Potential causal association of diabetes mellitus and blood glucose related indexes with the onset of epilepsy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) may promote the occurrence of epilepsy through mechanisms, such as inflammation, immune imbalance, and cerebrovascular injury, caused by metabolic abnormalities. However, evidence for the effects of DM and blood glucose (BG) on the risk of epilepsy is limited. Herein, this study used the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to investigate the potential causal associations of DM and BG-related indexes with epilepsy. Methods: In this two-sample MR study, summary statistics data of the genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on exposures, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), T2DM, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), were extracted from the MRC-Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU). The GWAS data on study outcomes, including epilepsy, focal epilepsy, and generalized epilepsy, were obtained from the FinnGen consortium. MR-Egger regression was used to examine horizontal pleiotropism of instrumental variables (IVs), and Cochran's Q statistics was used to quantify the heterogeneity. MR analysis methods including inverse variance weighted (IVW) tests, weighted median, and MR-Egger were utilized to investigate the causal associations between DM and BG-related indexes with epilepsy. The evaluation indexes were odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Reverse causal association analyses were also performed. In addition, IVW-radial and leave-one-out tests were utilized for sensitivity analyses. Results: IVW estimates suggested that T1DM has potential causal associations with epilepsy (OR = 1.057, 95% CI: 1.031-1.084) and generalized epilepsy (OR = 1.066, 95% CI: 1.018-1.116). No significant reverse causal associations of T1DM with epilepsy or generalized epilepsy were found (all P > 0.05). In addition, sensitivity analysis results identified no outlier, indicating that the associations of T1DM with epilepsy and generalized epilepsy were relatively robust. Conclusion: Patients with T1DM had a potential risk of developing epilepsy, and prompt treatment of DM and dynamic monitoring may be beneficial to prevent epilepsy in this high-risk population. However, the causal associations of DM and BG with epilepsy may warrant further verification.

LC-MS and GC-MS based metabolomics analysis revealed the impact of tea trichomes on the chemical and flavor characteristics of white tea.

To explore the influence of tea trichomes on the quality of white tea, liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), and headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were used to identify non-volatile and volatile compounds white tea without trichomes (WTwt) and pure trichomes (PT). It was found that the bitter and astringent compounds, caffeine (CAF), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and flavonol glycosides, were mainly enriched in the WTwt, with 16.3-fold, 47.1-fold and 28.7-fold decrease in CAF and EGCG and ECG, respectively, and the content of these compounds in PT were lower than the taste thresholds. In PT, kaempferol-3-O-(p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-(di-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside were non-volatile marker compounds, and decanal was significant aroma contributor with rOAV = 250.86. Moreover, the compounds in trichomes mainly contributed to the fruity and floral aroma of white tea, among which benzyl alcohol, (E)-geranylacetone, decanal, dodecanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were the crucial aroma components, which were 2.1, 1.7, 1.8, 1.4 and 2.2 times as much as the WTwt in the PT, respectively. In conclusion, trichomes can improve the quality of white tea by reducing the bitterness and astringency, increasing the umami, as well as enhancing the fruity and floral aromas.

Genome-wide comparative analysis reveals selection signatures for reproduction traits in prolific Suffolk sheep.

The identification of genome-wide selection signatures can reveal the potential genetic mechanisms involved in the generation of new breeds through natural or artificial selection. In this study, we screened the genome-wide selection signatures of prolific Suffolk sheep, a new strain of multiparous mutton sheep, to identify candidate genes for reproduction traits and unravel the germplasm characteristics and population genetic evolution of this new strain of Suffolk sheep. Whole-genome resequencing was performed at an effective sequencing depth of 20× for genomic diversity and population structure analysis. Additionally, selection signatures were investigated in prolific Suffolk sheep, Suffolk sheep, and Hu sheep using fixation index (F ST) and heterozygosity H) analysis. A total of 5,236.338 Gb of high-quality genomic data and 28,767,952 SNPs were obtained for prolific Suffolk sheep. Moreover, 99 selection signals spanning candidate genes were identified. Twenty-three genes were significantly associated with KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology terms related to reproduction, growth, immunity, and metabolism. Through selective signal analysis, genes such as ARHGEF4, CATIP, and CCDC115 were found to be significantly correlated with reproductive traits in prolific Suffolk sheep and were highly associated with the mTOR signaling pathway, the melanogenic pathway, and the Hippo signaling pathways, among others. These results contribute to the understanding of the evolution of artificial selection in prolific Suffolk sheep and provide candidate reproduction-related genes that may be beneficial for the establishment of new sheep breeds.

