+ T cells. VNN2+ T cells were with a higher memory T cell composition. VNN2 expression was significantly increased after T cell stimulation. VNN2+ T cells had higher levels of granzyme B and perforin secretion than VNN2- T cells. Clinically, VNN2+ percentages in T cells of SLE patients were upregulated. Together, these data suggested that VNN2 is expressed in peripheral blood T cells characterized more granzyme B and perforin secretion, and increased VNN2+ T cells in SLE patients could reflect altered T cell functions in vivo.

The incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and their association with clinical outcomes in advanced renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to summarize the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and further evaluate their association with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and urothelial carcinoma (UC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2023 was conducted to identify eligible studies. The details of irAEs and data regarding their correlation with clinical outcomes were extracted. R software was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies involving 6148 patients with RCC or UC were included. The pooled overall incidence for any-grade and grade ≥ 3 irAEs was 44.2 % (95 % CI: 38.1 %-50.5 %) and 15.7 % (95 % CI: 11.4 %-21.1 %), respectively. Compared to those without any irAEs, patients with irAEs showed improved PFS (HR = 0.44, 95 % CI: 0.35-0.56, p < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.42-0.51, p < 0.01), as well as higher ORR (OR = 3.59, 95 % CI: 3.01-4.29, p < 0.01) and DCR (OR = 4.23, 95 % CI: 3.06-5.84, p < 0.01). Subgroup analysis indicated that clinical outcome improvements were associated with the occurrence of irAEs, regardless of tumor type or ICI agent. Notably, patients with cutaneous irAEs, thyroid dysfunction, and grade ≤ 2 irAEs had a higher probability to achieve better survival benefits from ICI-based therapy, while pulmonary irAEs and grade ≥ 3 irAEs seemed to have a negative impact on OS. Additionally, systemic glucocorticoids administration did not affect survival outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the occurrence of irAEs could be considered as a potential prognostic factor for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in patients with advanced RCC and UC.

The fission yeast ortholog of Coilin, Mug174, forms Cajal body-like nuclear condensates and is essential for cellular quiescence.

The Cajal body, a nuclear condensate, is crucial for ribonucleoprotein assembly, including small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs). While Coilin has been identified as an integral component of Cajal bodies, its exact function remains unclear. Moreover, no Coilin ortholog has been found in unicellular organisms to date. This study unveils Mug174 (Meiosis-upregulated gene 174) as the Coilin ortholog in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mug174 forms phase-separated condensates in vitro and is often associated with the nucleolus and the cleavage body in vivo. The generation of Mug174 foci relies on the trimethylguanosine (TMG) synthase Tgs1. Moreover, Mug174 interacts with Tgs1 and U snRNAs. Deletion of the mug174+ gene in S. pombe causes diverse pleiotropic phenotypes, encompassing defects in vegetative growth, meiosis, pre-mRNA splicing, TMG capping of U snRNAs, and chromosome segregation. In addition, we identified weak homology between Mug174 and human Coilin. Notably, human Coilin expressed in fission yeast colocalizes with Mug174. Critically, Mug174 is indispensable for the maintenance of and transition from cellular quiescence. These findings highlight the Coilin ortholog in fission yeast and suggest that the Cajal body is implicated in cellular quiescence, thereby preventing human diseases.

Network pharmacology combined with an experimental validation study to reveal the effect and mechanism of Lonicera japonica Thunb. extracts against immunomodulation.

Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJT) is known for its valuable medicinal properties that highlight its potential application in the pharmaceutical and health food industry. We predict that LJT polyphenols by network pharmacology may be involved in immunomodulation, and the study of LJT polyphenols regulating immunity is still insufficient; therefore, we experimentally found that LJT enhances immunity by promoting the proliferation and phagocytic activity of RAW246.7 cells. A model of an immunosuppressed mouse was constructed using cyclophosphamide-induced, and LJT was extracted for the intervention. We found that LJT restored immune homeostasis in immune deficiency mice by inhibiting the abnormal apoptosis in lymphocytes, enhancing natural killer cell cytotoxicity, promoting T lymphocyte proliferation, and increasing the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in quantity. Moreover, LJT treatment modulates immunity by significantly downregulating lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress levels. We verified the immunomodulatory function of LJT through both cell and animal experiments. The combination of potential-protein interactions and molecular docking later revealed that LJT polyphenols were associated with immunomodulatory effects on MAPK1; together, LJT intervention significantly modulates the immune, with the activation of MAPK1 as the underlying mechanism of action, which provided evidence for the utilization of LJT as a nutraceutical in immune function.

