Risk factors for attempted suicide in non-psychotic patients with suicidal ideation.

OBJECTIVE: In Eastern European countries, suicide rate are among the highest in the world and suicide attempts are among the most important risk factors. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with suicide attempt (SA) in non-psychotic patients with suicidal ideation (SI). METHODS: Among 6204 consecutive adult patients (residents of Moscow) with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD), 361 individuals aged 18-77 years (median 24 years) were enrolled in the study after screening for lifetime SI with the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI). All participants were assessed for sociodemographic variables, psychiatric diagnosis, family history of mental disorders, history of abuse, sexual behavior, psychiatric treatments, suicide plan, SA, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Results of multivariable analyses (MV) are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: 166 patients (46%) reported lifetime SA. In MV, variables associated with SA included smoking (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2-3.7), having made a suicide plan (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.0-5.7), and scars covered by tattoos (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.5-17.9). History of law violation (OR 2.0; 95% 1.0-4.2) was of borderline significance. CONCLUSIONS: Transition from SI to SA in patients with NPMD was associated with smoking, suicide planning, history of law violation and presence of tattoos covering scars.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral microvascular dysfunction is a promising area for research into the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Despite the scientific and clinical potential of studying microvascular dysfunction, progress in this area has long been hampered by the lack of methods to study microvessels intravitally. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to search for potential optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCTA) biomarkers of BD and MDD. METHODS: One hundred and five consecutive patients with a current depressive episode were enrolled in the study (39 - BD and 66 - MDD). In addition, forty-one generally healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group. Only the right eye was examined in all subjects. Structural OCT and OCTA scans with signal strength ≥7 were included. RESULTS: Structural OCT measurements showed no significant differences between the groups. OCTA measurements of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), area and skeleton density showed a decrease in the retinal capillary bed in BD patients, whereas OCTA values in MDD patients did not differ from the control group. Several significant differences were found between the BD and control groups. In the BD group, the FAZ of the deep capillary plexus was increased, reflecting a reduction in capillary perfusion in the central subfield of this plexus. CONCLUSIONS: OCTA measurements of FAZ, area and skeleton density showed a decrease in the retinal capillary bed in BD patients, whereas OCTA values in MDD patients did not differ from the control group.

Suicide risk in patients with a current depressive episode during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on suicidality in these patients during the pandemic period remain scarce. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and variables associated with serious suicide risk in Russian inpatients with MDD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional cohort study with consecutive sampling was conducted from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. All patients completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) (including the suicidality module), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and underwent a semi-structured interview to collect relevant demographic and clinical data. Effect sizes for all independent variables and covariates were calculated using partial eta-squared (ηp2). Results: Of the 6757 patients with non-psychotic mental disorders assessed, 1605 (23.7%) had MDD confirmed by the M.I.N.I., of whom 17.8% were at serious risk for suicide according to the M.I.N.I. suicidality module. Factors independently associated with serious suicide risk in Russian inpatients with MDD during the pandemic were younger age (ηp2 = 0.021), greater severity of depression (0.038), higher state anxiety (0.003), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (0.066). The same variables, except for state anxiety, were independently associated with suicide risk in the subgroup of MDD patients previously infected with SARS-CoV2. Conclusion: In the COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of patients with MDD at serious risk of suicide was similar to pre-pandemic data. No associations were found between suicidality in patients with MDD and COVID-related factors. Younger age, greater severity of depression, and especially NSSI were the most significant risk factors for suicide in patients with MDD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Metaphoric language in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: Time to move forward.

Conversation analysis (CA) to identify metaphoric language (ML) has been proposed as a tool for the differential diagnosis of epileptic (ES) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). However, the clinical relevance of metaphoric conceptualizations is not clearly defined. The current study aims to investigate the ML utilized by individuals with ES and PNES in a pulled multi-country sample. Two blinded researchers examined the transcripts and videos of 54 interviews of individuals (n = 29, Italy; n = 11, USA; n = 14, Russia) with ES and PNES, identifying the patient-seizure relationship representative of the patient's internal experience. The diagnoses were based on video-EEG. Metaphors were classified as "Space/place", "External force", "Voluntary action", and "Other". A total of 175 metaphors were identified. No differences between individuals with ES and PNES were found in metaphoric occurrence (χ2 (1, N = 54) = 0.07; p = 0.74). No differences were identified when comparing the types of metaphors utilized by participants with ES and those with PNES. Patients with PNES and ES did not demonstrate differences in terms of occurrence and categories in ML. Therefore, researchers and clinicians should carefully consider the use of metaphor conceptualizations for diagnostic purposes.

