Visual Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid On-Site Detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in Milk Products.

(1) Background: Rapid on-site testing is an effective method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7(E. coli O157: H7) in food ingredients and the environment. (2) Methods: In this study, we developed colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs) for the rapid and visual detection of E. coli O157: H7. This study designed new specific LAMP primers for E. coli O157: H7 virulence island genes. After the LAMP amplification, the double-stranded DNA target sequence labeled with digoxin and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) at both ends was bound to the anti-digoxin antibody on the gold nanoparticles. Subsequently, it was further bound to the anti-FITC antibody at the T line of the ICTs, forming a positive test result. Hydroxynaphthyl blue dye was directly added to the LAMP amplification product. A blue color indicated positive results, while a purple color indicated negative results. (3) Results: Two visualization methods showed high specificity for the target strains. The visualization tests had sensitivities of 5.7 CFU mL-1, and the detection limit of the Escherichia coli O157: H7 in artificially contaminated milk samples was 5.7 × 102 CFU mL-1, which was consistent with the results of the standard method (LAMP-electrophoresis method) used in commercial inspection. (4) Conclusions: Both methods could be useful in remote and under-resourced areas.

Exposure to Chloropropanols and Their Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in the Sixth Total Diet Study - China, 2016-2019.

What is already known about this topic?: Chloropropanols, along with their fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), are prevalent contaminants in a variety of processed foods, posing potential health risks to humans. What is added by this report?: In the Sixth China Total Diet Study (TDS), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD esters) and GEs were identified as the predominant chloropropanols and their esters in composite food samples. Vegetables (47.0%) and cereals (15.4%) were the major contributors to exposure among the 12 food categories evaluated. What are the implications for public health practice?: The Sixth China TDS highlighted concerns regarding potential health risks associated with dietary exposure to GEs. This study underscores the need for further attention in devising practical strategies to mitigate dietary exposure to GEs.

[Determination of six bisphenols in human urine by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a solid phase extraction-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of six bisphenols(bisphenol S, bisphenol F, bisphenol A, 2, 2'-methylenediphenol, bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP) in urine. METHODS: After enzymolysis of urine sample, the target substances were quickly purified and extracted by WAX solid phase extraction column. On ACQUITY BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm), the mobile phase of water and methanol was used to separate. Finally, multi-reaction detection was carried out under electrospray negative ion scanning, and quantification was carried out by internal standard method. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients(r) of the target compounds were all more than 0.998 in the range of 0.1-50.0 ng/mL, the linearity was good, and the detection limits were all lower than 0.1 ng/mL. The recoveries of the three standard concentrations(0.5, 5.0 and 50.0 ng/mL) were all between 80% and 120%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 20%(n=5). The standard reference material was detected and the concentration was within the reference range. CONCLUSION: This method can be used to detect six bisphenols in urine quickly and accurately, is suitable for the trace analysis of bisphenol compounds in human urine.

Optimal initial duration of low molecular weight heparin lead-in before direct oral anticoagulants for short-term outcomes of hospitalized patients with non-high-risk acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: There are currently three strategies for the duration of LMWH lead-in before DOACs in patients with acute PE: one is at least 5 days, the other is at least 3 days, and the last one is less than 3 days. Which one is the best is yet unknown. METHODS: We divided non-high-risk PE patients into short-LMWH (LMWH <3 days), intermediate-LMWH (LMWH 3-5 days), and long-LMWH (LMWH >5 days) groups, in a 1:1:2 ratio by using propensity score matching. Primary outcomes were a composite of mortality including all-cause and PE-related mortality, VTE recurrence, and major bleeding, as well as each one of them, at 3-month after PE diagnosis. RESULTS: The short-LMWH group (N = 504) had higher 3-month composite primary outcome (129 [25.6%] vs 67 [13.3%], P < 0.001), all-cause mortality (112 [22.2%] vs 39 [7.7%], P < 0.001), and PE-related mortality (48 [9.5%] vs 17 [3.4%], P < 0.001), than the intermediate-LMWH group (N = 504). The short-LMWH group also had higher 3-month composite primary outcome (129 [25.6%] vs 151 [15.0%], P < 0.001), all-cause mortality (112 [22.2%] vs 90 [8.9%], P < 0.001), and PE-related mortality (48 [9.5%] vs 41 [4.1%], P < 0.001) than the long-LMWH group (N = 1008). The VTE recurrence and major bleeding rates were similar between the short-LMWH and intermediate-LMWH groups, and between the short-LMWH and long-LMWH groups. The intermediate-LMWH and long-LMWH groups had similar 3-month primary outcomes rates in whole or in part with each other. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with non-high-risk acute PE, the optimal duration of initial LMWH lead-in before switching to DOACs could be 3 to 5 days.

