Phenotypic and spatial heterogeneity of CD8+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes.

CD8+ T cells are the workhorses executing adaptive anti-tumour response, and targets of various cancer immunotherapies. Latest advances have unearthed the sheer heterogeneity of CD8+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, and made it increasingly clear that the bulk of the endogenous and therapeutically induced tumour-suppressive momentum hinges on a particular selection of CD8+ T cells with advantageous attributes, namely the memory and stem-like exhausted subsets. A scrutiny of the contemporary perception of CD8+ T cells in cancer and the subgroups of interest along with the factors arbitrating their infiltration contextures, presented herein, may serve as the groundwork for future endeavours to probe further into the regulatory networks underlying their differentiation and migration, and optimise T cell-based immunotherapies accordingly.

Multiple influence of immune cells in the bone metastatic cancer microenvironment on tumors.

Bone is a common organ for solid tumor metastasis. Malignant bone tumor becomes insensitive to systemic therapy after colonization, followed by poor prognosis and high relapse rate. Immune and bone cells in situ constitute a unique immune microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in the context of bone metastasis. This review firstly focuses on lymphatic cells in bone metastatic cancer, including their function in tumor dissemination, invasion, growth and possible cytotoxicity-induced eradication. Subsequently, we examine myeloid cells, namely macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, and megakaryocytes, evaluating their interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and contribution to bone metastasis. As important components of skeletal tissue, osteoclasts and osteoblasts derived from bone marrow stromal cells, engaging in 'vicious cycle' accelerate osteolytic bone metastasis. We also explain the concept tumor dormancy and investigate underlying role of immune microenvironment on it. Additionally, a thorough review of emerging treatments for bone metastatic malignancy in clinical research, especially immunotherapy, is presented, indicating current challenges and opportunities in research and development of bone metastasis therapies.

An On-Demand Collaborative Innate-Adaptive Immune Response to Infection Treatment.

Deep tissue infection is a common clinical issue and therapeutic difficulty caused by the disruption of the host antibacterial immune function, resulting in treatment failure and infection relapse. Intracellular pathogens are refractory to elimination and can manipulate host cell biology even after appropriate treatment, resulting in a locoregional immunosuppressive state that leads to an inadequate response to conventional anti-infective therapies. Here, a novel antibacterial strategy involving autogenous immunity using a biomimetic nanoparticle (NP)-based regulating system is reported to induce in situ collaborative innate-adaptive immune responses. It is observed that a macrophage membrane coating facilitates NP enrichment at the infection site, followed by active NP accumulation in macrophages in a mannose-dependent manner. These NP-armed macrophages exhibit considerably improved innate capabilities, including more efficient intracellular ROS generation and pro-inflammatory factor secretion, M1 phenotype promotion, and effective eradication of invasive bacteria. Furthermore, the reprogrammed macrophages direct T cell activation at infectious sites, resulting in a robust adaptive antimicrobial immune response to ultimately achieve bacterial clearance and prevent infection relapse. Overall, these results provide a conceptual framework for a novel macrophage-based strategy for infection treatment via the regulation of autogenous immunity.

KERS-Inspired Nanostructured Mineral Coatings Boost IFN-γ mRNA Therapeutic Index for Antitumor Immunotherapy.

Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) reprogramming is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy; however, its efficacy remains modest due to the low bioactivity of the recombinant cytokines used for TAM reprogramming. mRNA therapeutics are capable of generating fully functional proteins for various therapeutic purposes but accused for its poor sustainability. Inspired by kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) in hybrid vehicles, a cytokine efficacy recovery system (CERS) is designed to substantially augment the therapeutic index of mRNA-based tumor immunotherapy via a "capture and stabilize" mechanism exerted by a nanostructured mineral coating carrying therapeutic cytokine mRNA. CERS remarkably recycles nearly 40% expressed cytokines by capturing them onto the mineral coating to extend its therapeutic timeframe, further polarizing the macrophages to strengthen their tumoricidal activity and activate adaptive immunity against tumors. Notably, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) produced by CERS exhibits ≈42-fold higher biological activity than recombinant IFN-γ, remarkably decreasing the required IFN-γ dosage for TAM reprogramming. In tumor-bearing mice, IFN-γ cmRNA@CERS effectively polarizes TAMs to inhibit osteosarcoma progression. When combined with the PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, IFN-γ cmRNA@CERS significantly boosts antitumor immune responses, and substantially prevents malignant lung metastases. Thus, CERS-mediated mRNA delivery represents a promising strategy to boost antitumor immunity for tumor treatment.