Effective and mechanistic insights into shale gas wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate treatment using ozonation-biological activated carbon process.

Reverse osmosis (RO) plays a pivotal role in shale gas wastewater resource utilization. However, managing the reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) characterized by high salinity and increased concentrations of organic matter is challenging. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the enhancement effects and mechanisms of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal efficacy in ROC using a biological activated carbon (BAC) system. Our findings revealed that during the stable operation phase, the ozonation (O3 and O3/granular activated carbon)-BAC system removes 43.6-72.2 % of dissolved organic carbon, achieving a 4-7 fold increase in efficiency compared with that in the BAC system alone. Through dynamic analysis of influent and effluent water quality, biofilm performance, and microbial community structure, succession, and function prediction, we elucidated the following primary enhancement mechanisms: 1) pre-ozonation significantly enhances the biodegradability of ROC by 4.5-6 times and diminishes the organic load on the BAC system; 2) pre-ozonation facilitates the selective enrichment of microbes capable of degrading organic compounds in the BAC system, thereby enhancing the biodegradation capacity and stability of the microbial community; and 3) pre-ozonation accelerates the regeneration rate of the granular activated carbon adsorption sites. Collectively, our findings provide valuable insights into treating ROC through pre-oxidation combined with biotreatment.

An insight into trichomes-deficiency and trichomes-rich black teas by comparative metabolomics: The impact of oxidized trichomes on metabolic profiles and infusion color.

Tea trichomes were regarded as an essential evaluation index for reflecting tea flavor quality in terms of aroma and influence on infusion color. This study reveals the impact of golden oxidized trichomes on the color, volatile and non-volatile metabolites of black teas through comparative metabolomics combined quantitative analysis on hongbiluo (trichomes-deficiency black teas), hongjinluo (trichomes-rich black teas), and trichomes (from hongjinluo). Forty-six volatile components were detected using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the results suggested that the contribution of trichomes to black teas is limited. A total of 60 marker non-volatile compounds were identified, including catechins, catechin oxidation products, flavonoid glycosides, organic acids, hydrolysable tannins and amino acids. Notably, p-coumaroyl-kaempferol glucosides, and catechin dimers demonstrated high levels in independent trichomes and showed a positive correlation with the brightness and yellow hue of black tea infusions, specifically kaempferol 3-O-di-(p-coumaroyl)-hexoside. Furthermore, results from fractional extraction analysis of separated trichomes provided that N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted epicatechin gallates, acylated kaempferol glycosides, and chromogenic catechins dimers, such as theaflavins, were primary color contributors in oxidized trichomes. Especially, we found that epicatechin gallate (ECG) and its derivates, 3'-O-methyl-ECG and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted ECG, highly accumulated in trichomes, which may be associated with the varieties of hongbiluo and hongjinluo black teas. Eventually, addition tests were applied to verify the color contribution of trichome mixtures. Our findings employed comprehensive information revealing that golden oxidized trichomes contributed significantly to the brightness and yellow hue of black tea infusion, but their contribution to the aroma and metabolic profile is limited. These findings may contribute to the effective modulation of the infusion color during black tea production by regulating the proportion of tea trichomes or screening trichomes-rich or deficiency varieties.

