Large-scale comparative analysis reveals phylogenomic preference of blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 transmission among Klebsiella pneumoniae.

blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 are responsible for the global increase in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, posing a great challenge to public health. However, the impact of phylogenetic factors on the dissemination of blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 is not yet fully understood. This study established a global dataset of 4051 blaNDM-1+ and 10,223 blaKPC-2+ K. pneumoniae genomes, and compared their transmission modes on a global scale. The results showed that blaNDM-1+ K. pneumoniae genomes exhibited a broader geographical distribution and higher sequence type (ST) richness than blaKPC-2+ genomes, indicating higher transmissibility of the blaNDM-1 gene. Furthermore, blaNDM-1+ genomes displayed significant differences in ST lineage, antibiotic resistance gene composition, virulence gene composition and genetic environments compared with blaKPC-2+ genomes, suggesting distinct dissemination mechanisms. blaNDM-1+ genomes were predominantly associated with ST147 and ST16, whereas blaKPC-2+ genomes were mainly found in ST11 and ST258. Significantly different accessory genes were identified between blaNDM-1+ and blaKPC-2+ genomes. The preference for blaKPC-2 distribution across certain countries, ST lineages and genetic environments underscores vertical spread as the primary mechanism driving the expansion of blaKPC-2. In contrast, blaNDM-1+ genomes did not display such a strong preference, confirming that the dissemination of blaNDM-1 mainly depends on horizontal gene transfer. Overall, this study demonstrates different phylogenetic drivers for the dissemination of blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2, providing new insights into their global transmission dynamics.

Multifunctional two-dimensional perovskite based solar cells for photodetectors and resistive switching.

The escalating interest in low-dimensional perovskites stems from their tunable optoelectronic traits and robust stability. The pursuit of multifaceted optoelectronic devices holds substantial importance for energy-efficient and space-constrained systems. This investigation showcases the realization of multifunctional two-dimensional perovskite solar cells, incorporating transient light detection and resistive switching functions within a single device, achievable by facile external bias adjustments. Serving as a photodetector, the device exhibits commendable self-powered photodetection attributes, including an exceptionally low dark current density of 1 nA mm-2, a remarkable specific detectivity of 7.67 × 1012 Jones, a swift response time of 0.60 µs, and an expansive linear dynamic range of 72 dB. As a memristor, it showcases enduring performance across 4 × 102 cycles, a substantial on/off ratio of 106, and a rapid operation time of less than 1 µs. This endeavor unveils a pioneering avenue for advancing high-performance, air-stable multifunctional two-dimensional perovskite electronics.

DRF-DRC: dynamic receptive field and dense residual connections for model compression.

Deep convolutional neural networks have achived remarkable progress on computer vision tasks over last years. These novel neural architecture are most designed manually by human experts, which is a time-consuming process and not the best solution. Hence neural architecture search (NAS) has become a hot research topic for the design of neural architecture. In this paper, we propose the dynamic receptive field (DRF) operation and measurable dense residual connections (DRC) in search space for designing efficient networks, i.e., DRENet. The search method can be deployed on the MobileNetV2-based search space. The experimental results on CIFAR10/100, SVHN, CUB-200-2011, ImageNet and COCO benchmark datasets and an application example in a railway intelligent surveillance system demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme, which achieves superior performance.

Temperature Effects on Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Waves.

Nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves have attracted increasing attention in the field of structural health monitoring due to their high sensitivity and long detection distance. In practical applications, the temperature of the tested structure will inevitably change, so it is essential to evaluate the effects of temperature on nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves. In this paper, an analytical approach is proposed to obtain the response law of nonlinear guided waves to temperature based on the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method. The plate structure is investigated as a demonstration example, and the corresponding simulation analysis and experimental verification are carried out. The results show that the variation trends of different cumulative second harmonic modes with temperature are distinct, and their amplitudes monotonically increase or decrease with the continuously rising temperature. Therefore, in the applications with nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves, it is necessary to predict the changing trend of selected cumulative second harmonics under the action of temperature and compensate the result for the influence of temperature. The methods and conclusions presented in this paper are also applicable to other types of structures and have general practicality.

