GBDT-IL: Incremental Learning of Gradient Boosting Decision Trees to Detect Botnets in Internet of Things.

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought many conveniences to our daily life. However, it has also introduced various security risks that need to be addressed. The proliferation of IoT botnets is one of these risks. Most of researchers have had some success in IoT botnet detection using artificial intelligence (AI). However, they have not considered the impact of dynamic network data streams on the models in real-world environments. Over time, existing detection models struggle to cope with evolving botnets. To address this challenge, we propose an incremental learning approach based on Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDT), called GBDT-IL, for detecting botnet traffic in IoT environments. It improves the robustness of the framework by adapting to dynamic IoT data using incremental learning. Additionally, it incorporates an enhanced Fisher Score feature selection algorithm, which enables the model to achieve a high accuracy even with a smaller set of optimal features, thereby reducing the system resources required for model training. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted experiments on the BoT-IoT, N-BaIoT, MedBIoT, and MQTTSet datasets. We compared our method with similar feature selection algorithms and existing concept drift detection algorithms. The experimental results demonstrated that our method achieved an average accuracy of 99.81% using only 25 features, outperforming similar feature selection algorithms. Furthermore, our method achieved an average accuracy of 96.88% in the presence of different types of drifting data, which is 2.98% higher than the best available concept drift detection algorithms, while maintaining a low average false positive rate of 3.02%.

Vaporization phosphorization-mediated synthesis of phosphorus-doped TiO2 nanocomposites for combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy of renal cell carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a disease with high incidence and poor prognosis. The conventional treatment involves radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but chemotherapeutic agents are often associated with side effects, i.e., cytotoxicity to nontumor cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for ccRCC. We synthesized spherical P/TiO2 nanoparticles (P/TiO2 NPs) by vaporization phosphorization (VP). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) analyses confirmed that the anatase TiO2 surface was successfully doped with phosphorus and produced a large number of oxygen vacancies (OV). Serving as a photosensitizer, P/TiO2 NPs not only extended the photoresponse range to the near-infrared II region (NIR II) but also introduced a donor energy level lower than the TiO2 conduction band, narrowing the band gap, which could facilitate the migration of photogenerated charges and trigger the synergistic treatment of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). During NIR irradiation in vitro, the P/TiO2 NPs generated local heat and various oxygen radicals, including 1O2, ˙O2-, H2O2, and ˙OH, which damaged the ccRCC cells. In vivo, administration of the P/TiO2 NPs + NIR reduced the tumor volume by 80%, and had the potential to inhibit tumor metastasis by suppressing intratumor neoangiogenesis. The P/TiO2 NPs showed superior safety and efficacy relative to the conventional chemotherapeutic agent used in ccRCC treatment. This study introduced an innovative paradigm for renal cancer treatment, highlighting the potential of P/TiO2 NPs as safe and effective nanomaterials and presenting a compelling new option for clinical applications in anticancer therapy.

The Neurotranscriptome of Monochamus alternatus.

The Japanese pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus serves as the primary vector for pine wilt disease, a devastating pine disease that poses a significant threat to the sustainable development of forestry in the Eurasian region. Currently, trap devices based on informational compounds have played a crucial role in monitoring and controlling the M. alternatus population. However, the specific proteins within M. alternatus involved in recognizing the aforementioned informational compounds remain largely unclear. To elucidate the spatiotemporal distribution of M. alternatus chemosensory-related genes, this study conducted neural transcriptome analyses to investigate gene expression patterns in different body parts during the feeding and mating stages of both male and female beetles. The results revealed that 15 genes in the gustatory receptor (GR) gene family exhibited high expression in the mouthparts, most genes in the odorant binding protein (OBP) gene family exhibited high expression across all body parts, 22 genes in the odorant receptor (OR) gene family exhibited high expression in the antennae, a significant number of genes in the chemosensory protein (CSP) and sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) gene families exhibited high expression in both the mouthparts and antennae, and 30 genes in the ionotropic receptors (IR) gene family were expressed in the antennae. Through co-expression analyses, it was observed that 34 genes in the IR gene family were co-expressed across the four developmental stages. The Antenna IR subfamily and IR8a/Ir25a subfamily exhibited relatively high expression levels in the antennae, while the Kainate subfamily, NMDA subfamily, and Divergent subfamily exhibited predominantly high expression in the facial region. MalIR33 is expressed only during the feeding stage of M. alternatus, the MalIR37 gene exhibits specific expression in male beetles, the MalIR34 gene exhibits specific expression during the feeding stage in male beetles, the MalIR8 and MalIR39 genes exhibit specific expression during the feeding stage in female beetles, and MalIR8 is expressed only during two developmental stages in male beetles and during the mating stage in female beetles. The IR gene family exhibits gene-specific expression in different spatiotemporal contexts, laying the foundation for the subsequent selection of functional genes and facilitating the full utilization of host plant volatiles and insect sex pheromones, thereby enabling the development of more efficient attractants.