Combined Catalpol and Tetramethylpyrazine Promote Axonal Plasticity in Alzheimer's Disease by Inducing Astrocytes to Secrete Exosomes Carrying CDK5 mRNA and Regulating STAT3 Phosphorylation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system in aging populations. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined catalpol and tetramethylpyrazine (CT) in promoting axonal plasticity in AD and the potential underlying mechanism. Astrocytes were treated with different concentrations of compatible CT. Exosomes were collected and subjected to sequencing analysis, which was followed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes. Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) double-transfected male mice were used as the in vivo AD models. Astrocyte-derived exosomes that were transfected with cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) or CT treatment were injected into the tail vein of mice. The levels of CDK5, synaptic plasticity marker protein neurofilament 200 (NF200), and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in the hippocampus of mice were compared in each group. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the localization of STAT3 and to visualize synaptic morphology via ß-tubulin-III (TUBB3). Astrocyte-derived exosomes transfected with siCDK5 or treated with CT were co-cultured with HT-22 cells, which were untransfected or silenced for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Amyloid ß-protein (Aß)1-42 was induced in the in vitro AD models. The viability, apoptosis, and expression levels of NF200 and GAP-43 proteins in the hippocampal neurons of each group were compared. In total, 166 differentially expressed genes in CT-induced astrocyte-derived exosomes were included in the KEGG analysis, and they were found to be enriched in 12 pathways, mainly in axon guidance. CT treatment significantly increased the level of CDK5 mRNA in astrocyte-derived exosomes-these exosomes restored CDK5 mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus of the in vivo AD model mice and the in vitro AD model; promoted p-STAT3 (Ser727), NF200 and GAP-43 proteins; and promoted the regeneration and extension of neuronal synapses. Silencing of CDK5 blocked both neuronal protection as well as induction of axonal plasticity in AD by CT-treated exosomes in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, silencing of STAT3 blocked both neuronal protection as well as induction of axonal plasticity in AD caused by CDK5 overexpression or CT-treated astrocyte-induced exosomes. CT promotes axonal plasticity in AD by inducing astrocytes to secrete exosomes carrying CDK5 mRNA and regulating STAT3 (Ser727) phosphorylation.

Comparison of short-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery, robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery, and open surgery for lateral lymph-node dissection for rectal cancer: a network meta-analysis.

This study attempted to compare short-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery (LS), robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RS), and open surgery (OS) for lateral lymph-node dissection (LLND) in treatment of rectal cancer through network meta-analysis. Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and The Cochrane Library databases were searched to collect cohort studies on outcomes of LS, RS, and OS for LLND for rectal cancer. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was utilized to evaluate the quality of cohort studies. Primary outcomes should at least include one of the following clinical outcome measures: operative time, blood loss, total lymph-node harvest, positive resection margin rate, postoperative complications, and postoperative hospital stay. A network meta-analysis was conducted using STATA software. Fourteen cohort studies including 8612 patients were eligible for inclusion. The network meta-analysis results showed that, in terms of intraoperative outcomes, the RS group had the longest operative time, while the OS group had the shortest; the LS and RS groups had significantly less blood loss than the OS group. In terms of histological outcomes, there were no significant differences in the total number of lymph nodes harvested and the positive margin rate among the LS, RS, and OS groups (P > 0.05). Regarding postoperative outcomes, the OS group had the highest probability of postoperative complications and the longest hospital stay, followed by the LS group, with the RS group being the lowest. RS was the best method in blood loss, postoperative complication rate, and postoperative hospital stay, followed by LS. OS had the shortest operative time and the highest blood loss.

Revealing the variances in color formation and bioactivities of seven catechin monomers throughout the enzymatic reaction by colorimetric and mass spectrometry.