Evaluation of Commercial Products for Colistin and Polymyxin B Susceptibility Testing for mcr-Positive and Negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in China.

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of five widespread commercial products for colistin and polymyxin B susceptibility testing in China for mcr-positive and -negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods: A total of 132 E. coli and 83 K. pneumoniae strains (including 68 mcr-1-positive E. coli and 28 mcr-8-positive K. pneumoniae) were collected. We analysed the performance of colistin susceptibility (with Vitek 2 and Phoenix M50) and the performance of polymyxin B susceptibility (with DL-96II, MA120, and a Polymyxin B Susceptibility Test strip; POL E-strip). Broth microdilution was used as the gold standard. Categorical agreement (CA), essential agreement (EA), major error (ME), and very major error (VME) were calculated for comparisons. Results: For E. coli, the total CA, EA, ME, and VME to colistin were as follows: Vitek 2, 98.5%/98.5%/0%/2.9%; and Phoenix M50, 98.5%/97.7%/0%/2.9%. The total CA, EA, ME, and VME to polymyxin B were as follows: POL E-strip, 99.2%/63.6%/1.6%/0%; MA120, 70.0%/-/0%/58.8%; and DL-96II, 80.2%/-/1.6%/36.8%. Only Vitek 2 and Phoenix M50 presented satisfactory performances for mcr-1-positive E. coli. For K. pneumoniae, the total CA, EA, ME, and VME to colistin were as follows: Vitek 2, 73.2%/72.0%/0%/61.6%; and Phoenix M50, 74.7%/74.7%/0%/58.3%. The total CA, EA, ME, and VME to polymyxin B were as follows: POL E-strip, 91.6%/74.7%/2.1%/16.7%; MA120, 92.8%/-/2.1%/13.9%; and DL-96II, 92.2%/-/2.1%/8.3%. All systems were unsatisfactory for mcr-8-positive K. pneumoniae. When the susceptibility of mcr-negative strains was tested, all systems presented excellent performance. Conclusion: Vitek 2 and Phoenix M50 with colistin for E. coli showed acceptable performance regardless of mcr-1 expression, while DL-96II, MA120, and the POL E-strip performed worse for mcr-1-positive strains. Furthermore, mcr-8 greatly affected the performance of all systems with both colistin and polymyxin B for K. pneumoniae isolates.

A lightweight automatic sleep staging method for children using single-channel EEG based on edge artificial intelligence.

With the development of telemedicine and edge computing, edge artificial intelligence (AI) will become a new development trend for smart medicine. On the other hand, nearly one-third of children suffer from sleep disorders. However, all existing sleep staging methods are for adults. Therefore, we adapted edge AI to develop a lightweight automatic sleep staging method for children using single-channel EEG. The trained sleep staging model will be deployed to edge smart devices so that the sleep staging can be implemented on edge devices which will greatly save network resources and improving the performance and privacy of sleep staging application. Then the results and hypnogram will be uploaded to the cloud server for further analysis by the physicians to get sleep disease diagnosis reports and treatment opinions. We utilized 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) to build our sleep staging model, named CSleepNet. We tested the model on our childrens sleep (CS) dataset and sleep-EDFX dataset. For the CS dataset, we experimented with F4-M1 channel EEG using four different loss functions, and the logcosh performed best with overall accuracy of 83.06% and F1-score of 76.50%. We used Fpz-Cz and Pz-Oz channel EEG to train our model in Sleep-EDFX dataset, and achieved an accuracy of 86.41% without manual feature extraction. The experimental results show that our method has great potential. It not only plays an important role in sleep-related research, but also can be widely used in the classification of other time sequences physiological signals.

KIR3DL3-HHLA2 is a human immunosuppressive pathway and a therapeutic target.

