RESUMO
Understanding the characteristics of yeast spoilage, as well as the available control technologies, is vital to producing consistent, high-quality wine. Zygosaccharomyces bailii contamination may result in refermentation and CO2 production in sweet wines or grape juice concentrate, whereas Brettanomyces bruxellensis spoilage often contributes off-odors and flavors to red wines. Early detection of these yeasts by selective/differential media or genetic methods is important to minimize potential spoilage. More established methods of microbial control include sulfur dioxide, dimethyl dicarbonate, and filtration. Current research is focused on the use of chitosan, pulsed electric fields, low electric current, and ultrasonics as means to protect wine quality.
Assuntos
Brettanomyces , Dekkera , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Vinho/microbiologia , Zygosaccharomyces , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Brettanomyces/genética , Brettanomyces/isolamento & purificação , Brettanomyces/fisiologia , Quitosana , DNA Fúngico/análise , Dekkera/genética , Dekkera/isolamento & purificação , Dekkera/fisiologia , Dietil Pirocarbonato/administração & dosagem , Dietil Pirocarbonato/análogos & derivados , Fermentação , Filtração , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Odorantes/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/administração & dosagem , Vinho/análise , Zygosaccharomyces/genética , Zygosaccharomyces/isolamento & purificação , Zygosaccharomyces/fisiologiaRESUMO
AIMS: The objectives of this research were to (i) optimize the concentration of cycloheximide for use in WL media used in the wine industry and (ii) evaluate Dekkera/Brettanomyces differential medium (DBDM) as a means to detect Dekkera. METHODS AND RESULTS: Dekkera bruxellensis and other yeasts were transferred into WL broths containing 0, 10, 50 or 100 mg l(-1) of cycloheximide. While several grew in 10 mg l(-1) , only Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia guillermondii, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and D. bruxellensis tolerated ≥50 mg l(-1) of the antibiotic. On solidified WL media after 8-days incubation, colony sizes of two strains of D. bruxellensis (B1b and ATCC 52905) decreased with increased concentrations of cycloheximide, while others (F3 and P2) were unaffected. Although D. bruxellensis B1b did not grow well on another selective medium, DBDM, colony development was improved by the addition of sterilized red wine. CONCLUSIONS: Of the concentrations tested, 50 mg l(-1) cycloheximide inhibited many grape/wine yeasts yet generally yielded countable colonies of Dekkera (1-2.5 mm diameter). Several strains of Dekkera did not grow well on DBDM, probably due to the lack of an unidentified nutrient(s). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Better media formulations will improve the detection of Dekkera, thereby increasing microbiological control during winemaking.