Letermovir Effectively Prevents Cytomegalovirus Infection in Patients with Aplastic Anemia After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, we investigated the efficacy of letermovir in preventing Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS: Based on whether or not letermovir was used for preventing CMV infection, the patients were categorized into two groups: letermovir and control groups. The overall survival (OS) rate and cumulative incidence of CMV infection during the first 100 days after allo-HSCT were evaluated. The study included 21 matched pairs of patients, identified through propensity score matching analysis, to compare CMV infection rates, treatment efficacy, and regression. RESULTS: The incidence of CMV infection within 100 days after transplantation was significantly lower in the letermovir group than in the control group (26.5 vs. 77.4%, respectively; P < 0.001), among a total of 87 patients who underwent the transplant. In the matched cohort of 21 patients with AA, the letermovir group also showed a significantly reduced cumulative incidence of CMV infection (14.3 vs. 90.5% in the control group; P < 0.001). Compared to the control group, patients with CMV infection in the letermovir group had lower CMV-DNA load and a shorter clearance time. However, there was no significant difference in OS between both groups (P = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Letermovir effectively prevents CMV infection in allo-HSCT recipients with AA and demonstrates a high safety profile.

Persistence of severe global inequalities in the burden of blindness and vision loss from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

AIMS: To assess the global burden and economic inequalities in the distribution of blindness and vision loss between 1990 and 2019. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Data for disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to blindness and vision loss were extracted from the GBD 2019. Data for gross domestic product per capita were extracted from the World Bank database. Slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index were computed to assess absolute and relative cross-national health inequality, respectively. RESULTS: Countries with high, high-middle, middle, low-middle and low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) had decline of age-standardised DALY rate of 4.3%, 5.2%, 16.0%, 21.4% and 11.30% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The poorest 50% of world citizens bore 59.0% and 66.2% of the burden of blindness and vision loss in 1990 and 2019, respectively. The absolute cross-national inequality (SII) fell from -303.5 (95% CI -370.8 to -236.2) in 1990 to -256.0 (95% CI -288.1 to -223.8) in 2019. The relative inequality (concentration index) for global blindness and vision loss remained essentially constant between 1991 (-0.197, 95% CI -0.234 to -0.160) and 2019 (-0.193, 95% CI -0.216 to -0.169). CONCLUSION: Though countries with middle and low-middle SDI were the most successful in decreasing burden of blindness and vision loss, a high level of cross-national health inequality persisted over the past three decades. More attention must be paid to the elimination of avoidable blindness and vision loss in low-income and middle-income countries.

High-dimensional immune profiling using mass cytometry reveals IL-17A-producing γδ T cells as biomarkers in patients with T-cell-activated idiopathic severe aplastic anemia.

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by activated T cells. Features of T-cell activation in the pathophysiology of SAA remain unknown. To understand T cell activation states, we investigated the atlas of peripheral immune cells and the secreted cytokine network with single cell mass cytometry analysis. We found decreased γδ T-cell frequencies in all patients with SAA, together with a significantly increased proportion of interleukin (IL)-17A-producing cell subsets. Cytokine network analysis of immune cells showed significant positive relationship between IL and 17A production from immune cells and disease severity of severe aplastic anemia. On separating SAA into two distinct subgroups based on T-cell activation stage, the proportion of γδ T cells tended to decrease in the T-cell-activated SAA group compared with non-T-cell-activated group. And the proportion of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells (γδT17) within γδ T cells was newly found to be significantly higher in the T-cell-activated SAA group, implying that IL-17A production by γδ T cells was associated with T-cell activation. Overall, our study revealed a role of γδT17 cells in mediating autoreactive T-cell activation in SAA and provided a novel diagnostic indicator for monitoring autoreactive T-cell activation status during the progression of aplastic anemia in the clinic.

Chronic Pb Exposure Induces Anxiety and Depression-like Behaviors in Mice via Excitatory Neuronal Hyperexcitability in Ventral Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus.

