Abnormal expression of synaptophysin, SNAP-25, and synaptotagmin 1 in the hippocampus of kainic acid-exposed rats with behavioral deficits.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and associated with behavioral problems. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these problems are not yet clear. In this study, kainic acid (KA) was systemically administered to immature male Wistar rats to induce SRS. The behavior of the immature rats was evaluated with a water maze, elevated-plus mazes, and open field tests. The expression patterns of synaptophysin, SNAP-25, and synaptotagmin 1 (Syt 1) were examined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. KA-treated rats with SRS demonstrated learning and memory deficits, reduced anxiety, and increased locomotor activity, compared with placebo-treated rats and KA-treated rats without SRS. No neuronal cell loss was observed in the hippocampus 6 weeks after exposure to KA. However, RT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed decreased synaptophysin, SNAP-25, and Syt 1 expression in KA-treated rats with SRS. Synaptophysin, SNAP-25, and Syt1 expression levels were found to be positively correlated with learning and memory but negatively correlated with anxiety and locomotor activity. These data suggested that SRS may induce changes in synaptophysin, SNAP-25, and Syt1 expression and may be functionally related to SRS-induced behavioral deficits.

Extended lower trapezius myocutaneous flap in burn scar reconstruction of the face and neck of children.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to present the use of extended lower trapezius myocutaneous flaps in children with scaring and contractures of the face and neck due to burns. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the use of 12 extended trapezius myocutaneous flaps in 7 males and 4 females ranging in age from 1.5 to 7 years. An expander was embedded under the deep layer of the lower trapezius in order to ensure the integrity of the vascular network between the lower trapezius muscle and the skin. Dissection was performed at the deep layer of the supraspinous muscle where the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery passes between the deep layer of the trapezius muscle and the superficial layer of the supraspinous muscle. RESULTS: All surgeries were performed successfully with no intraoperative complications. The flaps ranged in size from 30 × 18 cm to 38 × 22 cm. There were no postoperative complications, except for mild tip necrosis in one case. There were no donor site complications. All patients had good functional and cosmetic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The extended lower trapezius myocutaneous flap is valuable in the management of burn reconstruction in the pediatric population.

[Treatment of scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children with huge trapezius muscle flap expanded].

OBJECTIVE: To seek a kind of safe and effective method to treat scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children. METHODS: We take the trunk line of transverse cervical artery as the vessel pedicle, and shift huge trapezius muscle flap expanded to the neck in order to treat scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children. RESULTS: Clinically, we applied this method to treat ten children who suffered from contracture abnormality on the neck, and not only provide enough skin soft tissue (the length may be beyond the midline) to treat the abnormality, but also make the flap alive, obtain the satisfying postoperative effect. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the warranty of the flap blood supply, this flap is very suitable to treat scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children.

[En block frontal-temple silicone for humping the forehead and temple].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the reliability of humping the forehead and temple by en block frontal temporal silicone . METHODS: Make wax mold by piling up wax slices layer by layer according to the rang of depressing of the forehead and temple, the section being humped and the hight need to be projected. Order the silicone block according to the dimension of the wax mold. Make the implant from the silicon block. Under local anaesthesia dissection under the superficial temporal fascia and galea through forehead and two temporal incisions. Implant the silicon through the middle incision. RESULTS: Total 18 cases in this group were followed up for 3-12 months. Wound healed primarily without infection. I case with early blood effusion cured after aspiration. l case with later clear effusion cured after aspiration ad injection of prednisone in to the capsular. The frontal temporal contours were satisfactory . No outline of the implant was seen. CONCLUSION: It is safety and satisfied to hump the forehead and temple by en block frontal temporal silicone.

[Temporal three-point relief-tension suspension technique for facial rhytidectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a facial rhytidectomy technique to reduce the complications of temporal alopecia and incisional scar hyperplasia. METHODS: The 82 aged patients were divided into 2 groups in random way: group A in 46 with the use of the three-point relief-tension suspension technique and group B in 36 as control. In group A, the two point of every relief-tension suture was located respectively in the subcutis of the hairline and fascia under the incision. The parallel three sutures formed a mechanical plane to make the relief suture more strong and permanent. The temporal alopecia and incisional scar was observed with the follow-ups after the operation. RESULTS: With the 82 cases of facial rhytidoplasty, the complications of the temporal alopecia and incisional scars in group A were much less than in group B. CONCLUSIONS: This technique could decrease the complications such as temporal alopecia and incisional scars, and get a good and long term effect of temporal lifting simultaneously.

[Rejuvenation of the forehead/temple by limited incision].

OBJECTIVE: To utilize multiplane, subcutaneous and subperiosteal, dissection through small incisions in scalp to rejuvenate aging signs of forehead/temple. METHODS: Forehead: We make four small incisions in scalp, widely separate tissues between subperiosteum skin and frontal muscle to form galea frontal muscle-periosteum flap, the flap is tightened and sutured with the galea at the posterior border of the incision. This method avoid to excise scalp. Temple: there are two small incisions in the scalp of temple at each side. Superficial temple fascia and orbicularis oculi muscle as well is dissected from deep temporal fascia and skin respectively, then tightened and sutured with the superficial part of deep temporal fascia, excising scalp is not necessary. RESULTS: Twenty patients have received this treatment, the effects are satisfying. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplane dissection through small incisions can remove wrinkles of skin, correct the prolapse of eyebrow and avoid the complications of coronary incision. This approach brings more rapid recovery of patients, it is safe and affective.

[The applications of the repetitive sub-platysmal expansion in repair the defects of skin and soft tissue in face and neck].

OBJECTIVE: To study a new effective approach which repairs large defects of skin and soft tissue in neck and face. METHOD: This procedure accomplishes repetitive sub-platysmal expansion to form large musculocutaneous flap with underlying pedicel. The surgeon slides it toward neck and face to repair the defects of skin and soft tissue. RESULT: Eleven patients, who had such defects in neck, face, cheek, chin or submental skin and soft tissue, underwent this treatment. All the flaps survive with no complications of blood supply deficiency or necrosis. The short-term and long-term results are both satisfying. CONCLUSION: This method, making repetitive sub-platysmal expansion to form musculocutaneous flap and then slide it toward neck/face to repair large defects of skin and soft tissue, proves to be safe and reliable. And appropriate cases and strict operations are important.

[A report of 136 cases of upper eyelid fold formation together with medial canthoplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To find a new method to perform medial canthoplasty and upper eyelid fold formation at one stage. METHODS: Based on the principle to release the skin tension and minimize incision scarring around the medial canthus, an operation was designed for medial canthoplasty together with upper eyelid fold formation. 136 patients with mild or moderate epicanthus underwent this procedure. Postoperative follow-up was as long as 34 months. RESULTS: Based on the follow-up of 67 cases, the appearances of the upper eyelid fold and medial canthus were evaluated. The upper eyelid fold was the parallel type. The epicanthus was corrected completely or mostly. CONCLUSION: This new method for medial canthoplasty together with upper eyelid fold formation is suitable to all the simple epicanthus except the reverse epicanthus. The operative results were effective and satisfactory.