The construction and evaluation of secretory expression engineering bacteria for the trans-Cry3Aa-T-HasA fusion protein against the Monochamus alternatus vector.

Pine wood nematode disease is currently the most deadly forest disease in China, and the Monochamus alternatus is its primary vector. Controlling the M. alternatus is crucial for managing pine wood nematode disease. This study, based on the selected HasA (pGHKW4) secretory expression vector, used electroporation to combine the genetically modified high-toxicity toxin Cry3Aa-T with the entomopathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga isolated from the gut of the M. alternatus. The SDS-PAGE and Western blotting techniques were employed to confirm the toxin protein's secretion capability. The engineered bacteria's genetic stability and effectiveness in controlling M. alternatus were assessed for their insecticidal activity. The results of the SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses indicate that the HasA system effectively expresses toxin protein secretion, demonstrates certain genetic stability, and exhibits high insecticidal activity against M. alternatus. This study constructed a highly toxic entomopathogenic engineered bacterial strain against M. alternatus larvae, which holds significant implications for controlling M. alternatus, laying the foundation for subsequent research and application of this strain.

Deep learning enables contrast-robust super-resolution reconstruction in structured illumination microscopy.

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a powerful technique for super-resolution (SR) image reconstruction. However, conventional SIM methods require high-contrast illumination patterns, which necessitate precision optics and highly stable light sources. To overcome these challenges, we propose a new method called contrast-robust structured illumination microscopy (CR-SIM). CR-SIM employs a deep residual neural network to enhance the quality of SIM imaging, particularly in scenarios involving low-contrast illumination stripes. The key contribution of this study is the achievement of reliable SR image reconstruction even in suboptimal illumination contrast conditions. The results of our study will benefit various scientific disciplines.

Full field-of-view hexagonal lattice structured illumination microscopy based on the phase shift of electro-optic modulators.

High throughput has become an important research direction in the field of super-resolution (SR) microscopy, especially in improving the capability of dynamic observations. In this study, we present a hexagonal lattice structured illumination microscopy (hexSIM) system characterized by a large field of view (FOV), rapid imaging speed, and high power efficiency. Our approach employs spatial light interference to generate a two-dimensional hexagonal SIM pattern, and utilizes electro-optical modulators for high-speed phase shifting. This design enables the achievement of a 210-µm diameter SIM illumination FOV when using a 100×/1.49 objective lens, capturing 2048 × 2048 pixel images at an impressive 98 frames per second (fps) single frame rate. Notably, this method attains a near 100% full field-of-view and power efficiency, with the speed limited only by the camera's capabilities. Our hexSIM demonstrates a substantial 1.73-fold improvement in spatial resolution and necessitates only seven phase-shift images, thus enhancing the imaging speed compared to conventional 2D-SIM.

BIOINFORMATICS APPLICATIONS UNDER CONDITION CONTROL: HIGH DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF DDX47 IN REAL MEDICAL SETTINGS.