Engineered Sensory Nerve Guides Self-Adaptive Bone Healing via NGF-TrkA Signaling Pathway.

The upstream role of sensory innervation during bone homeostasis is widely underestimated in bone repairing strategies. Herein, a neuromodulation approach is proposed to orchestrate bone defect healing by constructing engineered sensory nerves (eSN) in situ to leverage the adaptation feature of SN during tissue formation. NGF liberated from ECM-constructed eSN effectively promotes sensory neuron differentiation and enhances CGRP secretion, which lead to improved RAOECs mobility and osteogenic differentiation of BMSC. In turn, such eSN effectively drives ossification in vivo via NGF-TrkA signaling pathway, which substantially accelerates critical size bone defect healing. More importantly, eSN also adaptively suppresses excessive bone formation and promotes bone remodeling by activating osteoclasts via CGRP-dependent mechanism when combined with BMP-2 delivery, which ingeniously alleviates side effects of BMP-2. In sum, this eSN approach offers a valuable avenue to harness the adaptive role of neural system to optimize bone homeostasis under various clinical scenario.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Negative for Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Pregnancy: Intellectual Development of Offspring.

Background: The adverse impact of maternal negative TPOAb of gestational subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH-TPOAb-) on the development of the offspring has not yet been clearly identified. A lingering controversy exists over the treatment of SCH-TPOAb- diagnosed during pregnancy. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the intellectual development of children of mothers who had SCH-TPOAb-. Methods: A number of 139 children were recruited; 112 children were born to SCH TPOAb- and 27 children were born to euthyroid TPOAb- mothers. Based on the mothers' thyrotropin (TSH) levels during pregnancy and whether or not they received levothyroxine (LT4) treatment, the children were assigned to four groups: Group A (2.5 mIU/L < TSH ≤4.0 mIU/L, n = 31) and Group B (4.0 mIU/L < TSH ≤10.0 mIU/L, n = 26), whose mothers were treated with LT4 before eight gestational weeks, and Group C (2.5 mIU/L < TSH ≤4.0 mIU/L, n = 27) and Group D (4.0 mIU/L < TSH ≤10.0 mIU/L, n = 28), whose mothers received no treatment. A total number of 27 children whose mother's serum TSH was <2.5 mIU/L and were TPOAb- during their pregnancy served as the control group (Group E). The intellectual development of two-year-old children was assessed and compared using the Gesell Development Diagnosis Scale. Results: The developmental quotient (DQ) in Group D was 8.67 lower than this in Group E (p < 0.001). More specifically, gross motor quotient, fine motor quotient, adaptability quotient (ABQ), language quotient (LQ), and individual social behavior quotient (ISBQ) of DQ in Group D were significantly lower than those in Group E. No significant differences were observed in DQ among Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group E (p > 0.05). Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that DQ, FMQ, ABQ, LQ, and ISBQ were significantly negatively correlated with the TSH level (r = -0.417, -0.253, -0.273, -0.436, and -0.272; p < 0.05). In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that mothers' education (short education), mothers' education (medium education), and TSH level (4.0 mIU/L < TSH ≤10.0 mIU/L) were both risk factors affecting the intellectual development of the offspring (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The effects of the intellectual development of the offspring with SCH-TPOAb- are related to the level of TSH. Standardized treatment for SCH-TPOAb- pregnant women before eight gestational weeks, whose TSH level was from 4.0 to 10.0 mIU/L, may significantly improve the intellectual development levels of the approximately two-year-old offspring. Although our study was a historical cohort study, the data analyzed provide the foundation for further investigation. Further prospective intervention trials with large numbers of participants are needed to confirm our conclusions. The Clinical Trial Registration number is 2021-K-84-02.

