High­oxygen-modified atmospheric packaging delays flavor and quality deterioration in fresh-cut broccoli.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of high­oxygen-modified atmospheric packaging (HOMAP) on aroma changes in fresh-cut broccoli during storage and to explore its regulatory mechanisms. The results showed that HOMAP reduced the levels of undesirable aroma substances hexanoic acid, isobutyric acid, cyclopentanone and increased glucosinolate accumulation by inhibiting the expression of arogenate/prephenate dehydratase (ADT), bifunctional aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate/aspartate-prephenate aminotransferase (PAT), thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate Transferase (TST) to reduce the odor of fresh-cut broccoli. HOMAP inhibited the expression of respiratory metabolism related genes 6-phosphate fructokinase 1 (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 (ND6). In HOMAP group, the low expression of phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase A1 (PLA1), linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1) related to lipid metabolism and the high expression of naringenin 3-dioxygenase (F3H), trans-4-Hydroxycinnamate (C4H), glutaredoxin 3 (GRX3), and thioredoxin 1 (TrX1) in the antioxidant system maintained membrane stability while reducing the occurrence of membrane lipid peroxidation.

Revealing the specific regulations of nitric oxide on the postharvest ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit.

Bitter melon fruit is susceptible to yellowing, softening, and rotting under room-temperature storage conditions, resulting in reduced commercial value. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule and plays a crucial role in regulating the fruit postharvest quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of NO treatment on changes in sensory and firmness of bitter melon fruit during postharvest storage. Moreover, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic analyses were performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms through which NO treatment delays the ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit. Our results show that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in fruit texture (CSLE, ß-Gal, and PME), plant hormone signal transduction (ACS, JAR4, and AUX28), and fruit flavor and aroma (SUS2, LOX, and GDH2). In addition, proteins differentially abundant were associated with fruit texture (PLY, PME, and PGA) and plant hormone signal transduction (PBL15, JAR1, and PYL9). Moreover, NO significantly increased the abundance of key enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, thus enhancing the disease resistance and alleviating softening of bitter melon fruit. Finally, differential metabolites mainly included phenolic acids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the physiological changes associated with postharvest ripening and senescence of bitter melon fruit. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00110-y.

Dissection of mRNA ac4C acetylation modifications in AC and Nr fruits: insights into the regulation of fruit ripening by ethylene.

N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of mRNA has been shown to be present in plant RNAs, but its regulatory function in plant remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs and acetylation modifications of mRNAs in tomato fruits from both genotypes. By comparing wild-type (AC) tomato and the ethylene receptor-mutant (Nr) tomato from mature green (MG) to six days after the breaker (Br6) stage, we identified differences in numerous key genes related to fruit ripening and observed the corresponding lncRNAs positively regulated the target genes expression. At the post-transcriptional level, the acetylation level decreased and increased in AC and Nr tomatoes from MG to Br6 stage, respectively. The integrated analysis of RNA-seq and ac4C-seq data revealed the potential positive role of acetylation modification in regulating gene expression. Furthermore, we found differential acetylation modifications of certain transcripts (ACO, ETR, ERF, PG, CesA, ß-Gal, GAD, AMY, and SUS) in AC and Nr fruits which may explain the differences in ethylene production, fruit texture, and flavor during their ripening processes. The present study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which acetylation modification differentially regulates the ripening process of wild-type and mutant tomato fruits deficient in ethylene signaling.

Phytosulfokine promotes fruit ripening and quality via phosphorylation of transcription factor DREB2F in tomato.