ABSTRACT: Sepsis is an organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and remains an ongoing threat to human health worldwide. Septic shock is the most severe subset of sepsis as characterized by abnormalities in cells, circulation, and metabolism. As a time-dependent condition, early recognition allowing appropriate therapeutic measures to be started in a timely manner becomes the most effective way to improve prognosis. However, because of the lack of a criterion standard, most diagnoses merely rely on medical history, empirical diagnosis, and blood culture results. Gene expression profiles have specific diagnostic value, as they reflect a subjective host response to pathogens. We propose a method, Condition Control based on Real-life Medical Scenarios, to control for factors in realistic medical scenarios. Restricted variables are used as much as possible to identify unique differential genes and progressively test their diagnostic value by relaxing restrictions. In total, three data sets were included in the study; the first two data sets were from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and the third involved patients who were diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock within 7 days of admission to the intensive care unit at West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2020 to 2021. DDX47 showed preferable diagnostic value in various scenarios, especially in patients with common infections or sepsis and septic shock. Here we also show that hub genes may regulate immune function and immune cell counts through the interaction of different apoptotic pathways and immune checkpoints based on the high correlation. DDX47 is closely associated with B cells according to single-cell sequencing results.

Identification of genetic profile and biomarkers involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to profile genetic causal factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and early predict patients at high ARDS risk. METHODS: We performed a phenome-wide Mendelian Randomization analysis through summary statistics of an ARDS genome-wide association study (1250 cases and 1583 controls of European ancestry) and 33,150 traits. Transcriptomic data from human blood and lung tissues of a preclinical mouse model were used to validate biomarkers, which were further used to construct a prediction model and nomogram. RESULTS: A total of 1736 traits, including 1223 blood RNA, 159 plasma proteins, and 354 non-gene phenotypes (classified by Biochemistry, Anthropometry, Disease, Nutrition and Habit, Immunology, and Treatment), exhibited a potentially causal relationship with ARDS development, which were accessible through a user-friendly interface platform called CARDS (Causal traits for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). Regarding candidate blood RNA, four genes were validated, namely TMEM176B, SLC2A5, CDC45, and VSIG8, showing differential expression in blood of ARDS patients compared to controls, as well as dynamic expression in mouse lung tissues. Importantly, the addition of four blood genes and five immune cell proportions significantly improved the prediction performance of ARDS development, with 0.791 of the area under the curve from receiver-operator characteristic, compared to 0.725 for the basic model consisting of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III Score, sex, body mass index, bacteremia, and sepsis. A model-based nomogram was also developed for the clinical practice. CONCLUSION: This study identifies a wide range of ARDS relevant factors and develops a promising prediction model, enhancing early clinical management and intervention for ARDS development.

Discovery and Characterization of MaK: A Novel Knottin Antimicrobial Peptide from Monochamus alternatus.

Knottin-type antimicrobial peptides possess exceptional attributes, such as high efficacy, low vulnerability to drug resistance, minimal toxicity, and precise targeting of drug sites. These peptides play a crucial role in the innate immunity of insects, offering protection against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Knottins have garnered considerable interest as promising contenders for drug development due to their ability to bridge the gap between small molecules and protein-based biopharmaceuticals, effectively addressing the therapeutic limitations of both modalities. This work presents the isolation and identification of a novel antimicrobial peptide derived from Monochamus alternatus. The cDNA encodes a 56-amino acid knottin propeptide, while the mature peptide comprises only 34 amino acids. We have labeled this knottin peptide as MaK. Using chemically synthesized MaK, we evaluated its hemolytic activity, thermal stability, antibacterial properties, and efficacy against nematodes. The results of this study indicate that MaK is an exceptionally effective knottin-type peptide. It demonstrates low toxicity, superior stability, potent antibacterial activity, and the ability to suppress pine wood nematodes. Consequently, these findings suggest that MaK has potential use in developing innovative therapeutic agents to prevent and manage pine wilt disease.

High refractive index dielectric coating on plasmonic nanoantennas for strong visible light absorption in small transition metal nanoparticle reactors.

A more practical model for plasmonic core@shell-satellite antenna-reactor photocatalysts is promoted. In contrast to the mainstream view, total light absorption in the Pt nanoparticle (NP) reactors can be further improved by 70% after coating a 10-nm-thick high refractive index TiO2 shell on the large Ag antenna as a result of more Pt NPs undergoing high absorption enhancement. The enhancement effect is maximized at the electric quadrupole (EQ) resonance. Considering the high refractive index of the TiO2 coating and the embedding of the Pt NPs, the underlying physics is addressed within classical electrodynamics, making a necessary supplement to the conventional plasmonic near-field enhancement mechanism. These findings provide a general strategy for developing novel, to the best of our knowledge, visible light photocatalysts made of transition metals directly.