The role of financial innovation in carbon intensity reduction: perspectives from energy structure transition and fiscal policies.

Carbon emissions are important factors causing global warming, which requires global efforts to deal with. In this paper, we investigate the mechanism of financial innovation on reducing carbon emissions in China by constructing a financial innovation development index with factors of green finance as well as fintech development. Empirical results show that financial innovation contributes to reduce carbon intensity by promoting energy structure transition as well as public fiscal expenditure on energy conservation and environmental protection. Moreover, heterogeneity exists in the effect of financial innovation on carbon emission reduction. Financial innovation has a significant role in reducing carbon intensity in eastern regions, but has a relatively small influence on central and western regions. Furthermore, financial innovation has a lag effect on reducing carbon intensity.

Based on scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq to establish tumor immune microenvironment-associated signature of skin melanoma and predict immunotherapy response.

Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), a form of skin cancer, ranks among the most formidable and lethal malignancies. Exploring tumor microenvironment (TME)-based prognostic indicators would help improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for SKCM patients. This study analyzed SKCM scRNA-seq data to cluster non-malignant cells that could be used to explore the TME into nine immune/stromal cell types, including B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, Fibroblasts, macrophages, neurons, and natural killer (NK) cells. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we employed SKCM expression profiling to identify differentially expressed immune-associated genes (DEIAGs), which were then incorporated into weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate TME-associated hub genes. Discover candidate small molecule drugs based on pivotal genes. Tumor immune microenvironment-associated genes (TIMAGs) for constructing TIMAS were identified and validated. Finally, the characteristics of TIAMS subgroups and the ability of TIMAS to predict immunotherapy outcomes were analyzed. We identified five TIMAGs (CD86, CD80, SEMA4D, C1QA, and IRF1) and used them to construct TIMAS. In addition, five potential SKCM drugs were identified. The results showed that TIMAS-low patients were associated with immune-related signaling pathways, high MUC16 mutation frequency, high T cell infiltration, and M1 macrophages, and were more favorable for immunotherapy. Collectively, TIMAS constructed by comprehensive analysis of scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data is a promising marker for predicting ICI treatment outcomes and improving individualized therapy for SKCM patients.

N-doped Ti3C2-reinforced porous g-C3N4 for photocatalytic contaminants degradation and nitrogen reduction.

Herein, a series of N-doped Ti3C2/porous g-C3N4 composites are ultrasonically prepared from N-doped Ti3C2 and porous g-C3N4 under N2 atmosphere. The structure, morphology, and optical characteristics of the as-prepared composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, etc. Moreover, photocatalytic measurements show that N-doped Ti3C2 is an excellent modifier for porous g-C3N4 to heighten its photocatalytic activity. Only 44.1% of rhodamine B can be degraded by the photocatalysis of pristine porous g-C3N4, while the photocatalytic degradation ratio of rhodamine B can reach up to 97.5% for the optimal N-doped Ti3C2 loading composites under visible light for 15 min. Moreover, the photocatalytic tests of N2 fixation confirm that the optimal composites show the highest production yield of NH4+ (11.8 µmol gcat-1 h-1), which is 2.11-folds more than that of porous g-C3N4 (5.6 µmol gcat-1 h-1). The reinforced photocatalytic properties are revealed to profit from the more photogenerated electrons and holes' separation, higher ability for light response, and more abundant active sites. This work develops the route for boosting the photocatalytic properties of porous g-C3N4 with N-doped Ti3C2.

