Global, regional, and national burden of HIV-negative tuberculosis, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease with significant public health implications. Its widespread transmission, prolonged treatment duration, notable side effects, and high mortality rate pose severe challenges. This study examines the epidemiological characteristics of TB globally and across major regions, providing a scientific basis for enhancing TB prevention and control measures worldwide. METHODS: The ecological study used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. It assessed new incidence cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and trends in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), mortality rates (ASMRs), and DALY rates for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB), multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) from 1990 to 2021. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to project ASIR and ASMR. RESULTS: In 2021, the global ASIR for all HIV-negative TB was 103.00 per 100,000 population [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 92.21, 114.91 per 100,000 population], declining by 0.40% (95% UI: - 0.43, - 0.38%) compared to 1990. The global ASMR was 13.96 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 12.61, 15.72 per 100,000 population), with a decline of 0.44% (95% UI: - 0.61, - 0.23%) since 1990. The global age-standardized DALY rate for HIV-negative TB was 580.26 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 522.37, 649.82 per 100,000 population), showing a decrease of 0.65% (95% UI: - 0.69, - 0.57 per 100,000 population) from 1990. The global ASIR of MDR-TB has not decreased since 2015, instead, it has shown a slow upward trend in recent years. The ASIR of XDR-TB has exhibited significant increase in the past 30 years. The projections indicate MDR-TB and XDR-TB are expected to see significant increases in both ASIR and ASMR from 2022 to 2035, highlighting the growing challenge of drug-resistant TB. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the ASIR of MDR-TB and XDR-TB has shown an upward trend in recent years. To reduce the TB burden, it is essential to enhance health infrastructure and increase funding in low-SDI regions. Developing highly efficient, accurate, and convenient diagnostic reagents, along with more effective therapeutic drugs, and improving public health education and community engagement, are crucial for curbing TB transmission.

Efficacy and Safety of Bufei Jiedu Granules in Treating Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Multi-center, Double-Blinded and Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Bufei Jiedu (BFJD) ranules as adjuvant therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB). METHODS: A large-scale, multi-center, double-blinded, and randomized controlled trial was conducted in 18 sentinel hospitals in China from December 2012 to December 2016. A total of 312 MDR-PTB patients were randomly assigned to BFJD Granules or placebo groups (1:1) using a stratified randomization method, which both received the long-course chemotherapy regimen for 18 months (6 Am-Lfx-P-Z-Pto, 12 Lfx-P-Z-Pto). Meanwhile, patients in both groups also received BFJD Granules or placebo twice a day for a total of 18 months, respectively. The primary outcome was cure rate. The secondary outcomes included time to sputum-culture conversion, changes in lung cavities and quality of life (QoL) of patients. Adverse reactions were monitored during and after the trial. RESULTS: A total of 216 cases completed the trial, 111 in the BFJD Granules group and 105 in the placebo group. BFJD Granules, as an adjuvant treatment, increased the cure rate by 13.6% at the end of treatment, compared with the placebo (58.4% vs. 44.8%, P=0.02), and accelerated the median time to sputum-culture conversion (5 months vs. 11 months). The cavity closure rate of the BFJD Granules group (50.6%, 43/85) was higher than that of the placebo group (32.1%, 26/81; P=0.02) in patients who completed the treatment. At the end of the intensive treatment, according to the 36-item Short Form, the BFJD Granules significantly improved physical functioning, general health, and vitality of patients relative to the placebo group (all P<0.01). Overall, the death rates in the two groups were not significantly different; 5.1% (8/156) in the BFJD Granules group and 2.6% (4/156) in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing BFJD Granules with the long-course chemotherapy regimen significantly increased the cure rate and cavity closure rates, and rapidly improved QoL of patients with MDR-PTB (Registration No. ChiCTR-TRC-12002850).

TCMNPAS: a comprehensive analysis platform integrating network formulaology and network pharmacology for exploring traditional Chinese medicine.