The B7 family ligand HERV-H LTR-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy because of its coinhibitory function, overexpression in human cancers, and association with poor prognoses. However, the knowledge of the HHLA2 pathway is incomplete. HHLA2 has an established positive receptor transmembrane and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain containing 2 (TMIGD2) but a poorly characterized negative receptor human killer cell Ig-like receptor, three Ig domains, and long cytoplasmic tail (KIR3DL3). Here, KIR3DL3 and TMIGD2 simultaneously bound to different sites of HHLA2. KIR3DL3 was mainly expressed on CD56dim NK and terminally differentiated effector memory CD8+ T (CD8+ TEMRA) cells. KIR3DL3+ CD8+ TEMRA acquired an NK-like phenotype and function. HHLA2 engagement recruited KIR3DL3 to the immunological synapse and coinhibited CD8+ T and NK cell function and killing, inducing immune-evasive HHLA2+ tumors. KIR3DL3 recruited SHP-1 and SHP-2 to attenuate Vav1, ERK1/2, AKT, and NF-κB signaling. HHLA2+ tumors from human kidney, lung, gallbladder, and stomach were infiltrated by KIR3DL3+ immune cells. KIR3DL3 blockade inhibited tumor growth in multiple humanized mouse models. Thus, our findings elucidated the molecular and cellular basis for the inhibitory function of KIR3DL3, demonstrating that the KIR3DL3-HHLA2 pathway is a potential immunotherapeutic target for cancer.

[Highly expressed circular RNA hsa_circ_0017247 promotes osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration].

Objective To investigate the role of circular RNA hsa_circ_0017247 in osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration. Methods Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of hsa_circ_0017247 in the matched osteosarcoma and adjacent tissues, as well as in Saos-2 and hFOB1.19 cells. The correlation between its expression and the clinicopathological parameters of osteosarcoma was analyzed using Fisher exact probability test. After knockdown of hsa_circ_0017247 by siRNA in Saos-2 cells, qRT-PCR was conducted to detect the transfection efficiency. TranswellTM invasion and migration assays were performed to evaluate the changes in cell invasion and migration. The mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in the Saos-2 cells were tested by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results Compared with the adjacent tissues, hsa_circ_0017247 was highly expressed in the osteosarcoma tissues. Osteosarcoma with high expression of hsa_circ_0017247 had a higher clinical stage and metastasis rate. Highly expressed hsa_circ_0017247 was found in the Saos-2 cells as compared with the hFOB1.19 cells. The hsa_circ_0017247 significantly decreased after siRNA transfection in the Saos-2 cells, and silencing hsa_circ_0017247 inhibited the invasion and migration of the Saos-2 cells. Moreover, silencing hsa_circ_0017247 also promoted the expression of E-cadherin, but inhibited the expression of N-cadherin. Conclusion High expression of hsa_circ_0017247 enhances osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration through accelerating epithelial mesenchymal transformation.

Improving performance of recently introduced flow cytometry-based approach of malignant cell screening in serous cavity effusion.

INTRODUCTION: Microscopy has been recognized as the "gold-standard" cellular analysis of serous cavity effusion. However, this method is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires accomplished skills. Here, we investigated the efficiency of hematology analyzer in screening malignant cells in serous cavity effusion. METHODS: A total of 991 serous cavity effusion samples and 370 validation specimens collected from different departments were sent to the clinical laboratory for routine cell count using the automated hematology body fluid (BF) mode and exfoliative cytology simultaneously. High-fluorescent cells (HFCs) were measured as the relative count (HF%) and absolute count (HF#) by BF mode. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was combined with scattergram rules to screen malignant cells. RESULTS: HF# and HF% in malignant samples (subgroup) were significantly higher than those in benign samples, and the HF# and HF% levels were different between ascites and pleural effusion (PE). The area under the curve values were also different between ascites and PE. Positive of malignant cells was very high when the ascites or PE sample touching Rule 1 positive and either Rule 2 negative or positive. The cutoff levels of HF# were 5.5 HFC/µL on the basis of Rules 1 and 2 negative, whereas 83.5 HFC/µL on the basis of Rule 1 negative but Rule 2 positive in ascites. By contrast, the cutoff levels of HF% were 0.55 HFC/100 WBC on the basis of Rules 1 and 2 negative, whereas 4.95 HFC/100 WBC on the basis of Rule 1 negative but Rule 2 positive in PE. CONCLUSIONS: Serous cavity effusion will be increasingly analyzed using the automated hematology analyzer BF mode in the future because of its rapidness and convenience. The combined application of HFC with scattergram rules is a feasible and useful approach to screen malignant cells in serous cavity effusion.