Role of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in development of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in lung cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy.

Background: The role of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF), especially the long-acting factor in the development of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) in lung cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy has been understudied, although the use of rhG-CSF has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of VTE. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,673 lung cancer patients who underwent hospitalized chemotherapy. We performed propensity score matching to offset confounding factors related to cancer-associated VTE development and classified the patients into short-acting (N = 273), long-acting (N = 273), and no rhG-CSF (N = 273) groups. The primary outcome was cumulative cancer-associated VTE development three months after all cycles of chemotherapy. Results: The overall VTE incidence in the short-acting, long-acting, and no rhG-CSF groups was 5.5%, 10.3%, and 2.2%, respectively (P <0.001). The VTE incidence in the long-acting rhG-CSF group was higher than that in the short-acting (P = 0.039) and no rhG-CSF groups (P <0.001). The VTE incidence in the short-acting rhG-CSF group was higher than that in the no rhG-CSF group (P = 0.045). The use of rhG-CSF (hazard ratio [HR] 2.337; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.236-5.251], P = 0.006) was positively correlated with VTE development among all patients, whereas the use of long-acting rhG-CSF (HR 1.917, 95% CI [1.138-4.359]; P = 0.016), was positively correlated with VTE development in patients receiving rhG-CSF. Conclusion: The use of rhG-CSF, especially long-acting rhG-CSF, increases the risk of cancer-associated VTE development compared to no rhG-CSF use in lung cancer patients who undergo hospitalized chemotherapy.

The mother-offspring transfer of chlorothalonil through human breast milk: A multi-city cross-sectional study.

4-Hydroxychlorothalonil (4-OH CHT), the main metabolite of chlorothalonil and the most widely used fungicide, has been frequently detected in human samples during monitoring. 4-OH CHT may exhibit higher toxicity and persistence in the environment compared to its prototype. In this study, a total of 540 paired serum and breast milk samples from pregnant women in three provinces in China were monitored for contaminant residues. 4-OH CHT was analyzed in the samples using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry with a detection limit of 20 ng/L. The study investigated the effects of demographic factors, such as BMI, region of residence, and education level, on the levels of 4-OH CHT residues in serum and breast milk. Among the three provinces, the highest median concentration of 4-OH CHT in serum samples was observed in Hebei (1.04 × 103 ng/L), while the highest median concentration of 4-OH CHT in breast milk samples was observed in Hubei and Guangdong (491 ng/L). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the significant positive correlation between 4-OH CHT in serum and breast milk (p = 0.000) after adjusting for personal characteristics. Based on this, the study further explored the influencing factors of transfer efficiencies (TEs) in conjunction with the individual TEs and the personal characteristics of the participants. Our results demonstrated that the age of the volunteers and their exercise habits had an effect on TEs, but further studies are needed to determine whether exercise leads to an increase in TEs.

A Prediction Rule for Occurrence of Chronic Thromboembolic Disease After Acute Pulmonary Embolism.

