[Xiongcan Yishen Prescription upregulates the expressions of eNOS and cGMP in the penile tissue of ED rats with liver depression and kidney deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Xiongcan Yishen Prescription (XYP) on the expressions of eNOS and cGMP in the penile tissue of ED rats with liver depression and kidney deficiency (LDKD). METHODS: The model of ED-LDKD was established in 30 eight-week-old SPF-class male SD rats by injecting hydrocortisone intramuscularly and binding the limbs for 14 days, and another 10 rats were taken as blank controls. Then, the model rats were randomized into six groups of equal number and treated intragastrically with distilled water (model control), tadalafil tablets at 0.52 mg/kg/d (tadalafil control), Shugan Yiyang Capsules 0.3125 g/kg/d (SYC control), and XYP at 10.4 g/kg/d (low-dose XYP), 20.8 g/kg/d (medium-dose XYP) and 41.6 g/kg/d (high-dose XYP), bid, for 28 successive days, respectively. Before and after modeling and after 28-day treatment, the animals were subjected to tail suspension and mating tests. The next day after medication, the penile tissues of the rats were harvested for determining the expression levels of eNOS and cGMP proteins by immunohistochemical analysis of the mean optical density. RESULTS: Compared with the model controls, the rats of the high-, medium- and low-dose XYP and SYC control groups all showed significant decreases in the tail suspension time (ï¼»3.17 ± 0.11ï¼½ vs ï¼»2.58 ± 0.25ï¼½, ï¼»2.52 ± 0.31ï¼½, ï¼»2.51 ± 0.3ï¼½ and ï¼»2.57 ± 0.29ï¼½ min, P < 0.05) and mount latency (ML) (ï¼»9.23 ± 0.11ï¼½ vs ï¼»1.21 ± 0.12ï¼½, ï¼»2.17 ± 0.16ï¼½, ï¼»2.26 ± 0.13ï¼½, ï¼»1.23 ± 0.15ï¼½ and ï¼»2.48 ± 0.18ï¼½ min, P < 0.05) but increases in mount frequency (MF) (ï¼»0.48 ± 0.18ï¼½ vs ï¼»3.29 ± 0.11ï¼½, ï¼»3.18 ± 0.11ï¼½, ï¼»3.05 ± 0.05ï¼½, ï¼»3.23 ± 0.12ï¼½ and ï¼»3.2 ± 0.28ï¼½ times, P < 0.05) and intromission frequency (IF) (ï¼»0.8 ± 0.84ï¼½ vs ï¼»11.8 ± 0.84ï¼½, ï¼»11.2 ± 1.48ï¼½, ï¼»9.4 ± 1.14ï¼½, ï¼»11.4 ± 1.14ï¼½ and ï¼»10 ± 1.22ï¼½ times, P < 0.05). The eNOS and cGMP proteins were mainly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the arterial and venous endothelial cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells of the cavernous, as brownish yellow particles in a scattered and focal pattern. Both the expressions of eNOS and cGMP in the penile tissue were remarkably upregulated in the high-, medium- and low-dose XYP and SYC control groups as compared with those in the model control (P < 0.05) but exhibited no statistically significant difference between the tadalafil and model control groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Xiongcan Yishen Prescription can relieve the depression symptoms, increase the mount frequency, activate the NO/cGMP pathway, and upregulate the expressions of eNOS and cGMP in the penile tissue of ED rats with liver depression and kidney deficiency.

[Improving effect of Jiarong Tablets on the morphological structure and function of the testis in rats with late-onset hypogonadism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Jiarong Tablets (JRT) on the testicular morphology and function of rats with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS: LOH models were established in 8 eighteen-month-old male SD rats, treated intragastrically with distilled water (the model control group, n = 4) or JRT at 0.375 g/kg/d, qd (the JRT group, n = 4), and another 5 two-month-old normal male SD rats were also given distilled water by gavage (normal control group), all for 28 days. Then all the rats were weighed and sacrificed for measurement of the serum T level and pathological and electron microscopic examination of the testis tissue. RESULTS: Compared with the normal controls, the LOH models showed significantly decreased testis coefficient (P < 0.05) and serum T level (ï¼»3.40 ± 0.06ï¼½ vs ï¼»5.88 ± 0.46ï¼½ ng /ml, P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in the model control and JRT groups in the body weight and testis coefficient (P > 0.05), but the serum T level (ï¼»4.50 ± 0.78ï¼½ ng/ml) was remarkably decreased in the latter (P < 0.05). In comparison with the model controls, the rats treated with JRT exhibited increases in the sperm count in the seminiferous tubules and the amount of testicular interstitial cells. Electron microscopy revealed a markedly increased number of mitochondria in the JRT-treated animals, with some mitochondrial sheaths and cristae but no obvious mitochondrial edema. CONCLUSIONS: Jiarong Tablets can elevate the serum T level and improve the testicular morphology and ultrastructure of LOH rats.