Early Adverse Family Experiences and Elevated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Predict Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Females with Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders and Suicidal Ideation.

Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI), prevalent in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD), is associated with numerous adverse outcomes. Despite active research into the clinical and psychological aspects of NSSI, the underlying biological mechanisms remain obscure. Early adverse experiences are believed to induce long-lasting changes in neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress control playing a key role in NSSI development. The aim of the study was to evaluate parameters potentially predicting development of NSSI in female patients with NPMD and suicidal ideation. Eighty female patients over 18 years with NPMD and suicidal ideation (40 with and 40 without NSSI) and 48 age matching women without evidence of mental illness (healthy controls) were enrolled. Diagnostic interviews and self-report measures were used to assess childhood maltreatment, presence, frequency, and characteristics of suicidal and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, the Beck Depression Inventory scale to assess severity of depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis markers, hormones, and neurotrophic factors were measured in blood serum. The likelihood of developing NSSI in patients with NPMD and suicidal ideation was associated with early adverse family history and elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as a result of early chronic stress experiences may represent critical biological mechanism promoting the development of NSSI behaviors in patients with NPMD.

Functions of nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior in Russian patients with suicidal ideation.

Introduction: Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) is an important risk factor for future suicide attempts. Previous research has identified a number of motivations for engaging in NSSI. The aim of the present study was to translate the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) into Russian and then to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of patients with non-psychotic mental disorders and suicidal ideation (SI). Other aims were to determine the prevalence of specific NSSI functions in this population and to assess the relationship between different NSSI functions and clinical and psychological parameters. Participants and methods: The study was conducted at the largest center for non-psychotic mental disorders in Moscow. All admitted patients with both NSSI and SI completed the Russian version of the ISAS-II, underwent the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, and completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 Brief Form Plus-Modified, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: A total of 614 patients were included in the study. 543 (88.4%) patients were assigned female at birth with a mean age of 24.86 (7.86) years. Factor analysis supported a two-factor structure (Intrapersonal and Interpersonal) of the Russian version of the ISAS-II, but in contrast to the original study, the "Marking distress" function loaded more strongly on the Interpersonal factor. In people with non-psychotic mental disorders and SI, Interpersonal functions of NSSI are associated with more severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.34), 12 months history of NSSI (r = 0.30), higher number of NSSI methods (r = 0.41), likelihood of future NSSI (r = 0.35) and psychoticism (r = 0.32). Conclusion: The Russian version of the ISAS-II is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing NSSI functions in a population at high risk for suicide attempts. Interpersonal functions are associated with a number of unpleasant clinical and psychological features.

Evaluation and treatment approaches for neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A consensus statement and scoping review from the global COVID-19 neuro research coalition.

Post-acute neurological sequelae of COVID-19 affect millions of people worldwide, yet little data is available to guide treatment strategies for the most common symptoms. We conducted a scoping review of PubMed/Medline from 1/1/2020-4/1/2023 to identify studies addressing diagnosis and treatment of the most common post-acute neurological sequelae of COVID-19 including: cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, headache, dizziness/lightheadedness, fatigue, weakness, numbness/pain, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Utilizing the available literature and international disease-specific society guidelines, we constructed symptom-based differential diagnoses, evaluation and management paradigms. This pragmatic, evidence-based consensus document may serve as a guide for a holistic approach to post-COVID neurological care and will complement future clinical trials by outlining best practices in the evaluation and treatment of post-acute neurological signs/symptoms.

Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding has long been associated with numerous benefits for both mothers and infants. While some observational studies have explored the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health outcomes in mothers and children, a systematic review of the available evidence is lacking. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the association between breastfeeding and mental health disorders in mothers and children. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to June 2, 2023. The inclusion criteria consisted of all studies evaluating links between breastfeeding and development of mental health disorders in children and mothers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) while grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assess the certainty of evidence. A random-effects meta-analysis was used if possible, to estimate the odds ratio for the association between breastfeeding and mental health outcomes. The Mantel-Haenszel method was utilised for pooling ORs across studies. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: Our review identified twenty-one original study. Of these, 18 focused on the association between breastfeeding and child health, assessing depressive disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. Three studies evaluated the associations between breastfeeding and maternal mental health disorders. Three studies looking at outcomes in children showed no significant association between breastfeeding and occurrence of schizophrenia later in life (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.57-1.71; I2 = 29%). For depressive disorders (5 studies) and anxiety disorders (3 studies), we found conflicting evidence with some studies showing a small protective effect while others found no effect. The GRADE certainty for all these findings was very low due to multiple limitations. Three studies looking at association between breastfeeding and maternal mental health, were too heterogeneous to draw any firm conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: We found limited evidence to support a protective association between breastfeeding and the development of mental health disorders in children later in life. The data regarding the association between breastfeeding and maternal mental health beyond the postnatal period is also limited. The methodological limitations of the published literature prevent definitive conclusions, and further research is needed to better understand the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health in mothers and children.

Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in Russian patients with epilepsy: A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: A two-stage study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different types of self-injurious behaviors (suicidal ideation (SI), suicide attempts (SA), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)) in Russian patients with epilepsy (PWE), to identify factors associated with such behaviors, and to assess their impact on 3-year mortality. METHODS: We enrolled 459 consecutive adult PWE from two level 2 outpatient epilepsy centers in Moscow. The study consisted of two phases - first, we assessed all demographic and clinical characteristics and patients' history of SI, SA, and NSSI. In the second phase, three years after the initial screening, we analyzed patients' medical records to assess how self-injurious thoughts and behaviors were related to actual mortality. RESULTS: In our sample, the total lifetime and 12-month prevalence of SI was 20% and 5.7%, of SA was 8.3% and 0.7%, and of NSSI was 15.3% and 2.8%, respectively. We found no differences between deceased and alive PWE regarding lifetime and 12-month prevalence of SI, SA, and NSSI. Higher seizure frequency, lifetime NSSI and lifetime diagnosis of mental disorder were associated with SI, whereas traumatic brain injury (TBI), substance abuse, and NSSI were associated with SA in PWE. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study adds to the existing data on the prevalence of different types of suicidal behaviors in PWE and advances research on NSSI in this population. However, more research is needed on the long-term consequences of different types of self-injurious behaviors.

Evaluation of a 36-item measure of ICD-11 and DSM-5 personality disorder trait domains and facets in Russian inpatients.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11) have introduced a new dimensional approach to personality disorder (PD) classification that relies on the global level of PD severity and individual expressions of personality dysfunction in terms of specified trait domains (i.e., negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, anankastia, and psychoticism). This study sought to evaluate the psychometric qualities of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait domains and facets in 570 Russian psychiatric inpatients using the Modified 36-Item Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 Brief Form Plus-Modified (PID5BF + M). The expected six-factor structure of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait domains was replicated using exploratory factor analysis. The six domain scores showed expected convergence with normal five-factor model scores, and the 18 subfacets showed acceptable scale reliability. Our findings overall support the psychometric properties of the six PID5BF + M domain scores and 18 subfacet scores covering both the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 trait models. Consequently, clinicians and researchers in Russian-speaking mental health services are now able to perform a combined and facet-level assessment of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait models in a feasible and psychometrically sound manner. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Factors associated with lifetime history of eating disorder in non-psychotic patients with suicidal ideation.

BACKGROUND: Data on the sociodemographic, biographical, and clinical factors associated with a lifetime diagnosis of eating disorders (ED) in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and suicidal ideation (SI) are scarce. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted at the Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry. The sample consisted of consecutive patients with non-psychotic mental disorders and SI, aged 1845 years. Participants with a lifetime diagnosis of anorexia and/or bulimia (then in remission or recovery) were compared with those without ED in terms of their sociodemographic profile, clinical characteristics, lifetime traumatic events, and some behavioral patterns. All participants underwent the Russian version of the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview and completed the Brief Reasons for Living Inventory, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: A total of 892 patients with non-psychotic mental disorders and SI were included in the study. The mean age was 25.7 years, and 84% were assigned female at birth. Same-sex experience was more common in the ED group. Patients with an ED were more likely to have a history of physical and sexual abuse and to have witnessed domestic violence. The proportion of participants with piercings, tattoos, or severe body modifications was significantly higher in the ED group. Patients with a lifetime ED were more likely to engage in nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors and to have a history of suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: Lifetime ED in NPMD patients with SI is associated with younger age, being assigned female at birth, having an alternative gender identity, having same-sex experience, having more than one psychiatric diagnosis, having been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, experiencing severe depression and anxiety, being exposed to multiple traumatic experiences, having various body modifications, practicing NSSI, and having a lifetime story of suicide attempts.

