Extracellular vesicles-encapsulated microRNA-10a-5p shed from cancer-associated fibroblast facilitates cervical squamous cell carcinoma cell angiogenesis and tumorigenicity via Hedgehog signaling pathway.

Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) secretes extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs) which have been underlined great promise for therapeutic target for diseases and cancers. Our study aimed to explore the role of EV-encapsulated miR-10a-5p from CAFs in angiogenesis in cervical cancer. Expression of miR-10a-5p in clinical samples of cervical cancer and cancer cells was detected by in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that miR-10a-5p expression was upregulated in both cancer tissues and cells. CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) from cervical cancer patient tissues were characterized under transmission electron microscopy, followed by EV isolation from CAFs. The EVs labeled with PKH67 were cultured with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) cell line (SiHa) and HUVECs. Data indicated that CAF-EVs were internalized by cancer cells and promoted cell proliferation and tube formation. CAF-EVs then were transfected with miR-10a-5p inhibitor and then injected into nude mice. While injection of CAF-EVs promoted tumor growth and increased VEGFR and CD31 expression level, miR-10a-5p inhibitor-treated CAF-EVs resulted in decreased tumor volume and amount of vessel around tumor. Of note, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and bioinformatic analysis indicated TBX5 as a target gene of miR-10a-5p. Moreover, EV-derived miR-10a-5p promoted angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro through activation of Hedgehog signaling via downregulation of TBX5. Taken altogether, miR-10a-5p in CAF-EVs promoted CSCC cell angiogenesis and tumorigenicity via activation of Hh signaling by inhibition of TBX5, providing insight into novel treatment based on miR-10a-5p against CSCC.

A large nabothian cyst causing chronic urinary retention: A case report.

RATIONALE: Nabothian cysts are mucus-filled cervical cysts that are usually asymptomatic unless they become very large. Chronic urinary retention is the persistent inability to empty the bladder despite maintaining an ability to urinate. Chronic urinary retention caused by a large, deep nabothian cyst has not been reported previously. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 46-year-old woman presented with chronic urinary retention and a cervical cyst that gradually increased in size. DIAGNOSIS: Based on histopathological evidence, our patient was diagnosed with a nabothian cyst. INTERVENTIONS: A hysterectomy was performed. OUTCOMES: The urinary symptoms of the patient resolved after she performed clean, intermittent self-catheterizations for 5 days after the operation. She was discharged on postoperative day 6. LESSONS: Large nabothian cysts are rare but may account for some unusual symptoms including unexplained urinary difficulties in women. We recommend treating symptomatic nabothian cysts with local cystectomies or hysterectomies.

Eupatilin regulates proliferation and cell cycle of cervical cancer by regulating hedgehog signalling pathway.

Eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone) is a natural active substance found in génépi group plants, and its pharmacological activities has been proven to be useful in the treatment of various cancers. However, whether eupatilin demonstrates anti-cancer activity in cervical cancer is still under evaluation. To clarify this, cancer cell lines and nude mouse model were used in this study. The results indicated that eupatilin could inhibit the occurrence of cervical cancer both in vivo and in vitro. Cervical cancer cell lines (C4-1, HeLa, Caski, and Siha) and Ect1/E6E7 cells were incubated with eupatilin (40µM) for 48 hours. Compared with the control group, the viability of cervical cancer cells decreased significantly, while the apoptotic cells increased significantly. Cell cycle analysis showed that eupatilin treatment of HeLa and Caski cells reduced the proliferation index. Eupatilin at 40 mg/kg also inhibited tumour growth in tumour-bearing mice. Interestingly, weakened hedgehog signalling was observed in cervical cancer cells and tumours from tumour-bearing mice after eupatilin treatment. Our results reveal the inhibitory effect of eupatilin on cervical cancer and shed new light on the molecular mechanism of its therapeutic effect. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Eupatilin inhibited proliferation via promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HeLa and Caski cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, nude mouse tumourigenicity assay proved that eupatilin can suppress tumour growth in vivo. Dramatically, these activities might be involved in hedgehog signal pathway.