Phytosulfokine (PSK), a plant peptide hormone with a wide range of biological functions, is recognized by its receptor PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1). Previous studies have reported that PSK plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the involvement of PSK in fruit development and quality formation remains largely unknown. Here, using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a research model, we show that exogenous application of PSK promotes the initiation of fruit ripening and quality formation, while these processes are delayed in pskr1 mutant fruits. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that molecular events and metabolic pathways associated with fruit ripening and quality formation are affected in pskr1 mutant lines and transcription factors are involved in PSKR1-mediated ripening. Yeast screening further identified that DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2F (DREB2F) interacts with PSKR1. Silencing of DREB2F delayed the initiation of fruit ripening and inhibited the promoting effect of PSK on fruit ripening. Moreover, the interaction between PSKR1 and DREB2F led to phosphorylation of DREB2F. PSK improved the efficiency of DREB2F phosphorylation by PSKR1 at the tyrosine-30 site, and the phosphorylation of this site increased the transcription level of potential target genes related to the ripening process and functioned in promoting fruit ripening and quality formation. These findings shed light on the involvement of PSK and its downstream signaling molecule DREB2F in controlling climacteric fruit ripening, offering insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing ripening processes in fleshy fruits.

Multiomics analyses of the effects of LED white light on the ripening of apricot fruits.

INTRODUCTION: Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruits are highly perishable and prone to quality deterioration during storage and transportation. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of LED white light treatment on postharvest ripening of fruits using metabolomics, transcriptomics, and ATAC-Seq analysis. METHODS: Fruits were exposed to 5 µmol m-2 s-1 LED white light for 12 h followed by 12 h of darkness at 20 °C daily for 12 days. The effects of the treatments on the physiological and nutritional quality of the fruits were evaluated. These data were combined with transcriptomic, metabolomic, and ATAC-Seq data from fruits taken on 8 d of treatment to provide insight into the potential mechanism by which LED treatment delays ripening. RESULTS: LED treatment activated pathways involved in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Specifically, LED treatment increased the expression of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP), L-ascorbate peroxidase (AO), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), chalcone synthase (CHS), and caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCOAOMT1), leading to the accumulation of caffeoyl quinic acid, epigallocatechin, and dihydroquercetin and the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. LED treatment also affected the expression of genes associated with plant hormone signal transduction, fruit texture and color transformation, and antioxidant activity. The notable genes affected by LED treatment included 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), hexokinase (HK), lipoxygenase (LOX), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), endoglucanase (CEL), various transcription factors (TCP, MYB, EFR), and peroxidase (POD). ATAC-Seq analysis further revealed that LED treatment primarily regulated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study provide insights into the effects of LED light exposure on apricot fruits ripening. LEDs offer a promising approach for extending the shelf life of other fruits and vegetables.

A case of oral tuberculous ulcer and literature review.

Our purpose is to clearly diagnose the tongue and back tuberculosis ulcer through detailed medical history collection combined with examination, so as to provide certain experience for the diagnosis and treatment of oral tuberculosis.

Multi-omic analysis of the extension of broccoli quality during storage by folic acid.

INTRODUCTION: Folic acid (FA) is a critical metabolite in all living organisms and an important nutritional component of broccoli. Few studies have been conducted on the impact of an exogenous application of FA on the postharvest physiology of fruits and vegetables during storage. In this regard, the mechanism by which an exogenous application of FA extends the postharvest quality of broccoli is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study utilized a multicomponent analysis to investigate how an exogenous application of FA effects the postharvest quality of broccoli. METHODS: Broccoli was soaked in 5 mg/L FA for 10 min and the effect of the treatment on the appearance and nutritional quality of broccoli was evaluated. These data were combined with transcriptomic, metabolomic, and DNA methylation data to provide insight into the potential mechanism by which FA delays senescence. RESULTS: The FA treatment inhibited the yellowing of broccoli during storage. CHH methylation was identified as the main type of methylation that occurs in broccoli and the FA treatment was found to inhibit DNA methylation, promote the accumulation of endogenous FA and chlorophyl, and inhibit ethylene biosynthesis in stored broccoli. The FA treatment also prevented the formation of off-odors by inhibiting the degradation of glucosinolate. CONCLUSIONS: FA treatment inhibited the loss of nutrients during the storage of broccoli, delayed its yellowing, and inhibited the generation of off-odors. Our study provides deeper insight into the mechanism by which the postharvest application of FA delays postharvest senescence in broccoli and provides the foundation for further studies of postharvest metabolism in broccoli.