Factors Associated with Non-Binary Gender Identity in Psychiatric Inpatients with Suicidal Ideation Assigned Female at Birth: A Case-Control Study.

The study aimed to investigate factors associated with non-binary gender identity in Russian female psychiatric inpatients with suicidal ideation. This case-control study included 38 female inpatients with non-binary gender identity and a control group-76 cisgender women matched for age (age range 19-35 years, M age, 21.5 years); both groups were psychiatric inpatients with suicidal thoughts. All patients underwent the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview and completed the brief Reasons for Living Inventory. We also used the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-100) and the Life Style Index (LSI). Non-binary gender identity in inpatients with suicidal ideation was associated with lower educational level, higher unemployment rate, being more socially reticent in preschool, and lifetime sexual experience with both male and female partners. In addition, they were younger at the time of the first suicidal ideation, suicide plan development, and attempt. Non-binary inpatients had lower scores in freedom, physical safety, and security facets of WHOQOL-100 and a higher level of intellectualization on LSI. People with non-binary gender identity face educational, employment, and communication issues. They also have distinct suicidal thoughts and behavioral profiles. These issues and differences mean unique approaches to suicide prevention for a population of inpatients with non-binary gender identity are needed.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in blood serum and lacrimal fluid of patients with a current depressive episode.

BACKGROUND: Many studies indicate a significant role of GDNF in the pathogenesis of the mood disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Potentially, neurotrophic factors in lacrimal fluid (LF) could become biomarkers of various specific disorders. The aim of this study was to assess GDNF levels in LF and blood serum (BS) of patients with a current depressive episode (cDE). METHODS: We studied the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) concentration in the LF and BS of 39 healthy controls and 137 patients with a current depressive episode (cDE) (both subgroups members were 20-49 years): BD - 46 patients, MDD - 91 patients. RESULTS: GDNF concentration in BS of women with MDD was significantly lower than in men. In BD patients, univariate linear regression analysis revealed significant correlations between GDNF concentration in the LF and the use of anxiolytics or antidepressants. These correlations were confirmed by the multivariate linear regression analysis. A significant correlation between GDNF concentrations in the LF and BS was found in controls. LIMITATIONS: The unequal proportion of men in the BD group did not permit adjusting GDNF concentrations for sex. The collected LF was stimulated, which could influence GDNF levels. It should also be noted that the patients included in the study were not treatment- naïve. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that GDNF concentration in LF could be a biomarker of the cDE (both unipolar and bipolar), though the sensitivity of this potential biomarker may be lower in depressive patients with anxiety symptoms.

Elevated Serum Cortisol Levels in Patients with Focal Epilepsy, Depression, and Comorbid Epilepsy and Depression.

BACKGROUND: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammatory processes and neurotrophic factor systems are involved in pathogenesis of both epilepsy and depressive disorders. The study aimed to explore these systems in patients with focal epilepsy (PWE, n = 76), epilepsy and comorbid depression (PWCED n = 48), and major depressive disorder (PWMDD, n = 62) compared with healthy controls (HC, n = 78). METHODS: Parameters of the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors, and TNF-α were measured in blood serum along with the hemogram. RESULTS: Serum cortisol level was augmented in PWE, PWCED, and PWMDD compared with HC and was higher in PWMDD than in PWE. Serum cortisol negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in PWE, and positively with depression inventory-II (BDI-II) score in PWMDD. Only PWMDD demonstrated elevated plasma ACTH. Serum TNF-α, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were augmented in PWMDD; monocytes elevated in PWE and PWCED, while neutrophils were reduced in PWE and PWMDD. Serum BDNF was decreased in PWE and PWCED, CNTF was elevated in all groups of patients. In PWE, none of above indices depended on epilepsy etiology. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the involvement of HPA axis and inflammatory processes in pathogenesis of epilepsy and depression and provide new insights in mechanisms of epilepsy and depression comorbidity.