The capacity differences of seven catechin monomers to produce colors after treating with catechin-free extract were investigated. After 240-min reaction, only (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (+)-catechin (C) presented obvious luminous red color with L* values of 63.32-71.73, a* values of 37.13-46.44, and b* values of 65.64-69.99. Meanwhile, the decrease rate of EC and C was 43.52 %-50.35 %, which were significantly lower than those of other catechin monomers (85.91 %-100 %). The oxidized products of catechin monomers were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry coupled with diode array detector, wherein dehydro-dimers and -trimers (oxidative coupling products of catechins' A-B ring) were found to be the major chromogenic compounds of EC and C. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of catechin monomers only decreased after 30-min reaction, while along with further enzymatic reaction, catechin monomers presented comparable oxyradical scavenging ability (e.g., the DPPH inhibitory rates of catechin monomers were in the range of 24.42 %-50.77 %) to vitamin C (positive control, DPPH inhibitory rate was 27.66 %). Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of most catechin monomers on α-glucosidase were enhanced in different degrees. These results provided basis for the development of enzymatically-oxidized catechin monomers as functional food color additives.

Mitochondrial pathway of programmed cell death in Paeonia lactiflora pollen cryopreservation.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important factor to reduces the viability of plant germplasm after cryopreservation. However, the pathways by which PCD occurs is not fully understood. To investigate whether there is a mitochondrial pathway for pollen PCD after cryopreservation, the pollen of Paeonia lactiflora two cultivars with different PCD levels after cryopreservation was used as test material and the changes of mitochondrial calcium ions (Ca2+), structure, function and their relationship with PCD were compared. The results showed that compared with fresh pollen, the PCD of 'Feng Huang Nie Pan' was significantly reduced after cryopreservation. Their mitochondrial Ca2+ content decreased by 74.27%, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening reduced by 25.41%, mitochondrial membrane potential slightly decreased by 5.02%, cardiolipin oxidation decreased by 65.31%, and oxygen consumption remained stable, with a slightly ATP production increase. On the contrary, compared with fresh pollen, 'Zi Feng Chao Yang' showed severe PCD after cryopreservation. The decline in mitochondrial Ca2+-ATPase activity led to an accumulation of excessive Ca2+ within mitochondria, triggering widespread opening of MPTP, significantly affecting mitochondrial respiration and energy synthesis. These results suggest the mitochondrial pathway of PCD exists in pollen cryopreservation.

Exploring the relationship between pollen viability and inclusion in Paeonia lactiflora after cryopreservation.

Pollen, as the male gametophyte, carries half of plant genetic information and is an important source of germplasm. The cryopreservation of pollen can not only preserve germplasm, but also solve the problem of time and space barrier in crossbreeding. So it is of great significance to explore the mechanism of pollen viability maintenance after cryopreservation. In this paper, 10 cultivars of Paeonia lactiflora with different fresh pollen viability that did not change after cryopreservation were taken as objects and the effects of pollen inclusions such as soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, free amino acids, and proline were explored. The results showed that: (1) The contents of pollen inclusions in the fresh pollen of 10 cultivars were different. After cryopreservation, the contents of starch and free amino acids significantly decreased in 10 cultivars, and the soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline varied with cultivars. (2) Correlation analysis showed that fresh pollen viability was significantly positively correlated with the soluble sugar (R-values of 0.630) and starch content (R-values of 0.694) in fresh pollen. But after cryopreservation pollen viability was only significantly positively correlated with the starch content (R-values of 0.725). These results suggest that the effects of pollen inclusions on pollen vitality are different before and after cryopreservation. The fresh pollen with higher soluble sugar and starch is more vital. But after cryopreservation, the pollen with high starch content has higher viability. The maintenance of stable pollen viability after cryopreservation appears to be related to starch content or starch metabolism, which requires further to study for a final determination.

Formation of Furan from Linoleic Acid Thermal Oxidation: (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal as a Critical Intermediate Product.