Tuning Electronic State and Charge Transport in B←N-Containing 2D Polymer Heterostructures with Efficient Photocatalytic Performance.

Linear-conjugated polymers (LCPs) are excellent semiconductor photocatalysts. However, its inherent amorphous structures and simple electron transport channels restrict efficient photoexcited charge separation and transfer. Herein, "2D conjugated engineering" is employed to design high-crystalline polymer photocatalysts with multichannel charge transport by introducing alkoxyphenyl sidechains. The electronic state structure and electron transport pathways of the LCPs are investigated using experimental and theoretical calculations. Consequently, the 2D B←N-containing polymers (2DPBN) exhibit excellent photoelectric characteristics, which enable the efficient separation of electron-hole and rapidly transfer photogenerated carriers to the catalyst surface for efficient catalytic reactions. Significantly, the further hydrogen evolution of 2DPBN-4F heterostructures can be achieved by increasing the fluorine content of the backbones. This study highlights that the rational design of LCP photocatalysts is an effective strategy to spur further interest in photofunctional polymer material applications.

Inhibition of TRF2 Leads to Ferroptosis, Autophagic Death, and Apoptosis by Causing Telomere Dysfunction.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) is a critical telomere protection protein. Emerging evidence indicates that TRF2 may be an essential treatment option for GC; however, the exact mechanism remains largely unknown. Objective: We aimed to explore the role of TRF2 in GC cells. The function and molecular mechanisms of TRF2 in the pathogenesis of GC were mainly discussed in this study. Methods: Relevant data from GEPIA and TCGA databases regarding TRF2 gene expression and its prognostic significance in GC samples were analyzed. Analysis of 53BP1 foci at telomeres by immunofluorescence, metaphase spreads, and telomere-specific FISH analysis was carried out to explore telomere damage and dysfunction after TRF2 depletion. CCK8 cell proliferation, trypan blue staining, and colony formation assay were performed to evaluate cell survival. Apoptosis and cell migration were determined with flow cytometry and scratch-wound healing assay, respectively. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were carried out to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels after TRF2 depletion on apoptosis, autophagic death, and ferroptosis. Results: By searching with GEPIA and TCGA databases, the results showed that the expression levels of TRF2 were obviously elevated in the samples of GC patients, which was associated with adverse prognosis. Knockdown of TRF2 suppressed the cell growth, proliferation, and migration in GC cells, causing significant telomere dysfunction. Apoptosis, autophagic death, and ferroptosis were also triggered in this process. The pretreatment of chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) and ferrostatin-1 (ferroptosis inhibitor) improved the survival phenotypes of GC cells. Conclusion: Our data suggest that TRF2 depletion can inhibit cell growth, proliferation, and migration through the combined action of ferroptosis, autophagic death, and apoptosis in GC cells. The results indicate that TRF2 might be used as a potential target to develop therapeutic strategies for treating GC.

Jian Pi Sheng Sui Gao (JPSSG) alleviation of skeletal myoblast cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction to improve cancer-related fatigue in an AMPK-SIRT1- and HIF-1-dependent manner.