A TH17-intrinsic IL-1ß-STAT5 axis drives steroid resistance in autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Steroid resistance poses a major challenge for the management of autoimmune neuroinflammation. T helper 17 (TH17) cells are widely implicated in the pathology of steroid resistance; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we identified that interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) blockade rendered experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice sensitive to dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) induced a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)-mediated steroid-resistant transcriptional program in TH17 cells, which promoted inflammatory cytokine production and suppressed Dex-induced anti-inflammatory genes. TH17-specific deletion of STAT5 ablated the IL-1ß-induced steroid-resistant transcriptional program and rendered EAE mice sensitive to Dex treatment. IL-1ß synergized with Dex to promote the STAT5-dependent expression of CD69 and the development of central nervous system (CNS)-resident CD69+ TH17 cells. Combined IL-1R blockade and Dex treatment ablated CNS-resident TH17 cells, reduced EAE severity, and prevented relapse. CD69+ tissue-resident TH17 cells were also detected in brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. These findings (i) demonstrate that IL-1ß-STAT5 signaling in TH17 cells mediates steroid resistance and (ii) identify a therapeutic strategy for reversing steroid resistance in TH17-mediated CNS autoimmunity.

Infection of domestic pigs with a genotype II potent strain of ASFV causes cytokine storm and lymphocyte mass reduction.

The whole-genome sequence of an African swine fever virus (ASFV) strain (HuB/HH/2019) isolated from Hubei, China, was highly similar to that of the Georgia 2007/1 strain ASFV. After infection with strong strains, domestic pigs show typical symptoms of infection, including fever, depression, reddening of the skin, hemorrhagic swelling of various tissues, and dysfunction. The earliest detoxification occurred in pharyngeal swabs at 4 days post-infection. The viral load in the blood was extremely high, and ASFV was detected in multiple tissues, with the highest viral loads in the spleen and lungs. An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the serum leads to an excessive inflammatory response in the body. Immune factor expression is suppressed without effectively eliciting an immune defense. Antibodies against p30 were not detected in acutely dead domestic pigs. Sequencing of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome revealed elevated transcription of genes associated with immunity, defense, and stress. The massive reduction in lymphocyte counts in the blood collapses the body's immune system. An excessive inflammatory response with a massive reduction in the lymphocyte count may be an important cause of mortality in domestic pigs. These two reasons have inspired researchers to reduce excessive inflammatory responses and stimulate effective immune responses for future vaccine development.

Effect of Welding Parameters on Al/Mg Dissimilar Friction Stir Lap Welding with and without Ultrasonic Vibration.

The amount of heat input during welding impacts the weld's thermal and mechanical behavior and the joint's properties. The current study involved conducting AA 6061 and AZ31B Mg dissimilar welding, using friction stir lap welding (FSLW) and ultrasonic vibration-enhanced FSLW (UVeFSLW). The comparison and analysis of the welding load, the weld's macro-microstructure, intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and joint properties were conducted by adjusting the process parameters. The study also examined the effect of ultrasonic vibration (UV) variations on welding heat input. The study demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the welding load by employing UV. Moreover, this impact becomes more pronounced as the welding heat input decreases. Additionally, the material flow in the weld, the width of the weld nugget zone, and the continuous IMC layer are significantly influenced by ultrasonic vibration, irrespective of the heat input during welding. However, the impact on large areas of irregular IMCs or eutectic structures is relatively small. Furthermore, achieving better joint properties becomes more feasible when a higher welding speed is employed for the Al alloy placed on top. Specifically, the impact of UV becomes more evident at higher welding speeds (≥220 mm/min).

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Process Optimization and Extraction Mechanism Research.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), as emerging green solvents, can efficiently extract natural products from natural resources. However, studies on the extraction of phenolic compounds from celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) leaves (CLs) by NADESs are still lacking. This study screened the NADES L-proline-lactic acid (Pr-LA), combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract phenolic compounds from CLs, and conducted a comparative study on the extraction effect with traditional extraction solvents. Both SEM and FT-IR confirmed that Pr-LA can enhance the degree of fragmentation of cell structures and improve the extraction rate of phenolic compounds. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that Pr-LA can improve the solubility of phenolic compounds and has stronger hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions with phenolic compounds. Single-factor and Box-Behnken experiments optimized the process parameters for the extraction of phenolic compounds from CLs. The second-order kinetic model describes the extraction process of phenolic compounds from CLs under optimal process parameters and provides theoretical guidance for actual industrial production. This study not only provides an efficient and green method for extracting phenolic compounds from CLs but also clarifies the mechanism of improved extraction efficiency, which provides a basis for research on the NADES extraction mechanism.