Amygdala GABA Neurons Project To vlPAG And mPFC.

The amygdala regulates multiple behaviors and emotions by projecting to multiple brain regions. However, the topographical distribution of amygdala neurons projecting to specific brain areas is still unclear. In the present study, we focus on determining whether single amygdala neurons project to the brain stem ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG) and to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The mPFC neurons are involved in detecting emotional content while the vlPAG neurons are involved in regulating muscle tone. In VGAT-Cre mice a cre-inducible retrograde AAV tracer expressing tdTomato was microinjected into the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey matter (vlPAG), while a second retrograde AAV tracer with generic expression of GFP was delivered into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The results identified a subgroup of bifurcating GABAergic neurons in the central nucleus (CeA) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) that projects to vlPAG and mPFC. Based on these projections we suggest that amygdala GABA neurons may be involved in triggering emotionally-induced cataplexy in the sleep disorder, narcolepsy.

Identification of Key circRNAs/lncRNAs/miRNAs/mRNAs and Pathways in Preeclampsia Using Bioinformatics Analysis.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify significantly altered circRNAs/lncRNAs/miRNAs/mRNAs pathways in preeclampsia (PE), investigate their target relationships, and determine their biological functions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Base on RNA-seq technique and the GEO database, expression profiles of circRNAs/lncRNAs/miRNAs/mRNAs related to PE were obtained. Differentially expressed RNAs were determined using the Limma package in R. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using GSEA software (v. 3.0) and illustrated by ClusterProfiler and ggplot2 package in R. DAVID database (v. 6.8) was implemented to analyze functional categories and the association between genes and the corresponding Gene Ontology (GO) classification. The R visualization package GOPlot was used to get a better visualization of the relationships between genes and the selected functional categories. CeRNA networks which visualized the correlations between circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were constructed using Cytoscape software (v. 3.6.0). Targetscan and miRanda database were used to predict target relationships between circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA. QRT-PCR and luciferase reporter assay were used to verify the expression and target relationship of has_circ_0088196/LINC01492/miR-100-5p/LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor). RESULTS The jak-stat signaling pathway was activated and miR-100-5p was downregulated in PE compared with normal tissues both in collected placental tissue samples and GEO database. Upregulated LIF, LINC01492, and hsa_circ_0088196 were negatively correlated with miR-100-5p expression and had a targeted relationship with miR-100-5p. CONCLUSIONS miR-100-5p may suppress PE development, while LIF, LINC01492, and hsa_circ_0088196 may promote it though inhibiting miR-100-5p. The jak-stat signaling pathway was activated and involved in PE progression.

A giant aggressive angiomyxoma of vulva in a young woman: A case report.

RATIONALE: Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare and benign invasive mesenchymal stromal tumor predominantly in women at reproductive age. AAM tends to relapse locally and should be differentially diagnosed from other mesenchymal tumors. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report here a rare case of massive vulvar AAM in a 22-year-old Chinese woman with left labia majora mass with ulcer. DIAGNOSES: The diagnosis "aggressive angiomyxoma of vulva" was based on clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features. INTERVENTIONS: A surgery with local excision of the mass was performed. OUTCOMES: The patient was discharged 12 days after the surgery. There was no AAM recurrence or metastasis in a period of 12-month follow-up. LESSONS: The vulvar AAM is a benign and aggressive mesenchymal tumor. In this case, we present the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for vulvar AAM. The tumor was removed completely by the surgery, but a long-term follow-up is requisite for surveilling on recurrence.

Overexpression of the lncRNA FER1L4 inhibits paclitaxel tolerance of ovarian cancer cells via the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.

