RESUMO
Background/Aims: Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs have been the mainstay therapy for moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the past 25 years. Nevertheless, these drugs are associated with serious opportunistic infections like tuberculosis (TB). Brazil is ranked among the 30 countries with the highest incidence of TB in the world. This study aimed at identifying risk factors for the development of active TB and describing clinical characteristics and outcomes in IBD patients followed at a tertiary referral center in Brazil. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, case-control study between January 2010 and December 2021. Active TB cases in IBD patients were randomly matched 1:3 to controls (IBD patients with no previous history of active TB) according to gender, age, and type of IBD. Design: This was a retrospective, case-control study. Results: A total of 38 (2.2%) cases of TB were identified from 1760 patients under regular follow-up at our outpatient clinics. Of the 152 patients included in the analysis (cases and controls), 96 (63.2%) were male, and 124 (81.6%) had Crohn's disease. Median age at TB diagnosis was 39.5 [interquartile range (IQR) 30.8-56.3]. Half of the active TB cases were disseminated (50%). Overall, 36 patients with TB (94.7%) were being treated with immunosuppressive medications. Of those, 31 (86.1%) were under anti-TNF drugs. Diagnosis of TB occurred at a median of 32 months after the first dose of anti-TNF (IQR 7-84). In multivariate analysis, IBD diagnosis older than 17 years and anti-TNF therapy were significantly associated with the development of TB (p < 0.05). After the TB treatment, 20 (52.7%) patients received anti-TNF therapy, and only one developed 'de novo' TB 10 years after the first infection. Conclusions: TB remains a significant health problem in IBD patients from endemic regions, especially those treated with anti-TNFs. In addition, age at IBD diagnosis (>17 years old) was also a risk factor for active TB. Most cases occur after long-term therapy, suggesting a new infection. The reintroduction of anti-TNFs agents after the anti-TB treatment seems safe. These data highlight the importance of TB screening and monitoring in IBD patients living in endemic areas.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Takayasu's arteritis (TA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are chronic inflammatory granulomatous disorders that have rarely been concomitantly reported in case reports and small case series. OBJECTIVE: We report a series of seven cases of TA and IBD association in two referral centers with a comprehensive review of literature. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the electronic medical charts of TA-IBD patients at the University Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil, and at the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Aviv University, Israel. RESULTS: Overall, five patients had Crohn's disease (DC) and two had ulcerative colitis (UC), and they were mostly female and non-Asian. All patients developed IBD first and, subsequently, TA. Two underwent colectomy and one ileocecectomy due to IBD activity, while three required cardiovascular surgery due to TA activity. Most patients are currently in clinical remission of both diseases with conventional drug treatment. CONCLUSION: Although the coexistence of TA and IBD is uncommon, both seem to be strongly associated through pathophysiological pathways.