Bladder cancer cell­secreted exosomal miR­21 activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in macrophages to promote cancer progression.

Tumour­associated macrophages (TAMs) compose a major component of the tumour microenvironment and form in this microenvironment prior to cancer metastasis. However, the detailed mechanisms of TAM remodelling in the context of bladder cancer have not been clearly defined. The present study collected exosomes from the conditioned medium of human bladder T24 cancer cells. The effects of macrophages treated with exosomes derived from T24 cells on bladder cancer cell migration and invasion were analysed by Transwell assays. The expression levels of endogenous and exosomal microRNA­21 (miR­21) were examined by reverse transcription­quantitative PCR, while the expression level of the target protein was analysed by western blot analysis. Luciferase reporter plasmids and mutants were used to confirm direct targeting. The effects of miR­21 on bladder cancer cell migration and invasion were analysed by Transwell and Matrigel assays following miR­21 transfection. It was identified that exosomes derived from bladder cancer cells polarized THP­1 cell­derived macrophages into the M2 phenotype, and TAM­mediated pro­migratory and pro­invasive activity was determined. Moreover, it was found that miR­21 was highly expressed in exosomes derived from bladder cancer cells as well as in macrophages treated with exosomes. In addition, macrophages transfected with miR­21 exhibited M2 polarization and promoted T24 cell migratory and invasive ability. Mechanistically, exosomal miR­21 derived from bladder cancer cells inhibited phosphatase and tensin homolog activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in macrophages and enhanced STAT3 expression to promote M2 phenotypic polarization. The present results suggest that exosomal miR­21 can promote cancer progression by polarizing TAMs.

[Relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms and its haplotype of X-ray repair cross complementing group 1 and susceptibility of pancreatic carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of XRCCl gene polymorphisms and its haplotype on the susceptibility of pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS: Peripheral blood DNA was extracted from 210 pancreatic carcinoma patients and 213 control subjects. SNaPshot technique was used for genotyping seven SNP sites of the XRCCl gene (rs3213403, rs25487, rs1799782, rs731420, rs1001581, rs12611088, and rs3213282). Logistic regression model was performed to analyze the relationship of different genotypes or haplotype and the susceptibility of pancreatic carcinoma. RESULTS: The frequency for allele A at site rs25487 in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The frequency of GG, GA and AA genotype between the case group and control group had statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Compared with GG genotype, the risk of pancreatic carcinoma in the subjects carrying mutated allele A (GA+AA) was increased by 0.648 times (P < 0.05). Among them the pancreatic carcinoma risk of individuals carrying A allele was increased by 0.552 times compared with the individuals carrying G allele. The frequency of allele and genotype at site rs1799782 in the case group and control group had a significant difference (P < 0.05). Compared with the CC genotype, the risk of pancreatic carcinoma in the subjects carrying mutated allele T (CT+TT) was increased by 0.683 times. Among them the pancreatic carcinoma risk of individuals carrying T allele was increased by 0.549 times compared with the individuals carrying C allele. Significant differences were observed in linkage disequilibrium between any two of the seven SNPs (P < 0.05), the frequency of H4-AGCCCGC, H6-GGCCCGG or H7-AGCCTAG haplotypes was significantly lower in the case group than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The single nucleotide polymorphisms of rs25487 and rs1799782 for XRCC1 gene may be correlated with the occurrence of pancreatic carcinoma. The haplotypes of H4-AGCCCGC, H6-GGCCCGG and H7-AGCCTAG might be a potential genetic protective factor for the occurrence of pancreatic carcinoma.

Structural, optical, and magnetic studies of manganese-doped zinc oxide hierarchical microspheres by self-assembly of nanoparticles.

In this study, a series of manganese [Mn]-doped zinc oxide [ZnO] hierarchical microspheres [HMSs] are prepared by hydrothermal method only using zinc acetate and manganese acetate as precursors and ethylene glycol as solvent. X-ray diffraction indicates that all of the as-obtained samples including the highest Mn (7 mol%) in the crystal lattice of ZnO have a pure phase (hexagonal wurtzite structure). A broad Raman spectrum from as-synthesized doping samples ranges from 500 to 600 cm-1, revealing the successful doping of paramagnetic Mn2+ ions in the host ZnO. Optical absorption analysis of the samples exhibits a blueshift in the absorption band edge with increasing dopant concentration, and corresponding photoluminescence spectra show that Mn doping suppresses both near-band edge UV emission and defect-related blue emission. In particular, magnetic measurements confirm robust room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior with a high Curie temperature exceeding 400 K, signifying that the as-formed Mn-doped ZnO HMSs will have immense potential in spintronic devices and spin-based electronic technologies.

[Survival analysis and prognosis of lung cancer related factors].

AIM: of non-small cell lung cancer (non a small eelllungeaneer, NSCLC) patients with survival analysis and prognostic factors. METHODS: The research I our hospital from 2005 to September 2010 on the treatment of 275 cases of clinical data of patients with NSCLC, and its age, pathological type, clinical stage, lymph node micrometastasis on prognosis and treatment Investigation of influence, and to analyze the prognostic factors for patients. RESULTS: The patients in the family history, clinical stage and other factors after treatment for patients with poor prognostic factors after treatment for patients with poor prognostic factors for survival. The treatment of choice for the greatest impact factor. This group of patients selected surgery plus chemotherpy, chemotherapy + radiotherapy, chemotherapy and symptomatic treatment 4, in the survival rates of patients in the four groups was significantly different (P < 0.05). The patients age, clinical stage, lymph node micrometastasis in pathological type on the prognosis of patients was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer is an important prognostic factor.