The application of network formulaology and network pharmacology has significantly advanced the scientific understanding of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment mechanisms in disease. The field of herbal biology is experiencing a surge in data generation. However, researchers are encountering challenges due to the fragmented nature of the data and the reliance on programming tools for data analysis. We have developed TCMNPAS, a comprehensive analysis platform that integrates network formularology and network pharmacology. This platform is designed to investigate in-depth the compatibility characteristics of TCM formulas and their potential molecular mechanisms. TCMNPAS incorporates multiple resources and offers a range of functions designed for automated analysis implementation, including prescription mining, molecular docking, network pharmacology analysis, and visualization. These functions enable researchers to analyze and obtain core herbs and core formulas from herbal prescription data through prescription mining. Additionally, TCMNPAS facilitates virtual screening of active compounds in TCM and its formulas through batch molecular docking, allowing for the rapid construction and analysis of networks associated with "herb-compound-target-pathway" and disease targets. Built upon the integrated analysis concept of network formulaology and network pharmacology, TCMNPAS enables quick point-and-click completion of network-based association analysis, spanning from core formula mining from clinical data to the exploration of therapeutic targets for disease treatment. TCMNPAS serves as a powerful platform for uncovering the combinatorial rules and mechanism of TCM formulas holistically. We distribute TCMNPAS within an open-source R package at GitHub ( https://github.com/yangpluszhu/tcmnpas ), and the project is freely available at http://54.223.75.62:3838/ .

Simultaneous determination of plasma protein binding of five C-glycosylflavones from TFDS by rapid equilibrium dialysis.

The total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium (TFDS) are flavonoid-rich extracts obtained from Desmodii Styracifolii Herba, which is approved for the treatment of urolithiasis in China. C-glycosylflavones including schaftoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, vicenin-3, and isovitexin are the main active constituents. In this study, the plasma protein binding of these compounds was determined for the first time in rat and human plasma by rapid equilibrium dialysis combined with HPLC-MS/MS method. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction effect, matrix effect, and stability. Schaftoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, and vicenin-3 exhibited moderate plasma protein binding, ranging from 56.6% to 61.5% in rat plasma and 55.0%-62.9% in human plasma. In comparison, isovitexin demonstrated a higher plasma protein binding in the range of 92.3-93.1% and 95.1-96.2% in rat and human plasma, respectively. Furthermore, the potential interactions mediated via plasma protein binding between isovitexin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were investigated by rapid equilibrium dialysis. No significant changes were observed, indicating a lower likelihood of interaction between TFDS and NSAIDs due to plasma protein binding in the treatment of urinary system disorders.

Impact factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: a large-scale, multi-center observational study from China.

BACKGROUND: Blastocystis hominis (Bh) is zoonotic parasitic pathogen with a high prevalent globally, causing opportunistic infections and diarrhea disease. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection disrupts the immune system by depleting CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+ T) cell counts, thereby increasing Bh infection risk among persons living with HIV (PLWH). However, the precise association between Bh infection risk and HIV-related biological markers and treatment processes remains poorly understood. Hence, the purpose of the study was to explore the association between Bh infection risk and CD4+ T cell counts, HIV viral load (VL), and duration of interruption in antiviral therapy among PLWH. METHODS: A large-scale multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted in China from June 2020 to December 2022. The genetic presence of Bh in fecal samples was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the CD4+ T cell counts in venous blood was measured using flowcytometry, and the HIV VL in serum was quantified using fluorescence-based instruments. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was applied to assess the non-linear association between Bh infection risk and CD4+ T cell counts, HIV VL, and duration of interruption in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HARRT). RESULTS: A total of 1245 PLWH were enrolled in the study, the average age of PLWH was 43 years [interquartile range (IQR): 33, 52], with 452 (36.3%) being female, 50.4% (n = 628) had no immunosuppression (CD4+ T cell counts > 500 cells/µl), and 78.1% (n = 972) achieved full virological suppression (HIV VL < 50 copies/ml). Approximately 10.5% (n = 131) of PLWH had interruption. The prevalence of Bh was found to be 4.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8-6.4%] among PLWH. Significant nonlinear associations were observed between the Bh infection risk and CD4+ T cell counts (Pfor nonlinearity < 0.001, L-shaped), HIV VL (Pfor nonlinearity < 0.001, inverted U-shaped), and duration of interruption in HARRT (Pfor nonlinearity < 0.001, inverted U-shaped). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that VL was a better predictor of Bh infection than CD4+ T cell counts. It is crucial to consider the simultaneous surveillance of HIV VL and CD4+ T cell counts in PLWH in the regions with high level of socioeconomic development. The integrated approach can offer more comprehensive and accurate understanding in the aspects of Bh infection and other opportunistic infections, the efficacy of therapeutic drugs, and the assessment of preventive and control strategies.