Lead (Pb) is a widespread neurotoxic pollutant. Pb exposure is associated with mood disorders, with no well-established neural mechanisms elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus subregion of the ventral hippocampus (vDG) played a key role in Pb-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 100 ppm Pb starting on day 1 of pregnancy until experiments were performed using the offspring. Behavioral studies suggested that chronic Pb exposure triggered anxiety and depression-like behaviors. A combination of electrophysiological, optogenetic, and immunohistochemistry experiments was conducted. Results showed that Pb exposure resulted in excitatory neuronal hyperexcitability in vDG and that the behavioral deficits caused by Pb exposure could be rescued by inhibition of excitatory neuronal activity. Moreover, it was found that the action potential (AP) threshold of excitatory neurons was decreased by electrophysiological recordings. Our study demonstrates a significant role for excitatory neurons in vDG in Pb-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice, which is likely a result of decreased AP threshold. These outcomes can serve as an important basis for understanding mechanisms of anxiety and depression under environmental Pb exposure and help in the design of therapeutic strategies.

ß-asarone prolongs sleep via regulating the level of glutamate in the PVN.

People of all ages could suffer from sleep disorders, which are increasingly recognized as common manifestations of neurologic disease. Acorus tatarinowii is a herb that has been used in traditional medicine to promote sleep. ß-asarone, as the main component of volatile oil obtained from Acorus tatarinowii, may be the main contributor to the sleeping-promoting efficacy of Acorus tatarinowii. In the study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were administered ß-asarone at 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg. Behavioral experiments showed that ß-asarone at 25 mg/kg could significantly improve sleep duration. It was also observed that the proportion of NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep increased considerably after administration of ß-asarone. In the PVN (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus) region of the hypothalamus, it was observed that the glutamate content decreased after ß-asarone treatment. At the same time, the expression of VGLUT2 (vesicular glutamate transporters 2) decreased while the expression of GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65) and GABARAP (GABA Type A Receptor-Associated Protein) increased in the hypothalamus, suggesting that ß-asarone may suppress arousal by reducing glutamate and promoting transformation of glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). This study is the first to focus on the association between ß-asarone and sleep, shedding perspectives for pharmacological applications of ß-asarone and providing a new direction for future research.

Dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex contributes to BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known environmental endocrine disruptor, has been implicated in anxiety-like behavior. But the neural mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we found that mice exposed to 0.5 mg/kg/day BPA chronically from postnatal days (PND) 21 to PND 80 exhibited depression- and anxiety-like behavior. Further study showed that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), was associated with BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior, as evidenced by decreased c-fos expression in mPFC of BPA-exposed mice. Both the morphology and function of glutamatergic neurons (also called pyramidal neurons) in mPFC of mice were impaired following BPA exposure, characterized by reduced primary branches, weakened calcium signal, and decreased mEPSC frequency. Importantly, optogenetic activation of the pyramidal neurons in mPFC greatly reversed BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Furthermore, we reported that microglial activation in mPFC of mice may also have a role in BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior. Taken together, the results indicated that mPFC is the brain region that is greatly damaged by BPA exposure and is associated with BPA-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior. The study thus provides new insights into BPA-induced neurotoxicity and behavioral changes.

Prospective Study of a Modified Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Regimen for Severe Aplastic Anemia Patients with HLA-Haploidentical Transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative modality for severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The availability of haploidentical donors has expanded valid options for SAA; however, previous post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy)-based protocols for HLA-haploidentical HSCT in SAA patients are associated with relatively delayed neutrophil and platelet engraftment. We prospectively studied HLA-haploidentical HSCT using bone marrow (BM) combined with peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) as grafts and a modified PTCy regimen for treating SAA. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of this regimen, which had an increased dose (from 4.5 mg/kg to 6.0 mg/kg) and backward-adjusted timing (from day -9 to -7 to days -5 to -3) of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) compared with previous PTCy protocols. Seventy-one eligible patients were included in this prospective study between July 2019 and June 2022. The median time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 13 days (range, 11 to 19 days) and 12 days (range, 7 to 62 days), respectively, and the cumulative incidence (CuI) of neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 97.2 ± 2.2% and 94.4 ± 2.9%, respectively. Five patients experienced graft failure (GF), including 2 with primary GF and 3 with secondary GF. The CuI of GF was 7.0 ± 3.1%. A ≥1-year interval between diagnosis and transplantation was a risk factor for the development of GF (HR, 8.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40 to 50.47; P = .02). No patients developed grade IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) or severe chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). The 100-day CuI of grade II-IV aGVHD was 13.4 ± 4.2%, and the 2-year CuI of cGVHD was 5.9 ± 2.9%. With a median follow-up of 580 days (range, 108 to 1014 days) for 63 survivors, the estimated 2-year overall survival (OS) and 2-year GVHD-free and failure-free survival (GFFS) were 87.3% (95% CI, 79.4% to 96.0%) and 83.8% (95% CI, 74.9% to 93.7%), respectively. In conclusion, the PTCy regimen with an increased dose and backward-adjusted timing of ATG is an effective and feasible choice for treatment with HLA-haploidentical HSCT using BM combined with PBSC as grafts, with a high rate of and faster engraftment, low rate and intensity of aGVHD and cGVHD, and prolonged OS and GFFS.

