The impact of electricity-carbon market coupling on system marginal clearing price and power supply cost.

In this study, we assessed the impacts of the benchmark designs of emissions allowance allocation in China's national carbon emissions trading system with plant-level data and further estimated the marginal clearing price and power supply cost in Guangdong power market under electricity-carbon market coupling with unit commitment and economic dispatch model. We find that the existing allowances benchmark would result in a considerable surplus of allowances at about 222 Mt. But the benchmarking and exemplary levels on the heat rate of power supply would motivate thermal power units to reduce CO2 emissions. Under a tight balance of supply and demand in Guangdong, peaking thermal power plants will become the marginal clearing units and higher clearing prices will add to the revenue of lower cost inframarginal renewable energy power units. However, the combined impact of electricity-carbon market coupling would cause the marginal clearing price fluctuates obviously from 0 to 1159 CNY/MWh. Compared to the baseline scenario with free CO2 allowances allocation, the efficiency of thermal power utilization would decrease by 23%-59% and the net revenue per MWh power supply of coal-fired power units would decrease by 275%-325% under the stress scenario. Our study suggests that setting a more stringent allowances allocation benchmark for carbon price discovery is necessary. As electricity-carbon market coupling changes the role of coal-fired power plants to provide flexibility service and decrease their revenues, it calls for further market designs on proper reimbursement of flexible resources, under which the electricity market can effectively achieve the synergy among accommodating new energy, ensuring resource adequacy, and delivering cost efficiency. In addition, the synergy can be enhanced by formulating a tax program, which can promote renewable energy investment.

Cofactor Engineering for Enhanced Production of Diols by Klebsiella pneumoniae From Co-Substrate.

Diols, such as 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO), have several promising properties for many synthetic reactions. Here, the cofactor engineering strategy, including the construction of Entner-Doudoroff pathway and transhydrogenase-based NADH regeneration system, was applied in producing diols from mixtures of glucose and glycerol. Entner-Doudoroff pathway had a high regeneration rate of NAD(P)H. This work described a strategy to administrate intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio and improved the concentration of diols. The improvement of NADH/NAD+ ratio also effected gene transcription level of the central carbon pathway and cell growth. Finally, the intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio in KP-APZDUT was increased by 92.8% compared to the KP-T and the concentration, yield and productivity of diols were increased to 110.8 g L-1 , 0.78 mol mol-1 , and 3.46 g Lh-1 , respectively. The strategy described here provides an approach to achieve a recombinant strain which is capable of producing diols with high yield and productivity. To the best of our knowledge, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway has not yet been used to produce 1,3-PDO or 2,3-BDO in Klebsiella pneumoniae.