Elucidation of the underlying mechanism of Hua-ban decoction in alleviating acute lung injury by an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental verification.

The pathogenic hyper-inflammatory response has been regarded as the major cause of the severity and death related to acute lung injury (ALI). Hua-ban decoction (HBD) is a classical prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It has been extensively used to treat inflammatory diseases; however, its bioactive components and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we established a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model that presents a hyperinflammatory process to explore the pharmaco-dynamic effect and underlying molecular mechanism of HBD on ALI. In vivo, we confirmed that in LPS-induced ALI mice, HBD improved pulmonary injury by via down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, and macrophage infiltration, as well as macrophage M1 polarization. Moreover, in vitro experiments in LPS-stimulated macrophages demonstrated that the potential bioactive compounds of HBD inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. Mechanically, the data revealed that HBD treatment of LPS-induced ALI acted via NF-κB pathway, which regulated macrophage M1 polarization. Additionally, two major HBD compounds, i.e., quercetin and kaempferol, showed a high binding affinity with p65 and IkBα. In conclusion, the data obtained in this study demonstrated the therapeutic effects of HBD, which indicates the possibility for the development of HBD as a potential treatment for ALI.

Protopanaxadiol ameliorates NAFLD by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolism through AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the main chronic liver diseases worldwide. Protopanaxadiol (PPD), an active compound derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has been found able to improve free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. However, the efficacy of PPD on NAFLD and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 22 weeks to induce the NAFLD model, and then were treated with PPD by gavage for 8 weeks. Moreover, AML12 and HepG2 cells induced by free fatty acids for 24 h, were treated with different doses of PPD and/or AMPK or SIRT1 inhibitor to explore the pharmacological mechanism of PPD. The results showed that mice with PPD treatment had significantly reduced liver weight and serum aminotransferase levels, less severe hepatosteatosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver tissues when compared with the model mice. PPD also reversed the down-regulated activation of AMPK and SIRT1 expression as well as the change of lipid metabolism-related molecules in the mice liver tissues. Consistently, the in vitro experiments showed the effect of PPD in ameliorating lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. The inhibitor of AMPK or SIRT1 suppressed the AMPK and SIRT1 signaling and markedly diminished the anti-steatosis effect of PPD. In conclusion, our results prove the ameliorating impact of PPD on NAFLD and also reveal the involvement of regulation of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway-mediated lipid metabolism in the underlying mechanism, suggesting PPD as a potential natural compound for the treatment of NAFLD.

Predictors for Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis - China, 2018-2020.

What is already known about this topic?: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a critical global public health problem. What is added by this report?: Sputum cultures and lung images show a strong association with treatment outcomes, serving as a multi-dimensional approach to identify MDR-TB patients with poor outcomes. What are the implications for public health practice?: The results imply that funds and policy investments should be increased by early monitoring of MDR-TB patients, especially regarding imaging and sputum bacterium. By informing physicians on changes to the therapeutic schedule, treatment outcomes can be improved.

