RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The present study evaluated the frequency of supinator sesamoid bones (SSB) on radiography and computed tomography (CT). Interobserver agreement was evaluated in the detection of the SSBs in both methods. A correlation between the existence of SSBs and elbow diseases (ED) was assessed. For these purposes, radiographs, and CT scans of 100 dogs were scored by 3 observers. RESULTS: The SSB was identified as a round to oval-shaped opacity and measured 0.5-6.56 mm × 0.5-6.2 mm. SSBs were reported in an average of 8,33% of dogs on radiographs and 26% of dogs on CT; a bilateral sesamoid bone was present in 43,52% and 76,92% of these dogs, respectively. Seventy-two percent of the SSBs was identified on CT were not detected on radiographs. The Kappa test showed a substantial agreement (κ = 0.691) and a perfect agreement (κ = 1) between the observers in the detection of SSBs on radiography and on CT scans respectively. Additionally, a weak positive correlation was detected between ED and the existence of SSBs. CONCLUSION: A supinator sesamoid bone can be detected occasionally in the evaluation of the canine elbow joints by routine radiography. CT is superior to radiography for assessing SSBs with a higher interobserver agreement. The correlation of the existence of the SSBs and ED, needs further evaluations to prove a probable pathophysiological connection.
Assuntos
Ossos Sesamoides , Cães , Animais , Ossos Sesamoides/diagnóstico por imagem , Membro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Radiografia , Músculo EsqueléticoRESUMO
In contrast to other mammals, the large variation in dog sizes is not accompanied by any significant genetic re-organization. In order to study the relationship between body mass, limb length and the functional anatomical muscle parameters of the canine hind limb, a large dataset comprising of muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and physiological cross-sectional area's (PCSA) were acquired for twenty-five muscles in ten dogs of sizes varying between 20 kg and 52 kg. The potential of body mass and limb length for reliably scaling individual muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and PCSA's were examined. For the majority of the muscles of the canine hind limb, neither body mass nor limb length were reliable scaling parameter for either muscle masses, PCSA's and optimal fibre length. These results indicate the need of a breed-specific approach to musculoskeletal modelling in future canine musculoskeletal research.
Assuntos
Extremidade Inferior , Músculos , Animais , Cães , Membro Posterior , Músculo EsqueléticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Subchondral bone density distribution can be used to study joint biomechanics non-invasively. Differences in joint loading between related species can aid in the understanding of joint loading and the development of certain types of orthopaedic pathology. This study was conducted to evaluate density distribution in the subchondral bone of the talus of different Canidae species, as a parameter reflecting the long-term joint loading in the tarsocrural joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The tarsal joints of cadaveric dogs of different breeds were included, that is, German Shepherd (n = 5), Bouvier des Flandres (n = 3) and Labrador Retriever (n = 6).Additionally, golden jackals (n = 5) (Canis aureus) and wolves (n = 5) (Canis lupus) were included. Consecutive computed tomography slices were made and the subchondral bone density distribution was evaluated using computer tomographic osteoabsorptiometry. Different breeds and species were visually compared. RESULTS: Differences were found in the subchondral bone density distribution of the talus between breeds and between species (Canis familiaris, Canis lupus and Canis aureus). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Based on the density distribution, there are differences in loading conditions of the tarsocrural joint in different species of Canidae. The joint loading distribution is very similar between dogs of the same breed and within the same species. Although between-breed differences can be explained by conformational differences, the between-species differences remain subject to further research.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Canidae/fisiologia , Tálus/fisiologia , Animais , Cadáver , Cães , Feminino , Chacais , Masculino , Especificidade da Espécie , Articulações Tarsianas/fisiologia , Suporte de Carga , LobosRESUMO
Medial compartment erosion is an advanced stage of medial coronoid disease, an important cause of elbow lameness in dogs, with treatment and the expected prognosis depending on the extent of the cartilage lesions. The identification of specific computed tomographic (CT) findings might facilitate the nonsurgical diagnosis and add to treatment decision making. Aims of this retrospective, analytical, method comparison study were to describe CT findings in elbows of dogs arthroscopically diagnosed with medial compartment erosion and to compare CT vs. arthroscopic findings. A total of 56 elbows met inclusion criteria. Elbows with focal (n = 13), diffuse (n = 11), and complete (n = 32) erosion were compared. Prevalence findings for CT lesions were as follows: periarticular osteophytosis (100%), abnormal shape of the medial coronoid process of the ulna (96.4%), and subchondral bone defect of the medial part of the humeral condyle (MHC; 96.4%). The three groups significantly differed for presence of medial coronoid process fragmentation, radial head subchondral bone sclerosis, and widening of the humeroulnar joint space. No significant agreement was found between CT and arthroscopy for presence of a subchondral bone defect of the MHC. A significant agreement was found between CT and arthroscopy for presence of fragmentation of the medial coronoid process. However, some of the calcified body/fragment(s) visualized on CT in the region of the medial coronoid process could not be identified via arthroscopy. Findings indicated that an accurate estimation of the extent of the elbow cartilage lesions still requires arthroscopic joint inspection.