On the Identification of Elastic Moduli of In-Service Rail by Ultrasonic Guided Waves.

Non-destructive rail testing and evaluation based on guided waves need accurate information about the mode propagation characteristics, which can be obtained numerically with the exact material properties of the rails. However, for rails in service, it is difficult to accurately obtain their material properties due to temperature fluctuation, material degradation and rail profile changes caused by wear and grinding. In this study, an inverse method is proposed to identify the material elastic constants of in-service rails by minimizing the discrepancy between the phase velocities predicted by a semi-analytical finite element model and those measured using array transducers attached to the rail. By selecting guided wave modes that are sensitive to moduli but not to rail profile changes, the proposed method can make stable estimations for worn rails. Numerical experiments using a three-dimensional finite element model in ABAQUS/Explicit demonstrate that reconstruction accuracies of 0.36% for Young's modulus and 0.87% for shear modulus can be achieved.

High-Speed Railway Intruding Object Image Generating with Generative Adversarial Networks.

Foreign object intrusion is a great threat to high-speed railway safety operations. Accurate foreign object intrusion detection is particularly important. As a result of the lack of intruding foreign object samples during the operational period, artificially generated ones will greatly benefit the development of the detection methods. In this paper, we propose a novel method to generate railway intruding object images based on an improved conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network (C-DCGAN). It consists of a generator and multi-scale discriminators. Loss function is also improved so as to generate samples with a high quality and authenticity. The generator is extracted in order to generate foreign object images from input semantic labels. We synthesize the generated objects to the railway scene. To make the generated objects more similar to real objects, on scale in different positions of a railway scene, a scale estimation algorithm based on the gauge constant is proposed. The experimental results on the railway intruding object dataset show that the proposed C-DCGAN model outperforms several state-of-the-art methods and achieves a higher quality (the pixel-wise accuracy, mean intersection-over-union (mIoU), and mean average precision (mAP) are 80.46%, 0.65, and 0.69, respectively) and diversity (the Fréchet-Inception Distance (FID) score is 26.87) of generated samples. The mIoU of the real-generated pedestrian pairs reaches 0.85, and indicates a higher scale of accuracy for the generated intruding objects in the railway scene.

An Adaptive Track Segmentation Algorithm for a Railway Intrusion Detection System.

Video surveillance-based intrusion detection has been widely used in modern railway systems. Objects inside the alarm region, or the track area, can be detected by image processing algorithms. With the increasing number of surveillance cameras, manual labeling of alarm regions for each camera has become time-consuming and is sometimes not feasible at all, especially for pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras which may change their monitoring area at any time. To automatically label the track area for all cameras, video surveillance system requires an accurate track segmentation algorithm with small memory footprint and short inference delay. In this paper, we propose an adaptive segmentation algorithm to delineate the boundary of the track area with very light computation burden. The proposed algorithm includes three steps. Firstly, the image is segmented into fragmented regions. To reduce the redundant calculation in the evaluation of the boundary weight for generating the fragmented regions, an optimal set of Gaussian kernels with adaptive directions for each specific scene is calculated using Hough transformation. Secondly, the fragmented regions are combined into local areas by using a new clustering rule, based on the region's boundary weight and size. Finally, a classification network is used to recognize the track area among all local areas. To achieve a fast and accurate classification, a simplified CNN network is designed by using pre-trained convolution kernels and a loss function that can enhance the diversity of the feature maps. Experimental results show that the proposed method finds an effective balance between the segmentation precision, calculation time, and hardware cost of the system.

Foreground Detection with Deeply Learned Multi-Scale Spatial-Temporal Features.