The rapid and efficient strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron transmission control: analysis of outbreaks at the city level.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant is highly transmissible with potential immune escape. Hence, control measures are continuously being optimized to guard against large-scale coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the intensity of control measures in response to different SARS-CoV-2 variants and the degree of outbreak control at city level. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 49 cities with COVID-19 outbreaks between January 2020 and June 2022. Epidemiological data on COVID-19 were extracted from the National Health Commission, People's Republic of China, and the population flow data were sourced from the Baidu migration data provided by the Baidu platform. Outbreak control was quantified by calculating the degree of infection growth and the time-varying reproduction number ([Formula: see text]). The intensity of the outbreak response was quantified by calculating the reduction in population mobility during the outbreak period. Correlation and regression analyses of the intensity of the control measures and the degree of outbreak control for the Omicron variant and non-Omicron mutants were conducted, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 65 outbreaks occurred in 49 cities in China from January 2020 to June 2022. Of them, 66.2% were Omicron outbreaks and 33.8% were non-Omicron outbreaks. The intensity of the control measures was positively correlated with the degree of outbreak control (r = 0.351, P = 0.03). The degree of reduction in population mobility was negatively correlated with the Rt value (r = - 0.612, P < 0.01). Therefore, under the same control measure intensity, the number of new daily Omicron infections was 6.04 times higher than those attributed to non-Omicron variants, and the Rt value of Omicron outbreaks was 2.6 times higher than that of non-Omicron variants. In addition, the duration of non-Omicron variant outbreaks was shorter than that of the outbreaks caused by the Omicron variant (23.0 ± 10.7, 32.9 ± 16.3, t = 2.243, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Greater intensity of control measures was associated with more effective outbreak control. Thus, in response to the Omicron variant, the management to restrict population movement should be used to control its spread quickly, especially in the case of community transmission occurs widely. Faster than is needed for non-Omicron variants, and decisive control measures should be imposed and dynamically adjusted in accordance with the evolving epidemic situation.

High-fat diet combined with dextran sulfate sodium failed to induce a more serious NASH phenotype than high-fat diet alone.

Background and Aims: Animal models are essential tools to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases. Disruption in the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut vascular barrier is an early event in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intestinal epithelial barrier can be destroyed by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) oral administration. High fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rat model has been widely used. Recently, the combination of HFD with DSS induced NASH model has also been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate whether this composite NASH animal model is more ideal than that induced by HFD alone. Methods: Rats were divided into control, HFD and HFD combined with DSS (DSS + HFD) groups. They were fed with routine diet, high-fat diet, and HFD combined with DSS drinking, respectively, for 22 weeks. Histopathological analysis (HE staining, Oil-Red O staining, Masson staining), lipid parameters testing (TG, TC, GLU, NEFA, TRIG, LDL, HDL), testing on indicators of inflammation (TNF-α, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH) and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, CAT) were performed. Results: Rats in HFD and DSS + HFD group displayed increase in the body weight, liver weight, lipids accumulation and the levels of TNF-α, ALT, AST, ALP, MDA in serum and liver accompanied with impaired glucose tolerance, obvious hepatitis, and decreased levels of SOD and CAT in serum and liver compared to those in control group. Moreover, in the DSS + HFD group, but not in the HFD group, proliferation of fibrous tissue in the portal area and the hepatic lobules was found. Conclusion: The addition of DSS on high-fat diet did not exacerbate lipid accumulation and inflammation, but induced NASH-related liver fibrosis.

Salvia-Nelumbinis naturalis improves lipid metabolism of NAFLD by regulating the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Salvia-Nelumbinis naturalis (SNN), the extract of Chinese herbal medicine, has shown effects on NAFLD. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of SNN for regulating the lipid metabolism disorder in NAFLD based on the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) were used to establish the NAFLD model. Dynamic changes of mice including body weight, liver weight, serological biochemical indexes, liver histopathological changes, and protein level of AMPK and SIRT1 were monitored. After18 weeks, SNN treatment was administrated to the NAFLD mice for another 4 weeks. Besides the aforementioned indices, TC and TG of liver tissues were also measured. Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR were used to detect the expression and/or activation of SIRT1 and AMPK, as well as the molecules associated with lipid synthesis and ß-oxidation. Furthermore, AML12 cells with lipid accumulation induced by fatty acids were treated with LZG and EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) or Compound C (AMPK inhibitor ) to confirm the potential pharmacological mechanism. RESULTS: Dynamic observation found the mice induced by HFD with gradually increased body and liver weight, elevated serum cholesterol, hepatic lipid accumulation, and liver injury. After 16 weeks, these indicators have shown obvious changes. Additionally, the hepatic level of SIRT1 and AMPK activation was identified gradually decreased with NAFLD progress. The mice with SNN administration had lower body weight, liver weight, and serum level of LDL-c and ALT than those of the NAFLD model. Hepatosteatosis and hepatic TG content in the liver tissues of the SNN group were significantly reduced. When compared with control mice, the NAFLD mice had significantly decreased hepatic expression of SIRT1, p-AMPK, p-ACC, ACOX1, and increased total Acetylated-lysine, SUV39H2, and SREBP-1c. The administration of SNN reversed the expression of these molecules. In vitro experiments showed the effect of SNN in ameliorating hepatosteatosis and regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in AML12 cells, which were diminished by EX527 or Compound C co-incubation. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway, involved in hepatic lipid synthesis and degradation, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD development. The regulation of SIRT1/AMPK signaling greatly contributes to the underlying therapeutic mechanism of SNN for NAFLD.