Protein Phosphatase 2a Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Glycolysis by Reducing MYC Signaling.

Aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect, has emerged as a hallmark of cancer and is associated with tumor progression and unfavorable clinical outcomes in cancer patients. PP2A is a highly conserved eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase that functions as a tumor suppressor in a variety of human cancers. However, the relationship between PP2A and the Warburg effect in gastric cancer has yet to be fully understood. In this study, the expression profile of two endogenous inhibitors of PP2A, SET and CIP2A, in gastric cancer, were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies were performed to investigate the roles of PP2A in gastric cancer cell proliferation and glycolysis. Cell biological, molecular, and biochemical approaches were employed to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that SET and CIP2A were overexpressed in gastric cancer and associated with a decreased PP2A activity. Pharmacological activation of PP2A with FTY-720 and DT-061 in two gastric cancer cell lines significantly reduced gastric cancer cell proliferation and glycolytic ability. Importantly, inhibition of PP2A activity by genetic silencing of PPP2R5A resulted in a growth advantage, which can be largely compromised by the addition of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-D-glucose, suggesting a glycolysis-dependent effect of PP2A in gastric cancer. Mechanistically, the well-known transcription factor and glycolysis regulator c-Myc was discovered as the functional mediator of PP2A in regulating cell glycolysis. Ectopic expression of a phosphorylation-mutant c-Myc resistant to PP2A (MycT58A) restored the inhibitory effect of FTY-720 and DT-061 on lactate production and glucose uptake. Furthermore, there was a close association between SET and CIP2A expression and c-Myc gene signatures in gastric cancer samples. Collectively, this study provides strong evidence of the involvement of PP2A in the Warburg effect and indicates that it could be a novel antitumor strategy to target tumor metabolism in gastric cancer.

Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study.

AIMS: To explore the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and uncorrected myopia in schoolchildren in southern China. METHODS: The government-led Shantou Myopia Study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021. Non-cycloplegic refraction was performed. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was measured along with presenting visual acuity if participants wore spectacles. Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) is defined as the spherical dioptres added to half of the cylindrical dioptres. Myopia is defined as SER <-0.50 dioptre with UCVA of <20/20 in at least one eye. RESULTS: This study enrolled 724 828 schoolchildren (77.8% of all schoolchildren in Shantou) from 901 schools. Data from 721 032 schoolchildren (99.5%) were analysed (mean age 11.53±3.13 years, 6-20 years, 373 230 boys and 347 802 girls). Among them, 373 459 (51.8%) had myopia: 37.1% of 465 696 children in primary schools, 75.4% of 170 164 children in junior high schools and 84.8% of 85 172 children in senior high schools. The prevalence of myopia increases non-linearly with age. Older age, female and urban living environment were independently associated with myopia prevalence and myopic SER. Among the 373 459 children with myopia, 60.0% had no refractive correction: 74.9%, 53.9% and 35.5% in primary, junior high and senior high schools, respectively. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren in Shantou was 51.8%, higher than the national average in China. The proportion of uncorrected myopia is high, especially in primary schools. Our results indicate the need for public education on eye care among schoolchildren even in a municipal city.

Potential productivity loss from uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in low- and middle-income countries: A life table modeling study.