Foreground detection, which extracts moving objects from videos, is an important and fundamental problem of video analysis. Classic methods often build background models based on some hand-craft features. Recent deep neural network (DNN) based methods can learn more effective image features by training, but most of them do not use temporal feature or use simple hand-craft temporal features. In this paper, we propose a new dual multi-scale 3D fully-convolutional neural network for foreground detection problems. It uses an encoder⁻decoder structure to establish a mapping from image sequences to pixel-wise classification results. We also propose a two-stage training procedure, which trains the encoder and decoder separately to improve the training results. With multi-scale architecture, the network can learning deep and hierarchical multi-scale features in both spatial and temporal domains, which is proved to have good invariance for both spatial and temporal scales. We used the CDnet dataset, which is currently the largest foreground detection dataset, to evaluate our method. The experiment results show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results in most test scenes, comparing to current DNN based methods.

An Artificial Sensory Neuron with Tactile Perceptual Learning.

Sensory neurons within skin form an interface between the external physical reality and the inner tactile perception. This interface enables sensory information to be organized identified, and interpreted through perceptual learning-the process whereby the sensing abilities improve through experience. Here, an artificial sensory neuron that can integrate and differentiate the spatiotemporal features of touched patterns for recognition is shown. The system comprises sensing, transmitting, and processing components that are parallel to those found in a sensory neuron. A resistive pressure sensor converts pressure stimuli into electric signals, which are transmitted to a synaptic transistor through interfacial ionic/electronic coupling via a soft ionic conductor. Furthermore, the recognition error rate can be dramatically decreased from 44% to 0.4% by integrating with the machine learning method. This work represents a step toward the design and use of neuromorphic electronic skin with artificial intelligence for robotics and prosthetics.

Ets2 knockdown inhibits tumorigenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vivo and in vitro.

Increased expression of Ets2 is reported upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue. However, the function of Ets2 in carcinogenesis of ESCC is poorly understood. Here, the rise of Ets2 was confirmed in ESCC cells and Ets2 depletion by RNA interference promotes cell apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation, attenuates cell invasion and induces cell cycle G0/G1 arrest in vitro. Moreover, in vivo, Xenograft mouse model studies showed Ets2 knockdown inhibits tumor formation and metastasis significantly. Furthermore, Ets2 depletion inactivates the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that a critical role of Ets2 in human ESCC pathogenesis via the inactivation of the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway.

Artificial Synaptic Devices Based on Natural Chicken Albumen Coupled Electric-Double-Layer Transistors.

Recent progress in using biomaterials to fabricate functional electronics has got growing attention for the new generation of environmentally friendly and biocompatible electronic devices. As a kind of biological material with rich source, proteins are essential natural component of all organisms. At the same time, artificial synaptic devices are of great significance for neuromorphic systems because they can emulate the signal process and memory behaviors of biological synapses. In this report, natural chicken albumen with high proton conductivity was used as the coupling electrolyte film for organic/inorganic hybrid synaptic devices fabrication. Some important synaptic functions including paired-pulse facilitation, dynamic filtering, short-term to long-term memory transition and spatial summation and shunting inhibition were successfully mimicked. Our results are very interesting for biological friendly artificial neuron networks and neuromorphic systems.