Not always that EASI: Validating the Russian version of the epilepsy anxiety survey instrument and its brief counterpart.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a Russian version of The Epilepsy Anxiety Survey Instrument (EASI) and assess its psychometric properties in a Russian sample of patients with epilepsy (PWE). To compare the brief version of EASI with the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) - the most common tool for a rapid anxiety screening. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 181 consecutive Russian-speaking PWE. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used as a gold standard for diagnosing anxiety disorders. All patients completed the set of questionnaires - the Russian version of the GAD-7, The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E), and the EASI. Internal reliability of the EASI and brEASI, convergent and divergent validity of the brEASI with the GAD-7 and the NDDI-E, and factor structure assessment were performed. RESULTS: Among 33.7% of patients with epilepsy diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, 16% had panic disorder, 10.5% had agoraphobia, 8.3% had social anxiety disorder, 21.0% had generalized anxiety disorder, and 13.3% had several comorbid anxiety disorders. The EASI factor structure differed from the original, revealing an additional factor with two items. Nevertheless, the brief version (brEASI) showed excellent screening properties - the AUC to detect any anxiety disorder was 0.916 with the optimal cutoff point > 7 points. CONCLUSION: The brEASI performed better than the GAD-7 in our sample and, therefore, may be considered a first-line screening tool for anxiety disorders in PWE.

Mid-term psychiatric consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: a 4 months observational study on emergency room admissions for psychiatric evaluation after the (first) lockdown period in Italy.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study is to evaluate the number and the features of admissions to the emergency room (ER) requiring psychiatric consultation, in the period between May 4th and August 31st 2020. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective longitudinal observational study examining the 4 months following the initial lockdown imposed during the COVID-19 outbreak (May 4th and August 31st 2020). More specifically, the ER admissions leading to psychiatric referral were reviewed at all seven public hospitals of AUSL Romagna (Emilia Romagna region, Italy). Socio-demographic variables, history of medical comorbidities or psychiatric disorders, reason for ER admission, psychiatric diagnosis at discharge, and actions taken by the psychiatrist were collected. RESULTS: An 11.3% (p = 0.007) increase in psychiatric assessments was observed when compared with the same period of the previous year (2019). A positive personal history of psychiatric disorders (OR:0.68, CI: 0.53-0.87) and assessments leading to no indication for follow-up (OR: 0.22, CI: 0.13-0.39) were significantly less frequent, while there was a significant increase of cases featuring organic comorbidities (OR: 1.24, CI: 1.00-1.52) and suicidal ideation/self-harm/suicide attempt (OR: 1,71, CI: 1.19-2.45) or psychomotor agitation (OR: 1.46, CI: 1.02-2.07) as reason for admission. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed an increase in ER psychiatric consultations compared to the previous year, underlying the increased psychological distress caused by the lockdown.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Russian Patients with Suicidal Ideation.

BACKGROUND: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is recognized as a public health concern for its association with unfavorable outcomes, including suicidal behavior. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with NSSI among patients with nonpsychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and suicidal ideation in Russia. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry between November 2017 and May 2019. The sample was composed of consecutive patients with lifetime suicidal ideation (from the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behavior Interview) seen in the center's psychiatric ward for NPMD. The patients were divided into two groups: those with and without lifetime NSSI. Sociodemographic variables, psychiatric diagnosis, family history of mental disorders, history of physical or sexual abuse, sexual behavior, ad-hoc psychiatric treatments, suicidal ideation, plans, and gestures or attempts were investigated. RESULTS: Six thousand, two hundred and four consecutive patients were screened for suicidal ideation. Out of a total of 361 patients (87.3% females) with suicidal ideation, 217 (60.1%) reported NSSI. Variables independently associated with NSSI included age <25 years (OR 6.0, CI 2.5-14.7), dissatisfaction with the perceived parenting style (OR 3.3, CI 1.5-7.4), bullying (OR 2.6, CI 1.0-6.5), severe body modifications (OR 11.9, CI 1.1-134.3), experience with illicit drugs (OR 4.4, CI 1.9-10.3), and eating disorders (OR 4.9, CI 2.0-11.8). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design, referral population, single center study, and exclusion of psychotic patients. CONCLUSIONS: NSSI is associated with age <25 years old, dissatisfaction with perceived parenting style, bullying, severe body modifications, lifetime experience of illicit drug-use, and lifetime eating disorders.HIGHLIGHTSNonsuicidal self-injury is a significant public health concern for its association with suicidal behavior.60.1% of Russian patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and suicidal ideation reported lifetime NSSI.NSSI in Russian patients with NPMD and suicidal ideation is associated with age less than 25 years, dissatisfaction with perceived parenting style, bullying, severe body modifications, lifetime experience of illicit drug use, and lifetime eating disorders.