Diagnostic value of pulse oximetry combined with cardiac auscultation in screening congenital heart disease in neonates.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and reliability of pulse oximetry combined with cardiac auscultation in screening neonatal congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, screening study. All newborns included in the study were at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from July 2019 to January 2020. Primary screening of CHD was conducted by pulse oximetry combined with cardiac auscultation assays. Indices, including sensitivity, specificity, the positive/negative predictive value, the positive/negative likelihood ratio, and the diagnostic odds ratio, were calculated. The area under the relative operating characteristic curve of the subjects was measured. RESULTS: A total of 3327 neonates were enrolled, among whom 139 were diagnosed with CHD and the incidence of CHD was 4.2%. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the relative operating characteristic curve of pulse oximetry combined with cardiac auscultation were 89.9%, 94.7%, 169.0, and 0.923, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pulse oximetry combined with cardiac auscultation is a novel screening method with acceptable accuracy and feasibility for neonatal CHD. This combination method is worth promoting widely.

Kiwi Root Extract Inhibits the Development of Endometriosis in Mice by Downregulating Inflammatory Factors.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the kiwi root extract inhibits the development of endometriosis in mice by suppressing inflammatory factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mouse model of endometriosis was induced by surgery after which the mice were continuously injected with the drug for 14 days. On the 14th day, the mice were sacrificed, and the peritoneal fluid was obtained for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Endometrial ectopic tissue was weighed and analyzed by tissue immunochemistry, RT-PCR, western blotting, and gelatin zymography experiment. RESULTS: Kiwi root extract significantly reduced endometriotic lesion volume and downregulated the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, as well as the angiogenic factor VEGF-A. It also inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of COX-1 and COX-2, IL-6, TGF-ß1, EP2 receptor, and ER-ß in endometriotic lesions but did not affect the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2. CONCLUSIONS: Kiwi root extract could significantly inhibit the growth of surgery-induced endometriosis in mice. Our results suggest that the kiwi root extract may inhibit the development and progression of ectopic endometrium through disruption of neovascularization and reducing inflammation, which may be beneficial in treating this common gynecological disease.

Lipoxin A4 inhibits the development of endometriosis in a mouse model by suppressing local estradiol synthesis.

We investigated whether lipoxin A4 (LXA4) inhibits the development of endometriosis by suppressing local estradiol synthesis. An endometriosis mouse model was constructed by surgical transplantation to subcutanous tissue sites. The treatment group received daily injections of LXA4 (10 µg/Kg) for 21days after which lesions were recovered. We measured 17ß-HSD1, 17ß-HSD2, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, and estrogen receptor mRNA expression levels using real-time RT-PCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed to determine protein expression and localization. After LXA4 administration, the volume of endometrial lesions was significantly reduced. Administration of LXA4 resulted in a more rudimentary architecture with a reduced number of developed glands surrounded by a small amount of stroma. LXA4 downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of 17ß-HSD1, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, ERα, and ERß. Furthermore, LXA4 downregulated the expression of ERß, aromatase expression, and 17ß-HSD1 enzyme activity, which affected local estradiol production, resulting in reduced endometriosis. Results from our endometriosis mouse model showed that treatment with LXA4 reduced expression of enzymes and receptors associated or implicated with estrogen-dependent regulation of extra-uterine tissue. We believe that LXA4 has a potential therapeutic value for the treatment of endometriosis.

Differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells into Leydig-like cells with molecular compounds.

Leydig cells (LCs) are the primary source of testosterone in the testis, and testosterone deficiency caused by LC functional degeneration can lead to male reproductive dysfunction. LC replacement transplantation is a very promising approach for this disease therapy. Here, we report that human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be differentiated into Leydig-like cells using a novel differentiation method based on molecular compounds. The isolated human ADSCs expressed positive CD29, CD44, CD59 and CD105, negative CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR using flow cytometry, and had the capacity of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. ADSCs derived Leydig-like cells (ADSC-LCs) acquired testosterone synthesis capabilities, and positively expressed LC lineage-specific markers LHCGR, STAR, SCARB1, SF-1, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3B1 and HSD17B3 as well as negatively expressed ADSC specific markers CD29, CD44, CD59 and CD105. When ADSC-LCs labelled with lipophilic red dye (PKH26) were injected into rat testes which were selectively eliminated endogenous LCs using ethylene dimethanesulfonate (EDS, 75 mg/kg), the transplanted ADSC-LCs could survive and function in the interstitium of testes, and accelerate the recovery of blood testosterone levels and testis weights. These results demonstrated that ADSCs could be differentiated into Leydig-like cells by few defined molecular compounds, which might lay the foundation for further clinical application of ADSC-LC transplantation therapy.

