Temperature-dependent microbial mechanism and accumulation of volatile fatty acids in primary sludge pretreated with peroxymonosulfate.

For revealing the influence of temperature on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) generation from primary sludge (PS) during the anaerobic fermentation process facilitated by peroxymonosulfate (PMS), five fermentation groups (15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C) were designed. The results indicated that the production of VFAs (5148 mg COD/L) and acetic acid (2019 mg COD/L) reached their peaks at 45 °C. High-throughput sequencing technology disclosed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria was the dominant phyla, carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport were the most vigorous at 45 °C. Additionally, higher temperature and PMS exhibit synergistic effects in promoting VFAs accumulation. This study unveiled the mechanism of the effect of the pretreatment of PS with PMS on the VFAs production, which established a theoretical foundation for the production of VFAs.

Application of calcium peroxide in promoting resource recovery from municipal sludge: A review.

The harmless disposal, resource recovery, and synergistic efficiency reduction of municipal sludge have been the research focuses for the last few years. Calcium peroxide (CaO2) is a multifunctional and safe peroxide that produces an alkaline oxidation environment to promote the fermentation of municipal sludge to produce hydrogen (H2) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), thus realizing sludge resource recovery. This review outlines the research achievements of CaO2 in sludge resource recovery, improvement of sludge dewaterability, and removal of pollutants from sludge in recent years. Meanwhile, the mechanism of CaO2 and its influencing factors have also been comprehensively summarized. Finally, the future development direction of the application of CaO2 in municipal sludge is prospected. This review would provide theoretical reference for the potential engineering applications of CaO2 in improving sludge treatment in the future.

Influence of deformation banding instabilities on small scale yielding of a Mg-Nd alloy revealed by in-situ digital image correlation.

Propagating deformation bands are observed to accommodate the initial plasticity in an as-extruded Mg-1.5Nd alloy under tension using digital-image-correlation. The propagating bands cause an uncommon plateau in the stress-strain response of the alloy prior to restoring a common decreasing work hardening with further straining. Effects of the deformation banding and underlying plateau in the flow stress on small scale yielding are investigated during low cycle fatigue (LCF) and tension of notched specimens. Alternating formation/disappearance of deformation bands in the gauge section of as-extruded LCF specimens during testing is observed to reduce life compared to annealed specimens exhibiting no instabilities. In contrast, the bands deflect the plastic zone ahead of the notch from the principal plane orthogonal to the applied loading inducing positive effect on toughness of the alloy.