Background: Jian Pi Sheng Sui Gao (JPSSG), a Chinese traditional herbal paste, possesses certain efficacy in patients with cancer-related fatigue (CRF); however, its related mechanism remains unclear. Hence, network pharmacology analysis, followed by in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted in this study with the aim to evaluate the effect of JPSSG on CRF and clarify its potential mechanism. Methods: Network pharmacology analysis was performed. Subsequently, 12 mice were injected with CT26 cells to establish CRF mouse models and randomly divided into a model group (n=6) and JPSSG group (n=6); meanwhile, another 6 normal mice served as a control group. Then, 3.0 g/kg JPSSG was given to mice in JPSSG group for 15 days, while mice in the n control and model groups received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of the same volume for 15 days. For the in vitro experiment, CT26 conditioned medium (CM) was established; meanwhile, the mitochondrial damage model was constructed through C2C12 myotubes stimulated with H2O2. C2C12 myotubes were divided into 5 groups: control group (without treatment), CM group, CM + JPSSG group, H2O2 group, and H2O2 + JGSSP group. Results: Network pharmacology analysis identified 87 bioactive compounds and 132 JPSSG-CRF interaction targets. Moreover, according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis and the subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments, JPSSG activated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-silent-information-regulator factor 2-related-enzyme 1 (AMPK-SIRT1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathways during CRF. Moreover, the in vivo experiment showed that JPSSG attenuated CRF in mice, reflected by increased distance traveled, mobile time in open field test, and swimming time in exhaustive swimming test, and decreased absolute rest time and tail suspension test in the JPSSG group (vs. model group). Furthermore, JPSSG upregulated gastrocnemius weight, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius. With regard to in vitro study, JPSSG elevated cell viability, B-cell lymphoma-2, ATP, SOD, and mitochondrial membrane potential, while it decreased apoptosis rate, cleaved-caspase3, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species in C2C12 myotubes. Conclusions: JPSSG ameliorates CRF via alleviating skeletal myoblast cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an AMPK-SIRT1- and HIF-1-dependent manner.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Arhopalus oberthuri Hua, 2002 (Coleoptera: Spondylidinae).

Arhopalus oberthuri is a pest which spreads in China, Laos, Japan and some other countries in Asia. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. oberthuri is 15,854 bp in length with 32.1% GC content, including 38.2% A, 20.4% C, 11.7% G, 29.7% T. There are 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) encoded in the genome. The graph of phylogenetic analysis gives the information that Arhopalus oberthuri is closer to Arhopalus unicolor. This study provided a scientific basis for the population genetics, phylogeny, and molecular taxonomy of A. oberthuri.

Red Phosphorus/P25 Nanophotosensitizers Coated with Platelet Membrane for Enhancing Cancer Cells Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses targeted photosensitizing drugs, has been regarded as a promising method for cancer therapy. In the present study, photosensitizer red phosphorus modified P25 nanophotosensitizers (P25-RP) were generated, which were coated with platelet membrane (P25-RP@PLT) extracted from platelet rich plasma. The biocompatibility of P25-RP was demonstrated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and optical microscope assay, more than 93 % cells in the concentration of 100 µg/ml of P25-RP suspension after co-incubation for 24 h were still kept alive. The antitumor performance of P25-RP@PLT was evaluated via CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and fluorescence staining of live/dead cells. The experiment results showed that P25-RP@PLT could ablate 55 % malignant tumor cells upon laser irradiation within 5 min, which was 10 % higher than P25-RP alone against cancer cells. Mechanistically, the cancer cell toxicity of P25-RP@PLT nanophotosensitizers was attributed to its heterojunction structure that broadens the absorption spectra, whereas PLT membrane coating technology allows for immune escape and selective adhesion capacity to cancer cells. This work provided a novel pathway on the design of novel visible-light-driven photosensitizer for cancer therapy.

Multiple functions of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the positive single-stranded RNA virus life cycle.

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a diverse family of RNA binding proteins that are implicated in RNA metabolism, such as alternative splicing, mRNA stabilization and translational regulation. According to their different cellular localization, hnRNPs display multiple functions. Most hnRNPs were predominantly located in the nucleus, but some of them could redistribute to the cytoplasm during virus infection. HnRNPs consist of different domains and motifs that enable these proteins to recognize predetermined nucleotide sequences. In the virus-host interactions, hnRNPs specifically bind to viral RNA or proteins. And some of the viral protein-hnRNP interactions require the viral RNA or other host factors as the intermediate. Through various mechanisms, hnRNPs could regulate viral translation, viral genome replication, the switch of translation to replication and virion release. This review highlights the common features and the distinguish roles of hnRNPs in the life cycle of positive single-stranded RNA viruses.

Burying small Pt nanoparticles in the TiO2 microsphere support to form visible light antenna-reactor photocatalysts.