Formyl-peptide receptor 2 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion in human extravillous trophoblastic cells.

Although FPR2 receptor is distributed in the endometrium and placenta, its function in human extravillous trophoblastic (TEV-1) cells still remains enigmatic. In this study, overexpression of FPR2 was performed in TEV-1 cells. Then, CCK8 transwell and wound healing assays were used to assess the cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. The results showed that FPR2 overexpression significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration in TEV-1 cells. In addition, FPR2 overexpression significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF--κB), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in TEV-1 cells. These findings indicated that FPR2 overexpression alters proliferation, migration and invasion in human extravillous trophoblastic cellsthrough the ILK/NF-κB signaling pathway; ideal FPR2 levels are important for TEV-1 cells functions.

Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into Leydig-like cells with molecular compounds.

Leydig cells (LCs) play crucial roles in producing testosterone, which is critical in the regulation of male reproduction and development. Low levels of testosterone will lead to male hypogonadism. LC transplantation is a promising alternative therapy for male hypogonadism. However, the source of LCs limits this strategy for clinical applications. Thus far, others have reported that LCs can be derived from stem cells by gene transfection, but the safe and effective induction method has not yet been reported. Here, we report that Leydig-like cells can be derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a novel differentiation protocol based on molecular compounds. The iPSCs-derived Leydig-like cells (iPSC-LCs) acquired testosterone synthesis capabilities, had the similar gene expression profiles with LCs, and positively expressed Leydig cell lineage-specific protein markers LHCGR, STAR, SCARB1, SF-1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, and HSD17B3 as well as negatively expressed iPSC-specific markers NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2. When iPSC-LCs labeled with lipophilic red dye (PKH26) were transplanted into rat testes that were selectively eliminated endogenous LCs using EDS (75 mg/kg), the transplanted iPSC-LCs could survive and function in the interstitium of testes, and accelerate the recovery of serum testosterone levels and testis weights. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the iPSCs were able to be differentiated into Leydig-like cells by few defined molecular compounds, which may lay the safer groundwork for further clinical application of iPSC-LCs for hypogonadism.

Lipoxin A4 interferes with embryo implantation via suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

PROBLEM: To test whether lipoxin A4 (LXA4) interferes with embryo implantation via suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHOD OF STUDY: We developed a mouse model of LXA4 blocking embryo implantation and detected the indicators of EMT to confirm that LXA4 inhibits EMT might be a mechanism of interfering with the embryo implantation. We detected integrin-linked kinase (ILK), N-formylpeptide receptor 2 (FPR2), vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Akt, GSK3ß, NF-ĸB, twist, vimentin, fibronectin, and ß-catenin mRNA expression using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR; localized protein expression using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting assay; MMPs activity assay by gelatin zymography; and the status of implantation in pregnant animals assessed by pontamine blue reaction test. RESULTS: Preimplantation administration of LXA4 resulted in implantation failure. LXA4 has a time- and dose-dependent effect on embryo implantation. Day 0.5 after fertilization is the most effective time to use LXA4 to block embryo implantation. (a) LXA4 reduced endometrial stroma edema; (b) LXA4 inhibited the activity of MMP9 and significantly upregulated the expression of ß-catenin, and downregulated the expression of vimentin, fibronectin, twist, NF-κB, Akt, and Gsk-3ß in the endometrium and TEV-1 cells; (c) LXA4 upregulated the expression of FPR2, and downregulated the expression of ILK; FPR2-overexpressing had an inhibitory effect on ILK in TEV-1 cells. CONCLUSION: LXA4 inhibits EMT which attenuates ILK action by enhancing FPR2; therefore, this might be a mechanism of interfering with embryo implantation.