Differential diagnosis between epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures through conversational analysis: A blinded prospective study in the Russian language.

The current study examined the validity of conversational analysis (CA) in Russian patients with seizures, using a scoring table for the Simplified Linguistic Evaluation (SLE). The study sample was composed of 12 adult participants suffering either from epilepsy (ES) or psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) recruited in the Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry. Definitive diagnosis was established only after a habitual event was captured onvEEG. All participants with PNES or ES and at least one mental disorder underwent a 20-minute-long interview recorded on video. The interview then was evaluated by the external blinded physician already experienced in CA. Finally, that physician filled the SLE, consisting of 5 items analyzing the main characteristics of patient narrations. A score of ≥12 suggested a diagnosis of ES, while a score of <12 suggested a diagnosis of PNES. The blinded evaluator correctly identified 11 out of 12 cases. The concordance between the vEEG diagnosis and the CA diagnostic hypothesis was 91.67%. The sensitivity of the scoring table was 100%, while the specificity was 80%. The positive and the negative predictive values were, respectively, 87.5% and 100%. Our results suggested that the differences in seizure descriptions between patients with PNES and patients with ES are similar across Indo-European language family and are independent of psychiatric comorbidity.

Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in Russian people with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the capacity of Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) to detect anxiety disorders in a Russian sample of patients with epilepsy and to validate this instrument for rapid screening of anxiety in these patients. METHODS: Study included 233 patients with epilepsy, both inpatients and outpatients. For all patients Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview was conducted as a gold standard for diagnosis of mental disorders. All patients also completed the questionnaires - the Russian version of GAD-7 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess convergent validity. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for the quantitative ones. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, Cronbach's alpha at point deletion, and corrected point-to-point correlation. ROC analysis was used to evaluate the properties of the GAD-7 to determine anxiety disorders. RESULTS: Among 97 (41.6%) patients with epilepsy diagnosed with any anxiety disorders, 42 (18%) had panic disorder, 37 (15.9%) had agoraphobia, 17 (7.3%) had social anxiety disorder, and 64 (27.5%) had generalized anxiety disorder; 42 patients (18%) showed a combination of several anxiety disorders. The overall GAD-7 score was similar to other epilepsy studies, but higher cutoff scores characterize our sample. The scale performed well in detecting any anxiety disorder with the AUC of 0.866 and the optimal cutoff point > 8 points, and in detecting GAD with AUC = 0.922 and the optimal cutoff point > 9 points, showing overall acceptable sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Russian version of the GAD-7 could be used as a screening tool for any anxiety disorders in PWE with the optimal cutoff score > 8 points.

Interictal dysphoric disorder in people with and without epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: Interictal dysphoric disorder (IDD) has been regarded as an affective disorder occurring only in people with epilepsy (PWE). Data showing similar characteristics and similar prevalence of IDD in patients with migraine and with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures question the epilepsy-specific nature of IDD. The aim of the study was to investigate the nature of IDD in people with prevalent epilepsy with mood disorders and people with mood disorders who are free of neurological disease. METHODS: This is a case-control study, with 142 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy and major depressive disorder (MDD; cases) and 222 patients with MDD only (controls). MDD diagnosis was confirmed by a structured clinical interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (SCID-I-RV). We used the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory to estimate anxiety and depression levels and the Interictal Dysphoric Disorder Inventory (IDDI) to confirm the presence of IDD. Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson chi-squared, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression were used. RESULTS: No differences were found in the prevalence of IDD between PWE with MDD and people with MDD alone (88.73% vs. 85.13%, χ2 = .96, p = .32). There were no differences between the groups overall or for any IDDI subscales (all p > .05). In both groups, IDD symptoms were grouped with the same incidence and had the same duration and periodicity. IDD was not associated with epilepsy (odds ratio = .84, 95% confidence interval = .40-1.98, p = .72). No significant correlation was found between epilepsy, demographic characteristics, and all IDDI subscales (all p > .05). Notably, patients with IDD suffered from affective disorders longer (6.68 ± 6.82 years vs. 3.7 ± 3.97 years, p = .001) and also received higher scores on all psychometric scales (all p < .05). SIGNIFICANCE: This study does not confirm the specificity of IDD for epilepsy. The presence of IDD symptoms may be associated with a more severe course of MDD and significant anxiety distress.