Objective: To estimate the burden of potential productivity losses due to uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in LMICs among the working-age population in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal manner. Methods: We extracted data for the prevalence of presbyopia from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019. Data for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were extracted from the World Bank database and Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. We introduced life table models to construct age cohorts (in 5-year age groups) of the working-age population (aged from 40 to 64 years old) in LMICs, with simulated follow-up until 65 years old in people with and without uncorrected presbyopia. The differences in productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lived and productivity between these two cohorts were calculated. The potential productivity loss was estimated based on GDP per capita. The WHO standard 3% annual discount rate was applied to all years of life and PALYs lived. Results: In 2019, there were 238.40 million (95% confidence interval [CI]: 150.92-346.78 million) uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia cases in LMICs, resulting in 54.13 billion (current US dollars) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.34-79.02 billion) potential productivity losses. With simulated follow-up until retirement, those with uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia were predicted to experience an additional loss of 155 million PALYs (an average loss of 0.7 PALYs per case), which was equivalent to a total loss of US$ 315 billion (an average loss of US$ 1453.72 per person). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the considerable productivity losses due to uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in LMICs, especially in a longitudinal manner. There is a great need for the development of enabling eye care policies and programs to create access to eye care services, and more healthcare investment in the correction of presbyopia in the working-age population in LMICs. This study could provide evidences for some potential health-related strategies for socio-economic development.

Prevention of acute graft-vs.-host disease by targeting glycolysis and mTOR pathways in activated T cells.

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a common life-threatening complication that can occur following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This occurs if donor T cells recognize the host as foreign. During acute GvHD (aGVHD), activated T cells utilize glycolysis as the main source of energy generation. Therefore, inhibition of T cell glycolysis is a potential treatment strategy for aGVHD. In the present study, the effects of the combination of the glycolysis inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAPA) on a mode of aGVHD were explored. In vitro mixed lymphocyte culture model was established by using splenocytes from C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice as responder and inactivated splenocytes from BALB/c (H-2d) mice as stimulator. In this model, 3-BrPA treatment (0-100 µmol/l) was found to suppress cell viability, increase cell apoptosis and reduce IFN-γ secretion, in a concentration-dependent manner. 3-BrPA treatment (0-100 µmol/l) was found to suppress cell viability, increase cell apoptosis and reduce IFN-γ secretion, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, combined treatment with 3-BrPA (0-100 µmol/l) alongside RAPA (20 µmol/l) exhibited synergistic effects on inhibiting cell viability and IFN-γ production, compared with those following either treatment alone. An aGVHD model was established by injection of bone marrow cells and spleen cells from the donor-C57BL/6(H-2b) mice to the receptor-BALB/c(H-2d) mice which were underwent total body irradiation first. In the aGVHD model, 3-BrPA (10 mg/kg/day), RAPA (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day) and both in combination (5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day for 3-BrPA and RAPA, respectively) were all found to alleviate the damage caused by aGVHD, in addition to prolonging the survival time of mice with acute GvHD. In particular, the combined 3-BrPA and RAPA treatment resulted in the highest median survival time among all groups tested. In addition, the effects induced by combined 3-BrPA and RAPA treatment were found to be comparable to those in the 5 mg/kg/day RAPA group but superior to the 3-BrPA group with regards to the cumulative survival profile, GvHD score and lung histological score. The 3-BrPA and RAPA combination group also exhibited the lowest IFN-γ levels among all groups. Therefore, the combination of inhibiting both glycolysis and mTOR activity is a promising strategy for acute GvHD prevention.

A computed tomography-based radiomics signature for predicting expression of programmed death ligand 1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Accurate prediction of the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) before immunotherapy is crucial. This study was performed to construct and validate a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT)-based radiomics signature to predict the expression of PD-L1 in HNSCC. METHODS: In total, 157 patients with confirmed HNSCC who underwent CECT scans and immunohistochemical examination of tumor PD-L1 expression were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into a training set (n = 104; 62 PD-L1-positive and 42 PD-L1-negative) and an external validation set (n = 53; 34 PD-L1-positive and 19 PD-L1-negative). A radiomics signature was constructed from radiomics features extracted from the CECT images, and a radiomics score was calculated. Performance of the radiomics signature was assessed using receiver operating characteristics analysis. RESULTS: Nine features were finally selected to construct the radiomics signature. The performance of the radiomics signature to distinguish between a PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative status in both the training and validation sets was good, with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.852 and 0.802 for the training and validation sets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A CECT-based radiomics signature was constructed to predict the expression of PD-L1 in HNSCC. This model showed favorable predictive efficacy and might be useful for identifying patients with HNSCC who can benefit from anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. KEY POINTS: • Accurate prediction of the expression of PD-L1 in HNSCC before immunotherapy is crucial. • A CECT-based radiomics signature showed favorable predictive efficacy in estimation of the PD-L1 expression status in patients with HNSCC.

[Mechanism analysis of repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata in delaying brain aging in ovariectomized mice based on proteomics].