By rational design and parameter engineering of the TiO2-Pt core-satellite construction, visible light absorption in small Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be enhanced by nearly 100 times. The TiO2 microsphere support works as the optical antenna, giving rise to superior performance compared to conventional plasmonic nanoantennas. A crucial step is to bury the Pt NPs completely in the high refractive index TiO2 microsphere, because light absorption in the Pt NP approximately scales with the fourth power of the refractive index of its surrounding media. The proposed evaluation factor for light absorption enhancement in the Pt NPs at different positions is proved to be valid and useful. The physics modeling of the buried Pt NPs corresponds to the general case in practice where the surface of the TiO2 microsphere is naturally rough or a thin TiO2 coating is subsequently added. These results offer new avenues for directly transforming dielectric supported nonplasmonic catalytic transition metals into visible light photocatalysts.

Red Phosphorus Decorated TiO2 Nanorod Mediated Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a serious and tenacious disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are effective means of cancer treatment. However, PDT combined with PTT has been rarely reported in ccRCC treatment. In the present study, by developing the core-shell structured TiO2 @red phosphorus nanorods (TiO2 @RP NRs) as a photosensitizer, the feasibility and effectiveness of synchronous PDT and PTT treatments for ccRCC are demonstrated. The core-shell structured TiO2 @RP NRs are synthesized to drive the PDT and PTT for ccRCC, in which the RP shell is the sensitizer even in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The optimized TiO2 @RP NRs can respond to NIR and produce local heat under irradiation. The NRs are estimated in ccRCC treatments via cell counting kit-8 assay, propidium iodide staining, qRT-PCR, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) probes in vitro, while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling is conducted in vivo. After NIR irradiation, TiO2 @RP NRs can efficiently kill ccRCC cells by producing local heat and ROS and cause low injury to normal kidney cells. Furthermore, treatment with TiO2 @RP NRs and NIR can kill significant numbers of deep-tissue ccRCC cells in vivo. This work highlights a promising photo-driven therapy for kidney cancer.

Visible-light driven rapid bacterial inactivation on red phosphorus/titanium oxide nanofiber heterostructures.

Photocatalytic water disinfection has emerged as a promising approach for water purification. However, exploring efficient and rapid visible light driven materials for photocatalytic bacterial inactivation is still a challenging problem. Herein, red phosphorus/titanium oxide (TiO2@RP) nanofibers were developed for effective water disinfection by a vacuum ampoule strategy. The complete E. coli and S. aureus (7-log CFU mL-1) could be rapidly killed within 25 min and 30 min over the optimized TiO2@RP heterostructure under the white LED irradiation. The efficient photocatalytic antibacterial activity should be mainly ascribed to the synergetic enhancement in light absorption by RP decoration and charge migration and separation by the interface between TiO2 and RP. And then more unpaired photo-carriers would be transferred to the surface to facilitate the generation of photo-holes, •O2- radicals, and H2O2 species, which could destroy the bacterial cells efficiently.

Microbe-Assisted Assembly of Ti3C2Tx MXene on Fungi-Derived Nanoribbon Heterostructures for Ultrastable Sodium and Potassium Ion Storage.

As a typical family of two-dimensional (2D) materials, MXenes present physiochemical properties and potential for use in energy storage applications. However, MXenes suffer some of the inherent disadvantages of 2D materials, such as severe restacking during processing and service and low capacity of energy storage. Herein, a MXene@N-doped carbonaceous nanofiber structure is designed as the anode for high-performance sodium- and potassium-ion batteries through an in situ bioadsorption strategy; that is, Ti3C2Tx nanosheets are assembled onto Aspergillus niger biofungal nanoribbons and converted into a 2D/1D heterostructure. This microorganism-derived 2D MXene-1D N-doped carbonaceous nanofiber structure with fully opened pores and transport channels delivers high reversible capacity and long-term stability to store both Na+ (349.2 mAh g-1 at 0.1A g-1 for 1000 cycles) and K+ (201.5 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 for 1000 cycles). Ion-diffusion kinetics analysis and density functional theory calculations reveal that this porous hybrid structure promotes the conduction and transport of Na and K ions and fully utilizes the inherent advantages of the 2D material. Therefore, this work expands the potential of MXene materials and provides a good strategy to address the challenges of 2D energy storage materials.