Ozone micro-nano bubble water preserves the quality of postharvest parsley.

The production and use of ozone micro-nano bubble water (O3-MNBW) is an innovative technology that prolongs the reactivity of aqueous-phase ozone and maintains the freshness and quality of fruits and vegetables by removing pesticides, mycotoxins, and other contaminants. The quality of parsley treated with different concentrations of O3-MNBW was investigated during storage at 20 ℃ for 5 d, and found that a ten-minute exposure of parsley to 2.5 mg·L-1 O3-MNBW effectively preserved the sensory quality of parsley, and resulted in lower weight loss, respiration rate, ethylene production, MDA levels, and a higher level of firmness, vitamin C, and chlorophyll content, relative to untreated parsley. The O3-MNBW treatment also increased the level of total phenolics and flavonoids, enhanced peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity, and inhibited polyphenol oxidase activity in stored parsley. Five volatile signatures identified using an electronic nose (W1W, sulfur-compounds; W2S, ethanol; W2W, aromatic- and organic- sulfur compounds; W5S, oxynitride; W1S, methane) exhibited a significant decrease in response to the O3-MNBW treatment. A total of 24 major volatiles were identified. A metabolomic analysis identified 365 differentially abundant metabolites (DMs). Among them, 30 and 19 DMs were associated with characteristic volatile flavor substance metabolism in O3-MNBW and control groups, respectively. The O3-MNBW treatment increased the abundance of most DMs related to flavor metabolism and reduced the level of naringin and apigenin. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms that are regulated in response to the exposure of parsley to O3-MNBW, and confirmed the potential use of O3-MNBW as a preservation technology.

FERMT2 upregulation in CAFs enhances EMT of OSCC and M2 macrophage polarization.

OBJECTIVES: FERMT2 upregulation was associated with malignant tumor behaviors, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT). This study aimed to characterize the expression profile of FERMT2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore its involvement in the tumor microenvironment sculptured by oral cancer-associated fibroblasts (OCAFs). MATERIALS: Previous bulk-seq (TCGA-HNSC) and single-cell RNA-seq data sets were retrieved for bioinformatic analysis. Human OSCC lines SCC15 and CAL27, primary normal oral fibroblasts (NOFs), OCAFs, and THP-1 cells were used for intro studies. RESULTS: FERMT2 expression was significantly higher in CAFs compared with OSCC tumor cells and normal fibroblasts. Higher FERMT2 expression might independently predict unfavorable disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients with OSCC. Knockdown of FERMT2 suppressed the expression and secretion of IGFBP7, SPARC, TIMP3, COL4A1, and IGFBP4 in OCAFs. OCAFs with FERMT2 knockdown had significantly weakened capability to induce the invasion of OSCC cells and the expression of mesenchymal markers. FERMT2 knockdown impaired the inducing effect of OCAFs on the migration of M0 macrophages and the expression of M2 macrophage markers. CONCLUSIONS: FERMT2 could modulate the production and secretion of IGFBP7, SPARC, COL4A1, and IGFBP4 in OCAFs, thereby inducing the EMT of OSCC and M2 macrophage polarization.

Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing reveals changes in amino acid metabolism induced in harvested broccoli by red LED irradiation.