BACKGROUND: Occurrence of chronic thromboembolic disease (CTED) after 3 or 6 months of standard and effective anticoagulation is not uncommon in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). To date, there has been no scoring model for the prediction of CTED occurrence. METHODS: A Prediction Rule for CTED (PRC) was established in the establishment cohort (n=1,124) and then validated in the validation cohort (n=211). Both original and simplified versions of the PRC score were provided by using different scoring and cut-offs. RESULTS: The PRC score included 10 items: active cancer (3.641; 2.338-4.944; p<0.001), autoimmune diseases (2.218; 1.545-2.891; p=0.001), body mass index >30 kg/m2 (2.186; 1.573-2.799; p=0.001), chronic immobility (2.135; 1.741-2.529; p=0.001), D-dimer >2,000 ng/mL (1.618; 1.274-1.962; p=0.005), PE with deep vein thrombosis (3.199; 2.356-4.042; p<0.001), previous venous thromboembolism (VTE) history (5.268; 3.472-7.064; p<0.001), thromboembolism besides VTE (4.954; 3.150-6.758; p<0.001), thrombophilia (3.438; 2.573-4.303; p<0.001), and unprovoked VTE (2.227; 1.471-2.983; p=0.001). In the establishment cohort, the sensitivity, specificity, Youden index (YI), and C-index were 85.5%, 79.7%, 0.652, and 0.821 (0.732-0.909) when using the original PRC score, whereas they were 87.9%, 74.6%, 0.625, and 0.807 (0.718-0.897) when using the simplified one, respectively (Kappa coefficient 0.819, p-value of McNemar's test 0.786). In the validation cohort, the sensitivity, specificity, YI, and C-index were 86.3%, 76.3%, 0.626, and 0.815 (0.707-0.923) when using the original PRC score, whereas they were 85.0%, 78.6%, 0.636, and 0.818 (0.725-0.911) when using the simplified one, respectively (Kappa coefficient 0.912, p-value of McNemar's test 0.937); both were better than that of the DASH score (72.5%, 69.5%, 0.420, and 0.621 [0.532-0.710]). CONCLUSIONS: A prediction score for CTED occurrence, termed PRC, predicted the likelihood of CTED occurrence after 3 or 6 months of standard anticoagulation in hospitalised patients with a diagnosis of acute PE.

The cores regulation of paraffin-chitosan phase change microcapsules for constant temperature building.

Phase change materials (PCMs) can store and release latent heat under the designed phased change temperature and have received substantial interest for energy conservation and thermal control purposes. The use of PCMs in the construction of constant temperature buildings can improve the comfortable environment and save more energy. However, the leakage of PCMs during phase change process limits the application of PCMs. In this paper, a series of PCMs microcapsules with controllable core numbers is synthesized with paraffin (37 ℃) as the core and cross-linked chitosan as the wall. The single-core phase-change microcapsules (S-PCM) and multicore phase-change microcapsules (M-PCM) were prepared by adjusting the preparation condition. The latent heat of S-PCM and M-PCM are 61.4 mJ mg-1 and 50.1 mJ mg-1, respectively. The S-PCM and M-PCM display good stability without paraffin leakage. In addition, the composite blocks of gypsum and S-PCM (GSCM) and M-PCM (GMCM) were prepared and the thermoregulatory effection was investigated, where the surface temperature of GSCM was 5-10 ℃ lower than that of pure gypsum block. PCMs may also have broad application space in electronics, cold chain, and other industries.

Risk Scores in Venous Thromboembolism Guidelines of ESC, ACCP, and ASH: An Updated Review.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Risk scores associated with VTE have been widely used in clinical practice. Among numerous scores published, those included in guidelines are usually typical risk scores which have been extensively validated and globally recognized. This review provides an updated overview of the risk scores associated with VTE endorsed by 3 guidelines which are highly recognized in the field of VTE including the European Society of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, and American Society of Hematology, focusing on the development, modification, validation, and comparison of these scores, to provide a comprehensive and updated understanding of all the classic risk scores associated with VTE to medical readers including but not limited to cardiologists, pulmonologists, hematologists, intensivists, physicians, surgeons, and researchers. Although each score recommended by these guidelines was more or less validated, there may still be room for further improvement. It may still be necessary to seek simpler, more practical, and more universally applicable VTE-related risk scores in the future.

PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 3b and transcription factor ABF3 modulate abscisic acid-dependent drought stress response in soybean.