Epidemiology and outcome analysis of scalds in children caused by "guo lian kang": an 11-year review in a burn center in China.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of scalds induced by "guo lian kang" (literally "stove connected to bed") in children. METHODS: The demographic, burn features, outcome, and other information of 0-14-year-old children with "guo lian kang"-induced scalds admitted to the burn treatment center of the 322 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army in Datong from 30 September 2001 to 31 December 2011 were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 1993 children clearly documented with scalds due to hot liquid in vessels, 795 (39.89%) had burns due to "guo lian kang." The proportion of the pediatric burns caused by "guo lian kang" was 55.56% in 2002 and 37.30% in 2011, with a decreasing trend. One-year-old children accounted for the highest proportion of children with burns due to "guo lian kang" (male:female=1.54:1). Scalding mostly occurred from October to May; the most common times were around 8:00 AM, 11:00 AM, and 7:00 PM. Most scalds occurred on the upper limbs, 90.22% of which were dermal burns. The median burn area was 11% of the total body surface area. The burn agent was mainly hot water in pots. Scalding mostly occurred when the children accidentally sat on, or fell or stepped into the pot while playing. Among the children with "guo lian kang"-induced scalds, up to 42.26% of the children did not receive any treatment before hospital admission, and 18.86% of the children were admitted to the hospital ≥6h after the occurrence of burns. In addition, 74.97% of the children's families can afford the medical expenses, while 5.28% abandoned treatment because of financial difficulties. There were no significant differences between children with scalds caused by "guo lian kang" and scalds caused due to other reasons considering the age and sex. Compared to scalds due to other reasons, children with "guo lian kang"-induced scalds had greater burn area and depth, shock incidence, surgery rate, blood transfusion rate, length of hospital stay, and hospitalization costs. CONCLUSION: Preventive measures against burns should be taken from October to May and mainly during cooking time in order to prevent burns in children less than 3 years of age, especially in 1-year-old boys. The most simple and effective preventive measure is to install a barrier between the pot and bed. The incidence of shock in children may be reduced if parents and primary medical staff undergo training to perform first aid for burns and if there are improvements in the referral system after burns.

Low-voltage protonic/electronic hybrid indium zinc oxide synaptic transistors on paper substrates.

Low-voltage (1.5 V) indium zinc oxide (IZO)-based electric-double-layer (EDL) thin-film transistors (TFTs) gated by nanogranular proton conducting SiO2 electrolyte films are fabricated on paper substrates. Both enhancement-mode and depletion-mode operation are obtained by tuning the thickness of the IZO channel layer. Furthermore, such flexible IZO protonic/electronic hybrid EDL TFTs can be used as artificial synapses, and synaptic stimulation response and short-term synaptic plasticity function are demonstrated. The protonic/electronic hybrid EDL TFTs on paper substrates proposed here are promising for low-power flexible paper electronics, artificial synapses and bioelectronics.

Overexpression of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines: effects on apoptosis, migration and adhesion of cells.

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is the sole enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in methylation reaction. Previous studies have shown that its inhibition or deficiency leads to several human disorders such as severe coagulopathy, hepatopathy and myopathy. However, the effects of SAHH on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells have not been explored so far. To determine whether SAHH is involved in carcinogenesis of the esophagus, we investigated the expression of SAHH in ESCC and normal esophageal epithelial cells and found that SAHH was downregulated in ESCC cells compared with normal esophageal epithelial cells (P < 0.05). The overexpressed SAHH in ESCC cells promoted cell apoptosis, inhibited cell migration and adhesion, but did not affect the cell proliferation and cell cycle. Furthermore, an interaction of SAHH with receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) protein was detected by coimmunoprecipitation and an increased RACK1, which is caused by overexpression of SAHH, was verified by Western blotting. The findings mentioned above demonstrate that SAHH can promote apoptosis, inhibit migration and adhesion of ESCC cells suggesting that it may be involved in carcinogenesis of the esophagus.

S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) accelerates flagellar regeneration in Dunaliella salina.

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is an enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) which is formed after the donation of the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to a methyl acceptor in methylation reaction. As a potent regulator of methylation, SAHH plays a critical role in methylation reaction in the cells. Here we cloned the SAHH gene from unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina (dsSAHH) and investigated its effects on flagellar regeneration of D. salina, and found that dsSAHH was upregulated both at the protein and the transcription levels during pH shock-triggered flagellar regeneration of D. salina. The flagellar regeneration was accelerated when dsSAHH was overexpressed, but it was inhibited by SAHH inhibitor 3-deazaadenosine (DZA). Moreover, a receptor for activated C kinase 1 from D. salina (dsRACK1), which was identified to interact with dsSAHH, was increased when dsSAHH was overexpressed in D. salina as shown by real-time PCR. The findings of this study suggest that dsSAHH may participate in the regulation of flagellar regeneration of D. salina.