Extract of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon [Apocynaceae] Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Angiogenesis.

The extract of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon [Apocynaceae] (MTE) has shown a significant anti-cancer effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used transcriptomics methods to investigate the underlying mechanism of MTE against HCC. Both MHCC97H and HepG2 cell lines were treated with MTE. The cell viability and migration were measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay and transwell assay. RNA-sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HepG2 cells treated with and without MTE. The expression levels of selected DEGs-vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGFRB), and von Willebrand factor (VWF)-were verified by RT-PCR and Western blot. The effect of conditioned medium from HCC cells with MTE treatment (CM-MTE) on blood vessels was observed by tube formation assay of HUVECs and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. A mouse model of HCC patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) was established and treated with MTE. The effect of MTE on the growth and angiogenesis of HCC-PDX was analyzed. The results demonstrated that MTE inhibited the viability and migration of HCC cells. RNA-seq showed that MTE treatment downregulated multiple genes associated with metabolism and angiogenesis. The expression levels of VEGFA, VWF, PDGFB, and PDGFRB in HCC cells were significantly suppressed by MTE. Meanwhile, MTE effectively inhibited the tube-forming capability of HUVECs and the angiogenesis of chick CAM. In vivo experiments revealed that the extract reduced tumor volume, inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells, and expanded the necrotic area of the tumor. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression levels of CD31, PDGFB, VEGF, VWF, and PDGFRB in the HCC-PDX tumor tissues were all downregulated by MTE in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, MTE could inhibit angiogenesis by repressing the expression of VEGF, VWF, PDGF, and PDGFRB in HCC cells, a mechanism that may enable MTE to counter HCC development.

Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of five C-glycosylflavones in normal and urolithiasis model rats following administration of total flavonoids from Desmodium styracifolium by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium are the flavonoid extracts purified from Desmodii Styracifolii Herba, which has conventionally been used for treating urolithiasis in China. In this study, a sensitive and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously determine five active components of the extracts in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation of the analytes (schaftoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, vicenin-3, and isovitexin) was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 Column under gradient elution conditions. The calibration curves were linear over ranges from 0.5 to 100 ng/ml for schaftoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, and vicenin-3, and 0.2-20 ng/ml for isovitexin. The relative standard deviation of intra- and inter-day precisions were ≤6.8% and ≤8.3%, respectively, and the accuracies (relative error) were within ±7.6%. The recoveries of the analytes ranged between 97.3% and 100.3%, and the matrix effects ranged from 98.6% to 113.8%. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of the five active ingredients of Desmodium styracifolium, for the first time, in both normal and urolithiasis model rats. Results revealed that the plasma levels of these components were significantly increased under the pathological state. This study provided valuable information facilitating the clinical investigation of this medicine.

Scoparone Improves Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Through Alleviating JNK/Sab Signaling Pathway-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

The activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) specifically combined with SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (Sab) may mediate damage to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Whether mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the JNK/Sab signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the lipotoxic injury of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains a lack of evidence. Scoparone, a natural compound from Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs, has the potential for liver protection and lipid metabolism regulation. However, the effect of scoparone on NASH induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) as well as its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The HepG2 and Huh7 cells with/without Sab-knockdown induced by palmitic acid (PA) were used to determine the role of JNK/Sab signaling in mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular lipotoxic injury. To observe the effect of scoparone on the lipotoxic injured hepatocytes, different dose of scoparone together with PA was mixed into the culture medium of HepG2 and AML12 cells to incubate for 24 h. In addition, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with an HFD for 22 weeks to induce the NASH model and were treated with scoparone for another 8 weeks to investigate its effect on NASH. Molecules related to JNK/Sab signaling, mitochondrial function, and lipotoxic injury were detected in in vitro and/or in vivo experiments. The results showed that PA-induced activation of JNK/Sab signaling was blocked by Sab knockdown in hepatocytes, which improved mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, hepatosteatosis, cell viability, and apoptosis. Scoparone demonstrated a similar effect on the PA-induced hepatocytes as Sab knockdown. For the NASH mice, treatment with scoparone also downregulated the activation of JNK/Sab signaling, improved histopathological changes of liver tissues including mitochondrial number and morphology, lipid peroxide content, hepatosteatosis and inflammation obviously, as well as decreased the serum level of lipid and transaminases. Taken together, this study confirms that activation of the JNK/Sab signaling pathway-induced mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the development of NASH. Scoparone can improve the lipotoxic liver injury partially by suppressing this signaling pathway, making it a potential therapeutic compound for NASH.