Whole-transcriptomic profiling combined with amino acid analysis were conducted in order to gain a better understanding of global changes in amino acid metabolism induced in broccoli by red LED irradiation. The results showed that the contents of almost all 16 amino acids in postharvest broccoli were maintained under red LED illumination. The red LED irradiation enhanced the anabolism of amino acid, including the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids by upregulating the genes' expression in the shikimate pathway, as well as by upregulating the genes' expression which encoding biosynthetic enzymes in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway. Red LED irradiation induced the expression of genes encoding aspartate aminotransferase, which plays a role in Asp synthesis, aspartate kinase, which functions in aspartate metabolism, and a cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase that converts 2-Oxoglutarate into Glu. Genes encoding imidazole glycerol-phosphate synthase and histidinol-phosphatase, which function in the His biosynthesis pathway, were also upregulated. According to our results, red LED irradiation delays broccoli's yellowing and senescence by regulating amino acid metabolism. These results enhance our understanding of the role of amino acid metabolism in the senescence of broccoli and the mechanism of red LED irradiation to alter amino acid metabolism in harvested broccoli.

Effect of 100% Oxygen-Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Maintaining the Quality of Fresh-Cut Broccoli during Refrigerated Storage.

The effect of 100% oxygen (O2)-modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality improvement of fresh-cut broccoli stored at 4 °C for 15 days was investigated in this study. The results indicated that, compared to the control group conditions, 100% O2 MAP treatment effectively maintained broccoli sensory evaluation scores, green color, and texture; reduced respiration and chlorophyll degradation; and reduced total bacterial count (TBC), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide (O2-) contents. Furthermore, 100% O2 MAP led to a smaller loss of nutrients and increased antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the use of 100% O2 MAP is an effective approach for maintaining high-quality fresh-cut broccoli during refrigerated storage at 4 °C.

The effect of BVOCs produced by Lysinibacillus fusiformis and LED irradiation on pigment metabolism in stored broccoli.

Volatile organic compounds produced by bacteria (BVOCs) have been proven to effect the postharvest metabolism of fruits and vegetables. The quality, color and antioxidant capacity of membrane lipids of broccoli in storage were effectively maintained by fumigation with BVOCs produced by Lysinibacillus fusiformis combined with white light emitting diode (LED) technology. An analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of broccoli treated with the combined LED-BVOCs technology resulted in the identification of 49 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 13 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) involved in photosynthesis (32/0 DEGs upregulated/downregulated; 0/0 DAMs with increased/decreased abundance), chlorophyll (7/0; 1/2), carotenoid (5/0; 1/4) and flavonoid (3/3; 3/2) metabolism. The maintenance of green color in harvested broccoli treated by LED-BVOCs was associated with DEGs and DAMs that inhibited chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation. Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the delayed senescence of broccoli during storage using BVOCs-LED technology.

Transcriptomic, metabolomic, and ATAC-seq analysis reveal the regulatory mechanism of senescence of post-harvest tomato fruit.

Several physiological changes occur during fruit storage, which include the regulation of genes, metabolisms and transcription factors. In this study, we compared 'JF308' (a normal tomato cultivar) and 'YS006' (a storable tomato cultivar) to determine the difference in accumulated metabolites, gene expression, and accessible chromatin regions through metabolome, transcriptome, and ATAC-seq analysis. A total of 1006 metabolites were identified in two cultivars. During storage time, sugars, alcohols and flavonoids were found to be more abundant in 'YS006' compared to 'JF308' on day 7, 14, and 21, respectively. Differentially expressed genes, which involved in starch and sucrose biosynthesis were observed higher in 'YS006'. 'YS006' had lower expression levels of CesA (cellulose synthase), PL (pectate lyase), EXPA (expansin) and XTH (xyglucan endoglutransglucosylase/hydrolase) than 'JF308'. The results showed that phenylpropanoid pathway, carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall metabolism play important roles in prolonging the shelf life of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The ATAC-seq analysis revealed that the most significantly up-regulated transcription factors during storage were TCP 2,3,4,5, and 24 in 'YS006' compared to 'JF308' on day 21. This information on the molecular regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways of post-harvest quality changes in tomato fruit provides a theoretical foundation for slowing post-harvest decay and loss, and has theoretical importance and application value in breeding for longer shelf life cultivars.