The circadian system plays a pivotal role in facilitating the ability of crop plants to respond and adapt to fluctuations in their immediate environment effectively. Despite the increasing comprehension of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORs (PRRs) and their involvement in the regulation of diverse biological processes, including circadian rhythms, photoperiodic control of flowering, and responses to abiotic stress, the transcriptional networks associated with these factors in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we provide empirical evidence highlighting the significance of GmPRR3b as a crucial mediator in regulating the circadian clock, drought stress response, and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway in soybeans. A comprehensive analysis of DNA affinity purification sequencing and transcriptome data identified 795 putative target genes directly regulated by GmPRR3b. Among them, a total of 570 exhibited a significant correlation with the response to drought, and eight genes were involved in both the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of ABA. Notably, GmPRR3b played a pivotal role in the negative regulation of the drought response in soybeans by suppressing the expression of abscisic acid responsive element-binding factor 3 (GmABF3). Additionally, the overexpression of GmABF3 exhibited an increased ability to tolerate drought conditions, and it also restored the hypersensitive phenotype of the GmPRR3b overexpressor. Consistently, studies on the manipulation of GmPRR3b gene expression and genome editing in plants revealed contrasting reactions to drought stress. The findings of our study collectively provide compelling evidence that emphasizes the significant contribution of the GmPRR3b-GmABF3 module in enhancing drought tolerance in soybean plants. Moreover, the transcriptional network of GmPRR3b provides valuable insights into the intricate interactions between this gene and the fundamental biological processes associated with plant adaptation to diverse environmental conditions.

Recent Progress on Porous Carbons for Carbon Capture.

High emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) has caused CO2 levels to reach more than 400 ppm in air and led to a serious climate problem. In addition, in confined spaces such as submarines and aircraft, the CO2 concentration increase in the air caused by human respiration also affects human health. In order to protect the environment and human health, the search for high-performance adsorbents for carbon capture from high and low concentration gas is particularly important. Porous carbon materials, possessing the advantages of low cost and renewability, have set off a boom in the research of porous adsorbents, which have the opportunity to be utilized on a large scale for industrial carbon capture in the future. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of porous carbons for carbon capture from flue gas and directly from air in the last five years, including activated carbon (AC), heteroatom-modified porous carbon, carbon molecular sieves (CMS), and other porous carbon materials, with a focus on the effects of temperature, water content, and gas flow rate of industrial flue gas on the performance of porous carbon adsorbents. We summarize the preparation strategies of various porous carbons and seek environmental friendly porous carbon materials preparation strategies under the premise of improving the CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity of porous carbon adsorbents. Based on the effects of real industrial flue gas on adsorbents, we provide new ideas and evaluation methods for the development and preparation of porous carbon materials.

Frailty and psychiatric disorders: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: The association between frailty and psychiatric disorders has been reported in observational studies. However, it is unclear whether frailty facilitates the appearance of psychiatric disorders or vice versa. Therefore, we conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate the causality. METHODS: Independent genetic variants associated with frailty index (FI) and psychiatric disorders were obtained from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The inverse variance weighted method was utilized as the primary method to estimate causal effects, followed by various sensitivity analyses. Multivariable analyses were performed to further adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: The present MR study revealed that genetically predicted FI was significantly and positively associated with the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.48-2.15, P = 1.06 × 10-9), anxiety disorder (OR 1.61, 95 % CI 1.19-2.18, P = 0.002) and neuroticism (OR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.18-1.61, P = 3.73 × 10-5). In the reverse MR test, genetic liability to MDD (beta 0.232, 95 % CI 0.189-0.274, P = 1.00 × 10-26) and neuroticism (beta 0.128, 95 % CI 0.081-0.175, P = 8.61 × 10-8) were significantly associated with higher FI. Multivariable analyses results supported the causal association between FI and MDD and neuroticism. LIMITATIONS: Restriction to European populations, and sample selection bias. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested a bidirectional causal association between frailty and MDD neuroticism, and a positive correlation of genetically predicted frailty on the risk of anxiety disorder. Developing a deeper understanding of these associations is essential to effectively manage frailty and optimize mental health in older adults.

