Facial nerve: A review of the anatomical, surgical landmarks and its iatrogenic injuries.

Facial nerve iatrogenic injuries are serious and can negatively affect the quality of life of the patients. Due to the properties of the nerve, the complications are devastating involving the aesthetic appearance and the function of the face. Moreover, the multiple branches of the nerve increase the risk of an iatrogenic injury making the detailed knowledge of the anatomical correlations around them critical. In this review, a meticulous analysis was performed including the surgical procedures posing the greater risk of an iatrogenic injury as well as the full description of all the reported anatomical landmarks involving the extracranial course of the facial nerve.

Amyand's hernia: presumptive diagnosis by CT and literature review.

Amyand's hernia is a rare inguinal hernia containing the appendix presenting mainly in male adults. The clinical presentation is usually without symptoms, however an inflammation can occur leading to strangulation, necrosis or rupture of the appendix. Differential diagnosis may be difficult including orchitis, testicular torsion, inflammation of the ovaries and bowel inflammation. We present a case of a 61 years old, male patient who was presented with persistent right abdominal pain. There was no medical history of previous hospitalization or surgery of the abdomen. Laboratory tests and radiological investigation with plain radiographs and ultrasound were not clear. A CT scan with contrast imaging was performed to reveal the diagnosis. Amyand's hernia is difficult to be revealed and a high index of suspicion is needed in order to promptly diagnose the hernia and proceed to the appropriate treatment. CT scan is critical contributing to the accurate depiction and to the classification of the hernia.