Assuntos
Artroscopia/veterinária , Doenças Ósseas/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Membro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulações/diagnóstico por imagem , Coxeadura Animal , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Animais , Artroscopia/métodos , Doenças Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães , Feminino , Coxeadura Animal/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
A 6-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented with a 1.5 year history of right forelimb lameness. Clinical, radiological and computed tomographic findings suggested the presence of fragmented medial coronoid process. A subtotal coronoidectomy was performed and, due to the atypical appearance of the medial coronoid process on imaging and at surgery, histopathology of the fragments was performed which revealed chondroblastic OS. Ten months after surgery, the dog was re-presented with the same clinical signs and the radiographic changes were suggestive of a recurrence of the OS. Palliative therapy was instigated at the owner's request. Thirty months after surgery of the neoplasm, the dog was presented with dyspnea. Thoracic radiographs showed lesions consistent with lung metastases. Euthanasia was requested by the owner, who declined post-mortem examination.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/veterinária , Osteossarcoma/veterinária , Ulna/patologia , Animais , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ósseas/etiologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/cirurgia , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Cães , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Coxeadura Animal/etiologia , Coxeadura Animal/cirurgia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/etiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Osteossarcoma/diagnóstico , Osteossarcoma/etiologia , Osteossarcoma/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Ulna/diagnóstico por imagem , Ulna/cirurgiaRESUMO
Musculoskeletal models have proven to be a valuable tool in human orthopaedics research. Recently, veterinary research started taking an interest in the computer modelling approach to understand the forces acting upon the canine musculoskeletal system. While many of the methods employed in human musculoskeletal models can applied to canine musculoskeletal models, not all techniques are applicable. This review summarizes the important parameters necessary for modelling, as well as the techniques employed in human musculoskeletal models and the limitations in transferring techniques to canine modelling research. The major challenges in future canine modelling research are likely to centre around devising alternative techniques for obtaining maximal voluntary contractions, as well as finding scaling factors to adapt a generalized canine musculoskeletal model to represent specific breeds and subjects.
Assuntos
Cães/anatomia & histologia , Modelos Anatômicos , Sistema Musculoesquelético/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Cães/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos MusculoesqueléticosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The anatomical complexity of the horse's head limits the abilities of radiography. Computed tomography (CT) in combination with contrast enhanced CT is used more often for diagnosing various head pathology in horses. The objective of this study was to compare intravenous and intra-arterial contrast-enhancement techniques and describe normal and abnormal contrast enhancement in the horse's head. RESULTS: All 24 horses included in the study recovered without complication from the procedures. Compared to the pre-contrast studies, post-contrast studies showed significant contrast enhancement in the pituitary gland (IA: p < 0.0001; IV: p < 0.0001), IA nose septum (p = 0.002), nose mucosa (IA: p < 0.0001; IV: p = 0.02), parotid salivary gland (IA: p < 0.0001; IV p < 0.0001), cerebrum (IA: p < 0.0001; IV: p < 0.0001), rectus capitis muscle (IA: p < 0.0001; IV p = 0.001), IA temporal muscle (p < 0.0001), IA masseter muscle (p <0.0001) and IV brainstem (p = 0.01). No significant contrast enhancement was seen in the eye (IA: p = 0.23; IV p = 0.33), tongue (IA p = 0.2; IV p = 0.57), IA brainstem (p = 0.88), IV nose septum (p = 0.26), IV temporal muscle (p = 0.09) and IV masseter muscle (p = 0.46). Three different categories of abnormal enhancement were detected: a strong vascularised mass, an enhanced rim surrounding an unenhanced structure and an inflamed anatomical structure with abnormal contrast enhancement. CONCLUSION: Using the intra-arterial technique, similar contrast enhancement is achieved using less contrast medium compared to the intravenous technique. And a potential major advantage of the IA technique is the ability to evaluate lesions that are characterized by increased blood flow. Using the intravenous technique, a symmetrical and homogenous enhancement is achieved, however timing is more crucial and the contrast dosage is more of influence in the IV protocol. And a potential major advantage of the IV technique is the ability to evaluate lesions that are characterized by increased vascular permeability. Knowing the different normal contrast enhancement patterns will facilitate the recognition of abnormal contrast enhancements.