The present study explored the effect and mechanism of repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata(RRP) in delaying brain aging in ovariectomized mice. After ovariectomy, the mice were randomly divided into a model group, an estradiol valerate group(0.3 mg·kg~(-1)), and low-(1.0 g·kg~(-1)), medium-(2.0 g·kg~(-1)), and high-dose(4.0 g·kg~(-1)) RRP groups, and a sham operation group was also set up, with 15 mice in each group. One week after the operation, intragastric administration was carried out for 15 consecutive weeks. The step-down test and Morris water maze test were used to detect the behavioral changes of mice. HE staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the morphological changes of mouse brain tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Aß and ER_ß in mouse brain tissues. The serum estrogen levels and cholinesterase and cholinesterase transferase levels in brain tissues of mice were detected by assay kits. The extracted hippocampal protein was detected by the Nano-ESI-LC-MS system, identified by the Protein Discovery, and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by the SIEVE. The PANTHER Classification System was used for GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the differential proteins. Compared with the sham operation group, the model group showed decreased learning and memory ability, shortened step-down latency(P<0.05), prolonged escape latency(P<0.05), reduced platform crossings and residence time in the target quadrant, scattered nerve cells in the hippocampus with enlarged intercellular space, increased expression of Aß-positive cells(P<0.05), declining expression of ER_ß-positive cells and estrogen level(P<0.05), and weakened cholinergic function(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the RRP groups showed improved learning and memory ability, prolonged step-down latency(P<0.05), increased estrogen level(P<0.05), neatly arranged nerve cells in the hippocampus with complete morphology, declining Aß-positive cells, and elevated expression of ER_ß-positive cells. A total of 146 differential proteins were screened out by proteomics, and KEGG pathway enrichment yielded 75 signaling pathways. The number of proteins involved in the dopaminergic synapse signaling pathway was the largest, with 13 proteins involved. In summary, RRP can delay brain aging presumedly by increasing the level of estrogen, mediating the dopaminergic synapse signaling pathway, and improving cholinergic function.

LncRNA USP30-AS1 promotes the survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells by cis-regulating USP30 and ANKRD13A.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant tumor derived from leukemia stem cells, with complicated pathogenesis. LncRNAs play an important role in tumors genesis and progression. According to results from bioinformatics analysis, lncRNA USP30-AS1 is highly expressed in AML and both the high expression of USP30-AS1 and low methylation level at Cg03124318 locus of USP30-AS1 gene promoter are associated with poor prognosis of AML. This study knocked down and overexpressed USP30-AS1 to determine the roles in AML cell lines. High-throughput sequencing was performed to explore the genes regulated by USP30-AS1. Results showed that USP30-AS1 promoted AML cell viability and inhibited apoptosis. Genes regulated by USP30-AS1 are mainly related to genetic regulation and immune system. Among them, USP30 and ANKRD13A genes are close to USP30-AS1 gene in chromosome. Knockdown of USP30, but not ANKRD13A, abolished the cancer-promoting effects of USP30-AS1. ANKRD13A recognizes Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chain in HLA-I. USP30-AS1 induced HLA-I internalization from the cell membrane by up-regulating ANKRD13A, which might induce the immune escape of AML cells. ChIP analysis revealed that the regulatory effects of USP30-AS1 on USP30 and ANKRD13A are associated with H3K4me3 and H3K27Ac. In summary, USP30-AS1 probably promotes AML cell survival by cis-regulating USP30 and ANKRD13A.

Disulfiram attenuates MCMV-Induced pneumonia by inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in immunocompromised mice.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals is associated with damaging hyperinflammation and leads to high morbidity and mortality. It is urgently needed to develop new strategies to treat CMV-induced pneumonia. As disulfiram (DSF) reportedly inhibits inflammatory responses in different disease models, its therapeutic effects in CMV-induced pneumonia are proposed. In this study, we demonstrated that DSF effectively attenuated pulmonary injury and improved survival in murine CMV (MCMV) pneumonia model. DSF treatment inhibited lung inflammatory responses, e.g. reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine, and lowering the accumulation of leukocytes in the lung. Similar to the in vivo results, DSF attenuated inflammatory responses and modulated NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MCMV-infected BMDMs. Furthermore, DSF reduced pulmonary fibrosis and viral loads in MCMV pneumonia mice and BMDMs. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of DSF may due to its regulating NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Collectively, our results suggest that DSF-mediated anti-hyperinflammatory effects have potentials for therapy of human CMV pneumonia.