The linoleic acid reaction models were set at 150 °C for 120 min, and its oxidation process was monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that no furan was formed from linoleic acid without heating, while furan accumulated throughout the heating process. Linoleic acid ran out within 30 min, which indicated that furan was formed mainly from the intermediate oxidation products of linoleic acid after 30 min. It should be noticed that the content of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal reached maximum once the linoleic acid ran out and then decreased with the formation of furan. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that (E,E)-2,4-decadienal was the most important aldehyde related to furan formation during linoleic acid oxidation. To prove this assumption, the variation of furan from (E,E)-2,4-decadienal reaction models heating at 150 °C for 60 min was also studied. Results showed that the content of furan increased with the oxidation of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal. Furthermore, NMR and GC-MS data proved that (E,E)-2,4-decadienal could be oxidized to 4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal. In conclusion, our results supported (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal as critical intermediate products of furan formation from linoleic acid oxidation.

Genomic and transcriptomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals a rare molecular subtype.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, occurring predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Here, we describe a case of a 62-year-old man that was admitted to our hospital and diagnosed with HCC where the cancer has already metastasized to the retroperitoneum and peritoneum. In order to better characterize the HCC, both the cancerous liver tissue and the adjacent normal liver tissue of the patient were collected and subjected to a genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Our patient carries a highly mutated HCC, which is characterized by both somatic mutation in the following genes ALK, CDK6, TP53, PGR. In addition, we observe several molecular alterations that are associated with potential therapy resistance, for example the expression of the organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) family members B1 and B3, that mediate the transport of the anticancer drugs, has been found decreased. Overall, our molecular profiling potentially classify the patient with poor prognosis and possibly displaying resistance to pharmacological therapy.

PML-mediated nuclear loosening permits immunomodulation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells under inflammatory conditions.

Nuclear configuration plays a critical role in the compartmentalization of euchromatin and heterochromatin and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Under stimulation by inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) acquire a potent immunomodulatory function enabled by drastic induction of various effector genes, with some upregulated several magnitudes. However, whether the transcriptional upregulation of the immunomodulatory genes in hMSCs exposed to inflammatory cytokines is associated with genome-wide nuclear reconfiguration has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that hMSCs undergo remarkable nuclear reconfiguration characterized by an enlargement of the nucleus, downregulation of LMNB1 and LMNA/C, decondensation of heterochromatin, and derepression of repetitive DNA. Interestingly, promyelocytic leukaemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) were found to mediate the nuclear reconfiguration of hMSCs triggered by the inflammatory cytokines. Significantly, when PML was depleted, the immunomodulatory function of hMSCs conferred by cytokines was compromised, as reflected by the attenuated expression of effector molecules in hMSCs and their failure to block infiltration of immune cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Our results indicate that the immunomodulatory function of hMSCs conferred by inflammatory cytokines requires PML-mediated chromatin loosening.

mROS­calcium feedback loop promotes lethal ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in early myocardial ischemia.

Lethal ventricular arrhythmia­sudden cardiac death (LVA­SCD) occurs frequently during the early stage of myocardial ischemia (MI). However, the mechanism underlying higher LVA­SCD incidence is still poorly understood. The present study aimed to explore the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and Ca2+ crosstalk in promoting LVA­SCD in early MI. RyR2 S2814A mice and their wild­type littermates were used. MitoTEMPO was applied to scavenge mitochondrial ROS (mROS). Mice were subjected to severe MI and the occurrence of LVA­SCD was evaluated. Levels of mitochondrial ROS and calcium (mitoCa2+), cytosolic ROS (cytoROS), and calcium (cytoCa2+), RyR2 Ser­2814 phosphorylation, CaMKII Met­282 oxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio in the myocardia were detected. Dynamic changes in mROS after hypoxia were investigated using H9c2 cells. Moreover, the myocardial phosphoproteome was analyzed to explore the related mechanisms facilitating mROS­Ca2+ crosstalk and LVA­SCD. There was a high incidence (~33.9%) of LVA­SCD in early MI. Mice who underwent SCD displayed notably elevated levels of myocardial ROS and mROS, and the latter was validated in H9c2 cells. These mice also demonstrated overloads of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+, decreased MMP and reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, upregulated RyR2­S2814 phosphorylation and CaMKII­M282 oxidation and transient hyperphosphorylation of mitochondrial proteomes in the myocardium. mROS­specific scavenging by a mitochondria­targeted antioxidant agent (MitoTEMPO) corrected these SCD­induced alterations. S2814A mice with a genetically inactivated CaMKII phosphorylation site in RyR2 exhibited decreased overloads in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ and demonstrated similar effects as MitoTEMPO to correct SCD­induced changes and prevent SCD post­MI. The data confirmed crosstalk between mROS and Ca2+ in promoting LVA­SCD. Therefore, we provided evidence that there is a higher incidence of LVA­SCD in early MI, which may be attributed to a positive feedback loop between mROS and Ca2+ imbalance.