Assuntos
Meios de Contraste/administração & dosagem , Cabeça/anatomia & histologia , Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Administração Intravenosa , Animais , Injeções Intra-Arteriais , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of epinephrine-enhanced computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) on the image sharpness of the lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments (LGHL and MGHL, respectively), biceps tendon (BT) and joint cartilage (JC) in the canine shoulder. The shoulders of eight normal dogs were examined using a 4-slice helical CT scanner. The right shoulders were injected with Iohexol and the left shoulders with a mixture of Iohexol and epinephrine. CTA images were obtained after 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 20 and 30 min and the image sharpness of the intra-articular structures in both shoulders was graded for visibility. The attenuation values were measured to examine the persistence of contrast appearance. Admixture of epinephrine and Iohexol significantly improved the image sharpness of the LGHL and the BT, especially on delayed CTA images. The use of epinephrine did not negatively affect post-CTA recovery.
Assuntos
Artrografia/veterinária , Cães/anatomia & histologia , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Articulação do Ombro/diagnóstico por imagem , Ombro/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Animais , Artrografia/métodos , Cartilagem Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Meios de Contraste/administração & dosagem , Meios de Contraste/farmacologia , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Iohexol/administração & dosagem , Iohexol/farmacologia , Tendões , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Vasoconstritores/administração & dosagem , Vasoconstritores/farmacologiaRESUMO
By limiting sequencing to those sequences transcribed as mRNA, whole exome sequencing is a cost-efficient technique often used in disease-association studies. We developed two target enrichment designs based on the recently released annotation of the canine genome: the exome-plus design and the exome-CDS design. The exome-plus design combines the exons of the CanFam 3.1 Ensembl annotation, more recently discovered protein-coding exons and a variety of non-coding RNA regions (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and antisense transcripts), leading to a total size of ≈ 152 Mb. The exome-CDS was designed as a subset of the exome-plus by omitting all 3' and 5' untranslated regions. This reduced the size of the exome-CDS to ≈ 71 Mb. To test the capturing performance, four exome-plus captures were sequenced on a NextSeq 500 with each capture containing four pre-capture pooled, barcoded samples. At an average sequencing depth of 68.3x, 80% of the regions and well over 90% of the targeted base pairs were completely covered at least 5 times with high reproducibility. Based on the performance of the exome-plus, we estimated the performance of the exome-CDS. Overall, these designs provide flexible solutions for a variety of research questions and are likely to be reliable tools in disease studies.
Assuntos
Cães/genética , Exoma , Genômica/métodos , Proteínas/genética , RNA não Traduzido , Animais , Composição de Bases , Variação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare low-field magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) for identification of intra-articular ligaments and joint cartilage in the normal canine shoulder with the aid of cross-sectional anatomy. ANIMALS: Normal adult Foxhounds (n = 3) and 4 Foxhound cadaver shoulders. METHODS: CTA of 3 dogs was performed after intra-articular administration of contrast medium in both shoulders. Transverse slices and reformatted sagittal and dorsal images were obtained. Later, an MRA study of all 6 shoulder joints was performed using a low-field system. T1- and T2-weighted images were made in 3 planes, arthrography performed, and T1-weighted images repeated. Unrelated cadaver shoulder joints were injected with red methylmethacrylate, frozen, and sectioned into dorsal, sagittal, and transverse sections. Representative anatomic images were compared with the CTA, MRA, and T2-weighted images. RESULTS: The joint cartilage was identified on all CTA images. The glenohumeral ligaments were clearly visible on the transverse and dorsal CTA and MRA images but were not detected on the T2-weighted sequences. The biceps tendon could be evaluated on all images. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscle tendons were most easily identified on the MRA and T2-weighted MR images. CONCLUSIONS: CTA was useful for seeing articular cartilage and both CTA and MRA were useful for seeing the normal glenohumeral ligaments; however, further research is needed to examine each technique's sensitivity for diagnosing the pathology of these ligaments and any associated lesions of the capsule, tendon, and bone, and for determining the clinical importance of CTA for evaluating loose fragments or osteochondral lesions.