International Normalized Ratio Predicts Recurrence and Bleeding in Patients With Acute Venous Thromboembolism Who Undergo Direct Oral Anticoagulants.

Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) is related to both antithrombotic effect and risk of bleeding. Its role in the prediction of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence and bleeding for patients with acute VTE who undergo direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) treatment is unclear, despite previous studies revealed some association between them. The predictive efficiency of INR for VTE recurrence and bleeding were analyzed in a retrospective cohort with VTE patients who underwent DOACs treatment. Then its predictive efficiency for VTE recurrence and bleeding were validated in a prospective cohort with the acquired cutoffs range, and compared with anti-Xa level, DASH and VTE-BLEED scores. In the retrospective cohort (n = 1083), the sensitivity and specificity of INR for the prediction of VTE recurrence were 79.4% and 92.8%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.881 (0.803-0.960)(P = .025). The cutoff value of INR was 0.9. The sensitivity and specificity of INR for the prediction of bleeding were 85.7% and 77.9%, respectively. The AUC was 0.876 (0.786-0.967)(P < .001). The cutoff value of INR was 2.1. In the prospective cohort (n = 202), the calibration showed that there were 4 (50%) patients with VTE recurrence, 156 (97.5%) patients with non-recurrence and bleeding (non-R&B), and 20 (58.8%) patients with bleeding in the low (INR < 0.9)(n = 8), intermediate (0.9 ≤ INR ≤ 2.1)(n = 160), and high (INR > 2.1)(n = 34) groups, respectively. The baseline PT/INR value at the initiation of DOACs treatment is an independent predictor for VTE recurrence and bleeding in patients with acute VTE who undergo DOACs treatment.

Platelet-Derived Microvesicles Mediate Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis by Transferring ACSL1 During Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the critical health conditions often caused by the rupture of unstable coronary artery plaque, triggering a series of events, such as platelet activation, thrombus formation, coronary artery blockage, lasted severe ischemia, and hypoxia in cardiomyocytes, and culminating in cell death. Platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs) act as intermediates for cellular communication. Nevertheless, the role of PMVs in myocardial infarction remains unclear. Initially, AMI-related messenger ribose nucleic acid (mRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed, specifically focusing on the expressed genes associated with Ferroptosis. Further, a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network specific to AMI was constructed. Then, the effect of PMVs on cardiomyocyte survival was further confirmed through in vitro experiments. High ACSL1 expression was observed in the platelets of AMI patients. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that ACSL1, located in the mitochondria, played a key role in the PPAR signaling pathway. The elevated ACSL1 expression in a co-culture model of PMVs and AC16 cardiomyocytes significantly increased the AC16 cell Ferroptosis. Further, we validated that the platelet ACSL1 expression could be regulated by hsa-miR-449a. Together, these findings suggested that platelet ACSL1 could trigger myocardial cell death via PMV transport. In addition, this research provided a theoretical framework for attenuating myocardial cell Ferroptosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Intermediate soil acidification induces highest nitrous oxide emissions.

Global potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil are accelerating, with increases in the proportion of reactive nitrogen emitted as N2O, i.e., N2O emission factor (EF). Yet, the primary controls and underlying mechanisms of EFs remain unresolved. Based on two independent but complementary global syntheses, and three field studies determining effects of acidity on N2O EFs and soil denitrifying microorganisms, we show that soil pH predominantly controls N2O EFs and emissions by affecting the denitrifier community composition. Analysis of 5438 paired data points of N2O emission fluxes revealed a hump-shaped relationship between soil pH and EFs, with the highest EFs occurring in moderately acidic soils that favored N2O-producing over N2O-consuming microorganisms, and induced high N2O emissions. Our results illustrate that soil pH has a unimodal relationship with soil denitrifiers and EFs, and the net N2O emission depends on both the N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio and overall denitrification rate. These findings can inform strategies to predict and mitigate soil N2O emissions under future nitrogen input scenarios.