Novel Oxidation Oligomer of Chlorogenic Acid and (-)-Epigallocatechin and Its Quantitative Analysis during the Processing of Keemun Black Tea.

Not only do flavan-3-ols participate in the formation of chromogenic oxidation products such as theaflavins, but chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid, CQA) is also involved in the enzymatic oxidation during black tea processing. The critical oxidation product of CQA and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) were identified as an adduct containing benzobicyclo[3.2.2]nonenone structure, which was named as the dichlorogeniccatechin (DCGC) oligomer. It was composed of two molecules of CQA and one molecule of EGC. The effects of the initial reactant ratio and reaction time on the generation of DCGC were also analyzed. A high proportion of CQA promoted the production of DCGC, but a high proportion of EGC inhibited the DCGC formation. In addition, the content of DCGC in Keemun black tea during processing was determined. The content of DCGC highly increased after withering but decreased after drying. This study provides a new perspective for the investigation of other oxidation oligomers in black tea.

Comprehensive applications of metabolomics on tea science and technology: Opportunities, hurdles, and perspectives.

With the development of metabolomics analytical techniques, relevant studies have increased in recent decades. The procedures of metabolomics analysis mainly include sample preparation, data acquisition and pre-processing, multivariate statistical analysis, as well as maker compounds' identification. In the present review, we summarized the published articles of tea metabolomics regarding different analytical tools, such as mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The metabolite variation of fresh tea leaves with different treatments, such as biotic/abiotic stress, horticultural measures, and nutritional supplies was reviewed. Furthermore, the changes of chemical composition of processed tea samples under different processing technologies were also profiled. Since the identification of critical or marker metabolites is a complicated task, we also discussed the procedure of metabolite identification to clarify the importance of omics data analysis. The present review provides a workflow diagram for tea metabolomics research and also the perspectives of related studies in the future.

Whole-genome resequencing of the native sheep provides insights into the microevolution and identifies genes associated with reproduction traits.

BACKGROUND: Sheep genomes undergo numerous genes losses, gains and mutation that generates genome variability among breeds of the same species after long time natural and artificial selection. However, the microevolution of native sheep in northwest China remains elusive. Our aim was to compare the genomes and relevant reproductive traits of four sheep breeds from different climatic environments, to unveil the selection challenges that this species cope with, and the microevolutionary differences in sheep genomes. Here, we resequenced the genomes of 4 representative sheep breeds in northwest China, including Kazakh sheep and Duolang sheep of native breeds, and Hu sheep and Suffolk sheep of exotic breeds with different reproductive characteristics. RESULTS: We found that these four breeds had a similar expansion experience from ~ 10,000 to 1,000,000 years ago. In the past 10,000 years, the selection intensity of the four breeds was inconsistent, resulting in differences in reproductive traits. We explored the sheep variome and selection signatures by FST and θπ. The genomic regions containing genes associated with different reproductive traits that may be potential targets for breeding and selection were detected. Furthermore, non-synonymous mutations in a set of plausible candidate genes and significant differences in their allele frequency distributions across breeds with different reproductive characteristics were found. We identified PAK1, CYP19A1 and PER1 as a likely causal gene for seasonal reproduction in native sheep through qPCR, Western blot and ELISA analyses. Also, the haplotype frequencies of 3 tested gene regions related to reproduction were significantly different among four sheep breeds. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide insights into the microevolution of native sheep and valuable genomic information for identifying genes associated with important reproductive traits in sheep.