To determine how the lncRNA FER1L4 in ovarian cancer cells influences paclitaxel (PTX) resistance, we examined the expression level of FER1L4 in human ovarian epithelial cell lines IOSE80 and HOSEpiC and human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3, Caov-3, and SKOV3 through RNA isolation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SKOV3 cell lines were treated with PTX. The cell survival rate and apoptosis rate of SKOV3 and SKOV3-PR at different PTX dose levels were evaluated. Next, qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of FER1L4 in SKOV3 and SKOV3-PR cell lines. SKOV3-PR cell lines were transfected with pcDNA3.1 as the control group (SKOV3-PR/pcDNA3.1) or pcDNA3.1-FER1L4 to upregulate the expression level of FER1L4 (SKOV3-PR/pcDNA3.1-FER1L4). The level of cell survival, apoptosis, and colony formation were compared between the two groups using MTT, flow cytometry analysis, and colony formation assay. To reveal the molecular mechanism, we measured the relative protein phosphorylation level of ERK and MAPK in SKOV3, SKOV3-PR, SKOV3-PR/pcDNA3.1, and SKOV3-PR/pcDNA3.1-FER1L4 groups using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) on PTX were also investigated to reveal the function of the MAPK pathway on the PTX tolerance of SKOV3. In comparison with normal ovarian epithelial cells, FER1L4 was downregulated. The FER1L4 level was decreased in human ovarian cancer cells with drug resistance than in common ovarian cancer cells. The upregulation of FER1L4 could promote the PTX sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells. The increased level of FER1L4 could suppress the PTX resistance of ovarian cancer cells through the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway.

VGAT and VGLUT2 expression in MCH and orexin neurons in double transgenic reporter mice.

The neuropeptides orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), as well as the neurotransmitters GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid) and glutamate are chief modulators of the sleep-wake states in the posterior hypothalamus. To investigate co-expression of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT, a marker of GABA neurons) and the vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2, a marker of glutamate neurons) in orexin and MCH neurons, we generated two transgenic mouse lines. One line selectively expressed the reporter gene EYFP in VGAT+ neurons, whereas the other line expressed reporter gene tdTomato in VGLUT2+ neurons. Co-localization between these genetic reporters and orexin or MCH immunofluorescent tags was determined using 3D computer reconstructions of Z stacks that were acquired using a multiphoton laser confocal microscope. Our results demonstrated that MCH neurons expressed neither VGAT nor VGLUT2, suggesting MCH neurons are a separate cluster of cells from VGAT+ GABAergic neurons and VGLUT2+ glutamatergic neurons. Moreover, most orexin neurons expressed VGLUT2, indicating these neurons are glutamatergic. Our data suggested that in the posterior hypothalamus there are four major distinct groups of neurons: VGAT+, orexin+/VGLUT2+, orexin-/VGLUT2+, and MCH neurons. This study facilitated our understanding of the role of these neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in relation to sleep/wake regulation.

Spontaneous expulsion of a huge cervical leiomyoma from the vagina after cesarean: A case report with literature review.

RATIONALE: As more and more women delay their child bearing age, the prevalence of uterine fibroids during pregnancy is likely to increase. PATIENT CONCERNS & LESSONS: We report a Chinese Tibetan case with spontaneous expulsion of a huge cervical myoma after cesarean. Decreased blood supply of the myoma and the uterine contraction may contribute to the spontaneous expulsion. Vaginal-myomectomy is recommended as the initial treatment.

Mangiferin induces apoptosis in human ovarian adenocarcinoma OVCAR3 cells via the regulation of Notch3.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in the world. Our previous studies showed that mangiferin, purified from plant source, possessed anti-neoplasm effect on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. This study aimed to determine the apoptosis-inducing effect of mangiferin on human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR3 cells. By in vitro studies, we found mangiferin significantly inhibited viability of OVCAR3 cells, and remarkably increased the sensitivity of OVCAR3 cells to cisplatin. In addition, the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis was observed in mangiferin treated ovarian cancer cells. Importantly, we observed an obviously downregulated Notch expression after mangiferin treatment, indicating the crucial role of Notch in mangiferin mediated apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of Notch3 abrogated the apoptosis-inducing efficacy of mangiferin, further demonstrating that mangiferin induced apoptosis via Notch pathway. Furthermore, OVCAR3 cell xenograft models revealed that mangiferin treatment inhibited tumor growth and expanded survival of tumor xenograft mice. Based on these results, we concluded that mangiferin could significantly inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in OVCAR3 cells. Our study also suggested the anti-neoplasm effect of mangiferin might be via the regulation of Notch3. Taken together, by targeting cell apoptosis pathways and enhancing the response to cisplatin treatment, mangiferin may represent a potential new drug for the treatment of human ovarian cancer.

Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates glucose-induced podocyte injury via the inhibition of apoptosis and the activation of autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Injury to terminally differentiated podocytes contributes ignificantly to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effects of notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) on the maintenance of podocyte number and foot process architecture via the inhibition of apoptosis, the induction of autophagy and the maintenance pf podocyte biology in target cells. The effects of NR1 on conditionally immortalized human podocytes under high glucose conditions were evaluated by determining the percentage apoptosis, the percentage autophagy and the expression levels of slit diaphragm proteins. Our results revealed that NR1 protected the podocytes against high glucose-induced injury by decreasing apoptosis, increasing autophagy and by promoting cytoskeletal recovery. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was further investigated in order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the protective effects of NR1 on podocytes. Our data indicated that treatment with NR increased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt and mTOR, leading to the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in podocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study to demonstrate that NR1 protects podocytes by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Notoginsenoside R1 ameliorates podocyte injury in rats with diabetic nephropathy by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

The present study was designed to examine the protective effect of notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) on podocytes in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)­induced diabetic nephropathy (DN), and to explore the mechanism responsible for NR1-induced renal protection. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ, and NR1 was administered daily at a dose of 5 mg/kg (low dose), 10 mg/kg (medium) and 20 mg/kg (high) for 16 weeks in Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood glucose levels, body weight and proteinuria were measured every 4 weeks, starting on the day that the rats received NR1. Furthermore, on the day of sacrifice, blood, urine and kidneys were collected in order to assess renal function according to general parameters. Pathological staining was performed to evaluate the renal protective effect of NR1, and the expression of the key slit diaphragm proteins, namely neprhin, podocin and desmin, were evaluated. In addition, the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tumor growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6] as well as an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were assessed, and the apoptosis of podocytes was quantified. Finally, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and the involvement of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inactivation was further analyzed. In this study, NR1 improved renal function by ameliorating histological alterations, increasing the expression of nephrin and podocin, decreasing the expression of desmin, and inhibiting both the inflammatory response as well as the apoptosis of podocytes. Furthermore, NR1 treatment increased the phosphorylation of both PI3K (p85) and Akt, indicating that activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was involved. Moreover, NR1 treatment decreased the phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65), suggesting the downregulation of NF-κB. This is the first study to the best of our knowledge, to clearly demonstrate that NR1 treatment ameliorates podocyte injury by inhibiting both inflammation and apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Smad7 is required for the development and function of the heart.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members, including TGF-betas, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins, exert diverse biological activities in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, embryonic development, and many other processes. These effects are largely mediated by Smad proteins. Smad7 is a negative regulator for the signaling of TGF-beta family members. Dysregulation of Smad7 is associated with pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. However, the in vivo physiological roles of Smad7 have not been elucidated due to the lack of a mouse model with significant loss of Smad7 function. Here we report generation and initial characterization of Smad7 mutant mice with targeted deletion of the indispensable MH2 domain. The majority of Smad7 mutant mice died in utero due to multiple defects in cardiovascular development, including ventricular septal defect and non-compaction, as well as outflow tract malformation. The surviving adult Smad7 mutant mice had impaired cardiac functions and severe arrhythmia. Further analyses suggest that Smad2/3 phosphorylation was elevated in atrioventricular cushion in the heart of Smad7 mutant mice, accompanied by increased apoptosis in this region. Taken together, these observations pinpoint an important role of Smad7 in the development and function of the mouse heart in vivo.