[Xiongcan Yishen Prescription up-regulates the expressions of cholesterol transport proteins, steroidogenic enzymes and SF-1 in the Leydig cells of rats with late-onset hypogonadism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Xiongcan Yishen Prescription (XYP) on the expressions of cholesterol transport proteins, steroidogenic enzymes and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) in the Leydig cells of the rats with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS: Twenty-five 18-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number, LOH model control, testosterone propionate (TP) and low-, medium- and high-dose XYP, and another 5 two-month-old male SD rats included as normal controls. After modeling, the animals in the TP group were treated by intramuscular injection of TP at 5.21 mg/kg qd alt, those in the low-, medium- and high-dose XYP groups intragastrically with XYP at 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 g/kg qd alt respectively, and those in the LOH model and normal control groups with saline, all for 28 successive days. Then, all the rats were sacrificed for determination of the expressions of the cholesterol transport proteins StAR and TSPO, steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, HSD3B7 and HSD17B4, and SF-1 in the Leydig cells by Western blot. RESULTS: The expressions of StAR, TSPO, CYP11A1, HSD3B7, HSD17B4 and SF-1 in the Leydig cells were significantly decreased in the LOH model controls compared with those in the normal controls (P< 0.05), but remarkably increased in the low-, medium- and high-dose XYP groups in comparison with those in the LOH model control group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Xiongcan Yishen Prescription can up-regulate the expressions of the cholesterol transport proteins StAR and TSPO, steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, HSD3B7 and HSD17B4, and SF-1 in the rat Leydig cells, which might be one of the possible mechanisms of the prescription in the treatment of LOH.

[Xiongcanyishen Prescription increases mitochondrial autophagy of Leydig cells in LOH rats via PINK1 and Parkin pathways].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of PINK1 and Parkin pathways mediated by Xiongcanyishen Prescription (XP) on the mitochondrial autophagy of Leydig cells in male rats with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS: Twenty 18-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into an LOH model control, a low-dose XP, a medium-dose XP and a high-dose XP group, and another 5 two-month-old male SD rats were included as normal controls. The animals in the low-, medium- and high-dose XP groups were treated intragastrically with XP granules at 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 g/kg, while the normal and LOH model controls with the same volume of distilled water, all for 28 successive days. Then the testis tissues of the rats were harvested for observation of the ultrastructure of the Leydig cells under the electron microscope, and the expressions of PINK1, Parkin and p62 proteins were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The mitochondria in the Leydig cells of the normal controls were basically normal in morphology, with evident autophagy, those of the model controls showed less autophagy, and those in the XP intervention groups all exhibited autophagy. The expressions of PINK1 and Parkin proteins in the testis tissue were significantly lower and that of p62 markedly higher in the LOH model than in the normal controls (P < 0.05). Compared with the rats in the model control group, those treated with XP showed remarkable elevation in the expression of PINK1 in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups and that of Parkin in the medium- and high-dose groups (P < 0.05), but a significantly down-regulated expression of p62 in all the three XP groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Xiongcanyishen Prescription can enhance the decreased mitochondrial autophagy of Leydig cells in LOH rats, which may be related to its ability of up-regulating the expressions of PINK1 and Parkin and down-regulating that of p62 and its influence on the ultrastructure of Leydig cells.

Effect of supersaturation on hillock of directional Growth of KDP crystals.

KDP single crystals were grown in aqueous solution by using "point seeds" with a defined crystallographic direction of 59° to the Z axis. When hillock slopes on the (100) face of KDP crystals were measured within the supersaturation (σ) range of 0 < σ ≤ 0.06, the slope of hillocks with hollow cores depended nonlinearly on supersaturation. Below σ = 0.02, the hillock slope depended on supersaturation, but when σ was ≥ 0.02, the hillock slope increased more gradually and was less dependent on supersaturation. Hollow funnel-shaped growth dislocation on the (100) face of KDP crystals was observed at σ = 0.04, characterized by large holes with micro-steps and step bunching inside, the formation of which were analyzed. The result verified that the reversed growth appears to occur within hollow channels found on growth hillocks.