Assuntos
Artrografia/veterinária , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Articulação do Ombro/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Animais , Artrografia/métodos , Cadáver , Cartilagem Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Meios de Contraste , Cães , Ligamentos Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Tendões/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the repeatability and reproducibility of the presence of a circumferential femoral head osteophyte (CFHO), a curvilinear caudolateral osteophyte (CCO), osteosclerosis of the cranial acetabular edge (Scler CrAE), degenerative joint disease (DJD), and the diagnosis of suspected canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in different groups of experienced observers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Standard hip extended radiographs (n = 50). METHODS: Nine experienced observers were divided into 3 groups: surgeons (DECVS), radiologists (DECVDI), and non-board certified observers (NBC) and 2 subgroups (academics and non-academics). Cohen's kappa (κ) was calculated for CFHO, CCO, Scler CrAE, DJD, and suspected CHD, and weighted κ was calculated for DJD score to determine inter- and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS: Intraobserver agreement on CFHO, CCO, Scler CrAE, DJD, and suspected CHD ranged from slight to almost perfect, but was not significantly different between NBC, DECVS, and DECVDI. Radiologists and non-board certified observers had a more uniform scoring than surgeons on the overall DJD score, as did academics versus non-academics. Interobserver agreement for NBC was more uniform than that of radiologists and surgeons on CCO and DJD. NBC and radiologists scored more uniformly than surgeons on CFHO, and radiologists scored more uniformly than NBC and surgeons on Scler CrAE. Academics scored more uniformly than non-academics, but only significantly for Scler CrAE. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of specific radiographic markers is only fairly reliable within and between experienced observers. Therefore, care must be taken to apply these traits in official screening, surgical decision-making and scientific research.
Assuntos
Displasia Pélvica Canina/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite/diagnóstico por imagem , Animais , Estudos Transversais , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Fenótipo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Radiografia , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Flexor enthesopathy is a recently recognized elbow disorder in dogs and considered to be an important differential diagnosis for elbow lameness. Primary and concomitant forms of the disease have been previously described and treatments differ for the two forms. The goal of this prospective study was to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy (n = 17), concomitant flexor enthesopathy (n = 23), elbow dysplasia alone (n = 13), and normal elbows (n = 7). Each elbow joint underwent MRI using the same low-field scanner. Sequences included transverse and sagittal T1-weighted (before and after IV contrast), transverse and sagittal T2-weighted, and dorsal STIR. For each elbow, MRI lesions were recorded based on a consensus of two observers unaware of group status. Magnetic resonance imaging lesions involving flexor tendons were found in 100% of clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and 96% of clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy. Thickened flexor muscles were the most common lesions, followed by hyperintense tendon signal and contrast enhancement. Irregular, thickened medial humeral epicondyle, edema, and calcified body lesions were less frequently observed. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were not found in normal joints or those affected by elbow dysplasia alone. No significant differences in frequencies and details of individual MRI characteristics were found between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy groups. Findings indicated that MRI is a sensitive technique for detection of flexor enthesopathy lesions in dogs, however, MRI characteristics do not allow differentiation of primary versus concomitant forms of the disease.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Membro Anterior/patologia , Artropatias/veterinária , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Doenças Reumáticas/veterinária , Animais , Meios de Contraste , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Países Baixos , Radiografia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças Reumáticas/diagnósticoRESUMO
Flexor enthesopathy is an important differential diagnosis for elbow lameness in dogs. The disorder can be a primary cause of elbow lameness or concomitant with other elbow pathology. Since treatment differs for primary and concomitant forms of flexor enthesopathy, a noninvasive method for distinguishing between them is needed. In the current prospective study, computed tomographic (CT) examination was performed before and after IV injection of contrast in 17 dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy, 24 dogs with concomitant flexor enthesopathy, 13 dogs with elbow dysplasia, and seven normal dogs. Dogs were assigned to groups based on results of clinical examination and at least three other imaging modalities. Computed tomographic lesions consistent with flexor enthesopathy were found in all clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and in 29 of the 30 clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy. Those lesions were not found in sound elbows or joints affected by elbow dysplasia. Flexor lesions detected in dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy were not significantly different from those detected in dogs with the concomitant form. Findings indicated that CT can be applied to detect flexor enthesopathy, but a distinction between the primary and concomitant forms was not always possible. Authors recommend the use of multiple diagnostic techniques for treatment planning in affected dogs.