Orchestration of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Inflammation During Wound Healing.

Wound healing is a complex process and encompasses a number of overlapping phases, during which coordinated inflammatory responses following tissue injury play dominant roles in triggering evolutionarily highly conserved principals governing tissue repair and regeneration. Among all nonimmune cells involved in the process, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are most intensely investigated and have been shown to play fundamental roles in orchestrating wound healing and regeneration through interaction with the ordered inflammatory processes. Despite recent progress and encouraging results, an informed view of the scope of this evolutionarily conserved biological process requires a clear understanding of the dynamic interplay between MSCs and the immune systems in the process of wound healing. In this review, we outline current insights into the ways in which MSCs sense and modulate inflammation undergoing the process of wound healing, highlighting the central role of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells during the interaction. We also draw attention to the specific effects of MSC-based therapy on different pathological wound healing. Finally, we discuss how ongoing scientific advances in MSCs could be efficiently translated into clinical strategies, focusing on the current limitations and gaps that remain to be overcome for achieving preferred functional tissue regeneration.

Exploring correlations between green coffee bean components and thermal contaminants in roasted coffee beans.

This study evaluated chemical compositions of green coffee beans from multi-production regions and correlated this information with thermal contaminants in roasted coffee. Using multivariate statistical techniques, formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furan, 2- and 3-methylfuran were positively correlated with lipid, sucrose, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, margaric acid, linolenic acid and trigonelline in green coffee beans. Moreover, significant positive correlations between acrylamide (AA) levels with aspartic acid, serine, alanine, histidine, asparagine, protein, and caffeine was found in green beans. Despite this, 5-HMF, furan, 2- and 3-methylfuran showed negative correlations with active constitutes (neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeine, total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids contents (TFC)), and several amino acids, and there were slight negative relationships between AA and myristic acid, palmitic acid, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, lipid, TPC and TFC. This study provides valuable enlightenment for the selection of proper coffee beans for production of coffee with high nutrition and low chemical hazardous risks.

Effectiveness of Hypertonic Dextrose Injection (Prolotherapy) in Plantar Fasciopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effectiveness of hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy (DPT) in plantar fasciopathy (PF) compared with other non-surgical treatments. DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Global Health, Ovid Nursing Database, Dimensions, and WHO ICTRP were searched from inception to April 30th, 2022. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effectiveness of DPT in PF compared with non-surgical treatments. Outcomes included pain intensity, foot and ankle function, and plantar fascia thickness. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction. Risk of bias (RoB) assessment was conducted using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). DATA SYNTHESIS: Eight RCTs (n=469) met the inclusion criteria. Pooled results favored the use of DPT versus normal saline (NS) injections in reducing pain (weighted mean difference [WMD] -41.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] -62.36 to -21.08; P<.01; low certainty evidence) and improving function [WMD -39.04; 95% CI -55.24 to -22.85; P<.01; low certainty evidence] in the medium term. Pooled results also showed corticosteroid (CS) injections was superior to DPT in reducing pain in the short term [standardized mean difference 0.77; 95% CI 0.40 to 1.14; P<.01; moderate certainty evidence]. Overall RoB varied from "some concerns" to "high". The overall certainty of evidence presented ranges from very low to moderate based on the assessment with the GRADE approach. CONCLUSION: Low certainty evidence demonstrated that DPT was superior to NS injections in reducing pain and improving function in the medium term, but moderate certainty evidence showed that it was inferior to CS in reducing pain in the short term. Further high-quality RCTs with standard protocol, longer-term follow-up, and adequate sample size are needed to confirm its role in clinical practice.