Palmitic Acid Regulation of Stem Browning in Freshly Harvested Mini-Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.).

The effect of palmitic acid (PA) on stem browning was investigated in freshly harvested mini-Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis). Results indicated that concentrations of PA ranging from 0.03 g L-1 to 0.05 g L-1 inhibited stem browning and decreased the rate of respiration, electrolyte leakage, and weight loss, as well as the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in freshly harvested mini-Chinese cabbage stored at 25 °C for 5 d. The PA treatment enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) and phenylalamine ammonia lyase (PAL)), and inhibited the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The PA treatment also increased the level of several phenolics (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and cinnamic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin). In summary, results indicate that treatment of mini-Chinese cabbage with PA represents an effective method for delaying stem browning and maintaining the physiological quality of freshly harvested mini-Chinese cabbage due to the ability of PA to enhance antioxidant enzyme activity and the level of phenolics and flavonoids during 5 d.

Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.) reveals fruit development, composition and ripening genetic characteristics.

Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. (Mca), known as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a Momordica variety with medicinal value and belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. In view of the lack of genomic information on bitter gourd and other Momordica species and to promote Mca genomic research, we assembled a 295.6-Mb telomere-to-telomere (T2T) high-quality Mca genome with six gap-free chromosomes after Hi-C correction. This genome is anchored to 11 chromosomes, which is consistent with the karyotype information, and comprises 98 contigs (N50 of 25.4 Mb) and 95 scaffolds (N50 of 25.4 Mb). The Mca genome harbors 19 895 protein-coding genes, of which 45.59% constitute predicted repeat sequences. Synteny analysis revealed variations involved in fruit quality during the divergence of bitter gourd. In addition, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by high-throughput sequencing and metabolic analysis showed that momordicosides and other substances are characteristic of Mca fruit pulp. A combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed the mechanisms of pigment accumulation and cucurbitacin biosynthesis in Mca fruit peels, providing fundamental molecular information for further research on Mca fruit ripening. This report provides a new genetic resource for Momordica genomic studies and contributes additional insights into Cucurbitaceae phylogeny.

Transmission Line Sag Measurement and Simulation Research Based on Non-Contact Electric Field Sensing.

Sag is an important indicator of the operational health of a transmission line, and its timely measurement is of great significance to maintain the stability and reliability of power systems. However, traditional contact measurements may be affected by the electromagnetic interference of conductors. In contrast, measurement methods without direct electrical contact with the subject provide greater portability and flexibility. This paper presents a study of a transmission line sag measurement and simulation based on non-contact electric field sensing. The finite element method was used to analyze the conductor distribution, establish the coupling relationships among the electric field, transmission line, and measurement point, propose a sag inverse calculation model, and assess the impact of the transmission line parameter on the curved drooping measurement. Simultaneously, sag measurement schemes for single-round and dual-circuit lines were designed for multi-conductive lines, and measurement array studies were conducted. The vertical component of the electric field in space measured by the array was obtained, which could be used to perform conductor sag measurement simply and efficiently. The proposed method will facilitate the monitoring of the overhead transmission line status, which is conducive to the effective operation of the entire system.

Effects of methyl salicylate pre-treatment on the volatile profiles and key gene expressions in tomatoes stored at low temperature.

Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated horticultural plants in the world, while the key volatile compounds of tomato fruits generally derive from fatty acid, carotenoid, phenylalanine, and branched-chain amino acid pathways. As an important endogenous signal molecule, methyl salicylate (MeSA) plays a crucial role in the fruit ripening process of plant. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MeSA can maintain the flavor quality of full ripe tomatoes after cold-storage preservation. However, few research teams attempted to investigate the effects of MeSA plus low temperature treatment on the different volatile biosynthetic pathways of tomatoes previously. Therefore, in this study, the effects of methyl salicylate pre-treatment (0.05 mM MeSA, 24 h) on the volatile profile and flavor-related key gene expressions of tomato fruits stored at 10°C were evaluated for the first time. Our results showed that the loss of volatile compounds in low temperature-treated tomato fruits could be effectively alleviated by MeSA pre-treatment. Although MeSA had no remarkable effect on the formation of carotenoid pathway- and branched-chain amino acid pathway-related volatiles in tomatoes subjected to low temperature, the content of fatty acid pathway-related volatiles (including cis-3-hexenal, hexanal, and trans-2-hexenal) in full red fruits of 10°C MeSA group was remarkably higher than that of 10°C control group. Furthermore, MeSA pre-treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of LOXC or LOXD gene in low temperature-treated fruits at breaker or full red stage, respectively. In conclusion, pre-treatment with MeSA might avoid the loss of aromatic compounds in tomato fruits stored at low temperature by activating the fatty acid pathway.

Comparative proteomic analysis of wild-type and a SlETR-3 (Nr) mutant reveals an ethylene-induced physiological regulatory network in fresh-cut tomatoes.

Ethylene plays a crucial role in regulating fruit ripening, quality, and defense response. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for wound-induced ethylene regulation of fruit physiology at a network level is unclear. We used mass spectrometry (MS) to identify differences in the physiological response between fresh-cut fruits of wild-type (WT) tomato and an ethylene receptor mutant (SlETR-3) (also referred to as Nr) during storage. We found that Nr mutants exhibited better appearance and quality, as well as higher ethylene levels during the first 3 d of storage at 4 °C. Thirty-seven (0 h), eighty-two (12 h) and twelve (24 h) differentially abundant proteins were identified between the fresh-cut slices of the two genotypes during storage at the designated timepoints. In particular, antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and peroxiredoxin were highly expressed in WT fruit, which was associated with higher H2O2 production, and high levels of transcription of cell-wall degrading enzymes. Leucine aminopeptidase, a marker enzyme for response to wounding exhibited higher levels in the Nr mutant, which is consistent with its higher production of ethylene. Collectively, our results provide a deeper insight into the ethylene-induced physiological regulatory network that is activated in fresh-cut tomatoes.

Determining the Effects of Light on the Fruit Peel Quality of Photosensitive and Nonphotosensitive Eggplant.

With the development of facility agriculture, low-light stress is a prominent problem and a popular research topic currently. In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to analyze the genes in the fruit peel of photosensitive and nonphotosensitive eggplant and to explore the mechanism of changes in fruit color, texture, hormone content, aroma, and taste of these two different types of eggplant. We identified 51, 65, 66, and 66 genes involved in synthesizing anthocyanins, texture, hormone content, and aroma and flavor, respectively, in the two different types of eggplant based on the variation in gene expression trends in the fruit peel. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory processes in eggplant fruits under low-light stress.

DNA and coding/non-coding RNA methylation analysis provide insights into tomato fruit ripening.

Ripening is the last, irreversible developmental stage during which fruit become palatable, thus promoting seed dispersal by frugivory. In Alisa Craig fruit, mRNAs with increasing m5C levels, such as STPK and WRKY 40, were identified as being involved in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, two mRNAs involved in cell wall metabolism, PG and EXP-B1, also presented increased m5C levels. In the Nr mutant, several m5C-modified mRNAs involved in fruit ripening, including those encoding WRKY and MADS-box proteins, were found. Targets of long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs with different m5C sites were also found; these targets included 2-alkenal reductase, soluble starch synthase 1, WRKY, MADS-box, and F-box/ketch-repeat protein SKIP11. A combined analysis of changes in 5mC methylation and mRNA revealed many differentially expressed genes with differentially methylated regions encoding transcription factors and key enzymes related to ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction; these included ERF084, EIN3, AP2/ERF, ACO5, ACS7, EIN3/4, EBF1, MADS-box, AP2/ERF, and ETR1. Taken together, our findings contribute to the global understanding of the mechanisms underlying fruit ripening, thereby providing new information for both fruit and post-harvest behavior.