Identification of GmPT proteins and investigation of their expressions in response to abiotic stress in soybean.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Investigation the expression patterns of GmPT genes in response to various abiotic stresses and overexpression of GmPT11 in soybean hairy roots and Arabidopsis exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress. Soybean is considered to be one of the significant oil crops globally, as it offers a diverse range of essential nutrients that contribute to human health. Salt stress seriously affects the yield of soybean through negative impacts on the growth, nodulation, reproduction, and other agronomy traits. The phosphate transporters 1(PHT1) subfamily, which is a part of the PHTs family in plants, is primarily found in the cell membrane and responsible for the uptake and transport of phosphorus. However, the role of GmPT (GmPT1-GmPT14) genes in response to salt stress has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we conducted a systematic analysis to ascertain the distribution and genomic duplications of GmPT genes, as well as their expression patterns in response to various abiotic stresses. Promoter analysis of GmPT genes revealed that six stress-related cis-elements were enriched in these genes. The overexpression of GmPT11 in soybean hairy roots and Arabidopsis exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress, while no significant change was observed under low phosphate treatment, suggesting a crucial role in the response to salt stress. These findings provide novel insights into enhancing plant tolerance to salt stress.

Suspect, Nontarget Screening, and Toxicity Prediction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Landfill Leachate.

Landfills are the final stage of urban wastes containing perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs in the landfill leachate may contaminate the surrounding groundwater. As major environmental pollutants, emerging PFASs have raised global concern. Besides the widely reported legacy PFASs, the distribution and potential toxic effects of numerous emerging PFASs remain unclear, and unknown PFASs still need discovery and characterization. This study proposed a comprehensive method for PFAS screening in leachate samples using suspect and nontarget analysis. A total of 48 PFASs from 10 classes were identified; nine novel PFASs including eight chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (Cl-PFPECAs) and bistriflimide (HNTf2) were reported for the first time in the leachate, where Cl-PFPECA-3,1 and Cl-PFPECA-2,2 were first reported in environmental media. Optimized molecular docking models were established for prioritizing the PFASs with potential activity against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and estrogen receptor α. Our results indicated that several emerging PFASs of N-methyl perfluoroalkyl sulfonamido acetic acids (N-MeFASAAs), n:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (n:3 FTCA), and n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (n:2 FTSA) have potential health risks that cannot be ignored.

Effect of apple high-methoxyl pectin on heat-induced gelation of silver carp myofibrillar protein.

The effect of adding apple high-methoxy pectin (HMP) (0-3 mg∙mL-1) on heat-induced gel characteristics of low concentration silver carp myofibrillar protein (MP) (15 mg∙mL-1) was studied. It was found that the hardness of gel increased by 20.6 times with adding 2 mg∙mL-1 HMP. Besides, HMP aided in the development of disulfide bonds and the aggregation of hydrophobic groups. During gel formation, the maximal storage modulus (G') of samples supplemented with 2 mg·mL-1 HMP was raised by a factor of 2.7. Of note, the images of SEM showed that protein and water were tightly combined with a proper amount of HMP and made its pores more uniform and dense. Meantime, the addition of moderate amounts of HMP enabled the formation of gels with favorable texture and performance at low concentration of MP was identified, which could provide a theoretical reference for the design and production of flesh low-calorie food gel.

Insights into Preparation Methods and Functions of Carbon-Based Solid Acids.

With the growing emphasis on green chemistry and the ecological environment, researchers are increasingly paying attention to greening materials through the use of carbon-based solid acids. The diverse characteristics of carbon-based solid acids can be produced through different preparation conditions and modification methods. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the current research progress on carbon-based solid acids, encompassing common carbonization methods, such as one-step, two-step, hydrothermal, and template methods. The composition of carbon source material may be the main factor affecting its carbonization method and carbonization temperature. Additionally, acidification types including sulfonating agent, phosphoric acid, heteropoly acid, and nitric acid are explored. Furthermore, the functions of carbon-based solid acids in esterification, hydrolysis, condensation, and alkylation are thoroughly analyzed. This study concludes by addressing the existing drawbacks and outlining potential future development prospects for carbon-based solid acids in the context of their important role in sustainable chemistry and environmental preservation.