Lanzhang Granules Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating the PPARα Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: There is still a lack of effective therapeutic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to date. In this study, we applied mouse model experiments to clarify the effect of Chinese herbal medicine "Lanzhang Granules (LZG)" on NAFLD and further explore the potential mechanism to provide an alternative method for NAFLD treatment. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for twenty-two weeks to induce the NAFLD model. LZG intervention was then performed by gavage daily for another eight weeks. At the end of the treatment, serum and liver tissues were collected. Serum biochemical indexes, insulin levels, and liver histopathology were measured to assess the effect of LZG on NAFLD. The liver tissues were then analyzed by RNA sequence for differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways. Results were further analyzed by Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks between the LZG and model groups. The selected different genes and signaling pathways were further verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Moreover, alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells with lipid accumulation induced by fatty acid were treated with LZG, Fenofibrate (PPARα agonist), or Gw6471 (PPARα antagonist) to confirm the potential pharmacological mechanism. RESULTS: LZG was found to downregulate liver weight, body weight, liver index, and serum levels of ALT, AST, and serum lipid in HFD-induced NAFLD mice. HE and Oil Red O staining showed the improvement of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration in the mice with LZG treatment. The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index indicated that LZG improved the insulin resistance of NAFLD mice. The RNA sequencing and PPI analysis confirmed the role of LZG in lipid metabolism regulation and identified the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling pathway as one of the major underlying mechanisms. Western blot and RT-PCR results verified the regulatory effect of LZG on the PPARα pathway, including the upregulation of PPARα, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH) and the downregulation of TNFα. In vitro experiments showed the effect of LZG in improving lipid accumulation and cell viability in AML12 cells induced by fatty acids, which were alleviated by Gw6471 coincubation. Gw6471could also reverse the transcription of PPAR target genes ACOX1 and EHHADH, which were upregulated by LZG treatment. CONCLUSION: LZG can improve NAFLD in mice or cell models. A major underlying mechanism may be the regulation of the PPARα signaling pathway to improve lipid metabolism and inhibit the inflammatory response. This study will help to promote the clinical application of LZG for the treatment of NAFLD.

The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases.

As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation to predict the plasma concentration profile of schaftoside after oral administration of total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium.

Introduction: The total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium (TFDS) are the flavonoid extracts purified from Desmodii Styracifolii Herba. The capsule of TFDS was approved for the treatment of urolithiasis by NMPA in 2022. Schaftoside is the representative compound of TFDS that possesses antilithic and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of schaftoside to simulate its plasma concentration profile in rat and human after oral administration of the total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium. Methods: The physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of schaftoside was firstly developed and verified by the pharmacokinetic data in rats following intravenous injection and oral administration of the total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium. Then the PBPK model was extrapolated to human with PK-Sim® software. In order to assess the accuracy of the extrapolation, a preliminary multiple-dose clinical study was performed in four healthy volunteers aged 18-45 years old. The predictive performance of PBPK model was mainly evaluated by visual predictive checks and fold error of Cmax and AUC0-t of schaftoside (the ratio of predicted to observed). Finally, the adult PBPK model was scaled to several subpopulations including elderly and renally impaired patients. Results: Schaftoside underwent poor metabolism in rat and human liver microsomes in vitro, and in vivo it was extensively excreted into urine and bile as an unchanged form. By utilizing literature and experimental data, the PBPK model of schaftoside was well established in rat and human. The predicted plasma concentration profiles of schaftoside were consistent with the corresponding observed data, and the fold error values were within the 2-fold acceptance criterion. No significant pharmacokinetic differences were observed after extrapolation from adult (18-40 years old) to elderly populations (71-80 years) in PK-Sim®. However, the plasma concentration of schaftoside was predicted to be much higher in renally impaired patients. The maximum steady-state plasma concentrations in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3, 4 and 5 were 3.41, 12.32 and 23.77 times higher, respectively, than those in healthy people. Conclusion: The established PBPK model of schaftoside provided useful insight for dose selection of the total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium in different populations. This study provided a feasible way for the assessment of efficacy and safety of herbal medicines.