Bisphenol-A exposure leads to neurotoxicity through upregulating the expression of histone deacetylase 2 in vivo and in vitro.

Bisphenol-A (BPA), an environmental endocrine disruptor, is toxic to the central nervous system. Although recent studies have shown BPA-induced neurotoxicity, it is far from clear what precisely epigenetic mechanisms are involved in BPA-induced cognitive deficits. In this study, pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were treated with BPA at 1 µM for 36 h in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were administered to BPA at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks. The results showed that 1 µM BPA exposure for 36 h impaired neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells through decreasing the primary and secondary branches. Besides, BPA exposure decreased the level of Ac-H3K9 (histone H3 Lys9 acetylation) by upregulating the expression of HDAC2 (histone deacetylases 2) in PC12 cells. Furthermore, treatment of both TSA (Trichostatin A, inhibitor of the histone deacetylase) and shHDAC2 plasmid (HDAC2 knockdown construct) resulted in amelioration neurite outgrowth deficits induced by BPA. In addition, it was shown that repression of HDAC2 could markedly rescue the spine density impairment in the hippocampus and prevent the cognitive impairment caused by BPA exposure in mice. Collectively, HDAC2 plays an essential role in BPA-induced neurotoxicity, which provides a potential molecular target for medical intervention.

[Relationship between Muscle Mass of Limbs and aGVHD in Patients with Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation of limb muscle mass and acute graft-versus-host disease. METHODS: Clinical data from 144 patients treated by allo-HSCT in Guangzhou First People's Hospital were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The age, sex, diagnosis, donor age, sex of the donors, preparative regimen, ATG dose, HLA match, graft source, and number of infused stem cells of the patients were collected as baseline information. Meanwhile, bioelectrical impedance principle (BIA) was used to measure the limb muscle mass, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, upper arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and body fat rate of the patients before and after transplantation, so as to compare the changes of limb muscle mass and investigate its correlation with aGVHD. RESULTS: It was found that 61.11% of allo-HSCT patients showed muscle mass loss, and the proportion of male and female was 35.42% and 25.69%, respectively. There were reduction in the body weight, BMI, upper arm muscle circumference and muscle mass of limbs after transplantation as compared with those before transplantation (P<0.05). By comparing with the cumulative incidence of aGVHD between the patients in low muscle mass group and normal muscle mass group, it was found that the cumulative incidence of Ⅱ-Ⅳdegree aGVHD in patients with low muscle mass (30.38%) was higher than those with normal muscle mass (8.93%), which showed statistical difference (P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that muscle mass, the sex of the donors, and preparative regimen were the influencing factors of aGVHD (P<0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that low muscle mass was the independent risk factor affecting aGVHD (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients treated by allo-HSCT shows a decline in muscle mass after transplantation, and the incidence of aGVHD is high in patients with low muscle mass. Therefore, the assessment of muscle quality in early stage in patients with HSCT can facilitate earlier detection of aGVHD.

Mixed chimerism after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia.

A retrospective study on 287 patients with SAA who underwent allo-HSCT between October 2012 and January 2020 was conducted to explore the outcomes, risk factors and treatment options for MC. Among 287 AA patients who excluded Fanconi anemia (FA), Congenital dyskeratosis (DKC), Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), etc.112 underwent matched sibling donor (MSD)-HSCT, 91 matched unrelated donor-HSCT and 84 haploidentical-HSCT. Patients were divided into the following 4 groups: group 1: Donor chimerism (DC); group 2: MC without cytopenia; group 3: MC with cytopenia; group 4: secondary graft failure (SGF).Compared with the other three groups, SGF predicted a poor prognosis of SAA (P< 0.001). In addition, SGF was associated with the early (within 3 months after transplantation) presence of MC and the high levels of MC. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that donor/recipient sex-mismatching and CTX + ATG regimen were high-risk factors for MC. Of note, in MC patients with cytopenia (group 3), the effective response rate reached 55% (6/11) following enhanced immunosuppression combined with cellular therapy, while only one of the four was effective who received enhanced immunosuppression alone.SGF was associated with poor prognosis, early presence of MC and increased levels of recipient chimerism. The donor/recipient sex-mismatching and CTX + ATG regimen based MSD-HSCT were risk factors for MC. Cellular therapy could improve the effective response rate of patients with progressive MC.