Multi-modal deep learning based on multi-dimensional and multi-level temporal data can enhance the prognostic prediction for multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Despite the advent of new diagnostics, drugs and regimens, multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB) remains a global health threat. It has a long treatment cycle, low cure rate and heavy disease burden. Factors such as demographics, disease characteristics, lung imaging, biomarkers, therapeutic schedule and adherence to medications are associated with MDR-PTB prognosis. However, thus far, the majority of existing studies have focused on predicting treatment outcomes through static single-scale or low dimensional information. Hence, multi-modal deep learning based on dynamic data for multiple dimensions can provide a deeper understanding of personalized treatment plans to aid in the clinical management of patients.

Jiang Zhi Granule protects immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

CONTEXT: Jiang Zhi Granule (JZG) is known to improve hepatic function, reduce liver fat deposition and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the protective mechanism of JZG on immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in rats with diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Sprague-Dawley (SD) model of NASH was established using a high-fat diet and 1% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) through drinking water. The rats were randomized into four groups and treated for four weeks, respectively, including normal control (NC), model control (MC), positive control (PC) and JZG. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) cells were isolated and cultured to assess a potential disruption of the enteric immune barrier. Also, investigation of intestinal mucosal dendritic cell-toll-like-receptor-myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (DC-TLR-MyD88) signalling pathway in vitro was examined. RESULTS: The lethal concentration 50 (LD50) of JZG was greater than 5 g/kg, while its inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was 1359 µg/mL in HepG2. In JZG group, the plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and serum endotoxin were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced. In contrast, plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. Furthermore, proinflammatory factor, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)+ from CD4+ T cells in DSS-induced NASH rats increased significantly (p < 0.01) compared to NC group. Importantly, JZG treatment substantially decreased (p < 0.01) the relative expressions of TLR-44 and MyD88. CONCLUSIONS: JZG treatment may protect immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in NASH individual.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of Qiangzhu-qinggan formula as an adjunctive therapy in adult patients with severe influenza: study protocol for a randomized parallel placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: Influenza can fall into three categories according to severity: mild influenza, severe influenza, and critical influenza. Severe influenza can result in critical illness and sometimes death particularly in patients with comorbidities, advanced age, or pregnancy. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the only antiviral drugs in widespread use for influenza. However, the effectiveness of NAIs against severe influenza is uncertain. New effective drugs or regimens are therefore urgently needed. Qiangzhu-qinggan (QZQG) formula has been found to be effective against influenza virus infection during long-term application in China, which lacks support of evidence-based clinical trial till now. This study is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of QZQG formula as an adjuvant therapy in adult patients with severe influenza. METHODS: This protocol is drawn up in accordance with the SPIRIT guidelines and CONSORT Extension for Chinese herbal medicine formulas. This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Two hundred twenty-eight adults with severe influenza are randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to QZQG or placebo for 7 days. All participants need to receive 1 day of screening before randomization, 7 days of intervention, and 21 days of observation after randomization. The primary outcome is the proportion of clinical improvement, defined as the proportion of patients who met the criteria of 3 points or less in the seven-category ordinal scale or 2 points or less in National Early Warning Score 2 within 7 days after randomization. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized, controlled, parallel, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese herbal formula granules as an adjuvant therapy in adult patients with severe influenza. This study aims to redefine the value of traditional Chinese herbal medicines in the treatment of virus-related respiratory infectious diseases and serves as an example of evidence-based clinical trials of other Chinese herbal medicines.