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Membro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Artropatias/veterinária , Doenças Reumáticas/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Animais , Meios de Contraste , Cães , Feminino , Membro Anterior/patologia , Artropatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Países Baixos , Estudos Prospectivos , Doenças Reumáticas/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The objective of this study was to screen a dog population from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany for the presence of mutant alleles associated with hip dysplasia (HD), degenerative myelopathy (DM), exercise-induced collapse (EIC), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 4A (NCL), centronuclear myopathy (HMLR), mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII), myotonia congenita (MG), gangliosidosis (GM1) and muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) (GRMD). Blood samples (K3EDTA) were collected for genotyping with Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (n = 476). Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated in those breeds with at least 12 samples (n = 8). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Genetic variation was identified for 4 out of 9 disorders: mutant alleles were found in 49, 15, 3 and 2 breeds for HD, DM, EIC and NCL respectively. Additionally, mutant alleles were identified in crossbreeds for both HD and EIC. For HD, DM, EIC and NCL mutant alleles were newly discovered in 43, 13, 2 and 1 breed(s), respectively. In 9, 2 and 1 breed(s) for DM, EIC and NCL respectively, the mutant allele was detected, but the respective disorder has not been reported in those breeds. For 5 disorders (HMLR, MPS VII, MG, GM1, GRMD), the mutant allele could not be identified in our population. For the other 4 disorders (HD, DM, EIC, NCL), prevalence of associated mutant alleles seems strongly breed dependent. Surprisingly, mutant alleles were found in many breeds where the disorder has not been reported to date.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/genética , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/veterinária , Alelos , Animais , Bélgica , Cruzamento , Cães , Alemanha , Mutação , Países Baixos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the agreement between CT and MRI for enabling detection of intracranial lesions in cats and dogs. DESIGN: Evaluation study. ANIMALS: 51 dogs and 7 cats with suspected intracranial lesions. PROCEDURES: During a 2-year-period, dogs and cats with suspected intracranial pathological changes underwent MRI and CT (single slice) of the head. Radiologists evaluated images produced with both techniques without awareness of subject identity. Agreement between methods was assessed for allowing detection of solitary or multiple lesions, selected lesion characteristics (via the Cohen κ statistic), and lesion dimensions (via Bland-Altman plots). RESULTS: CT and MRI had substantial agreement for allowing detection of lesions and identification of whether the lesions were solitary or multiple. The techniques agreed almost perfectly for allowing identification of a mass effect and contrast medium enhancement, which were considered principal diagnostic imaging signs. A lower degree of agreement was attained for allowing identification of enhancement patterns and aspects of lesion margins. Agreement was substantial to almost perfect for lesion visualization in most anatomic brain regions but poor for identification of lesion dimensions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Degrees of agreement between CT and MRI for allowing the detection and characterization of intracranial lesions ranged from poor to almost perfect, depending on the variable assessed. More investigation is needed into the relative analytic sensitivity and possible complementarities of CT and MRI in the detection of suspected intracranial lesions in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Animais , Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and subchondral bone lesion differences between medial (MTRT-OC) and lateral trochlear ridge tarsocrural osteochondrosis (LTRT-OC). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 66) with MTRT-OC or LTRT-OC. METHODS: Medical records (1997-2010) of dogs with MTRT-OC or LTRT-OC were reviewed. Clinical data (breed, age, gender, weight, and duration of clinical signs) were retrieved. Computed tomographic examinations of the tarsocrural joints were performed. Length, width, and depth of the subchondral bone lesions on the computed tomographic images, and surface and volume of the lesions were estimated. The location of the OC lesion on the trochlear ridge (proximal, dorsal, or distal) was determined. Data collected from dogs with MTRT-OC (n = 56) were compared with data from dogs with LTRT-OC (n = 10). RESULTS: Length, width, depth, surface, and volume of LTRT-OC lesions were significantly (P < .01) larger than those of MTRT-OC lesions. Dogs with LTRT-OC were significantly younger at the time of diagnosis (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: OC lesions on the lateral trochlear ridge are significantly larger than those on the medial trochlear ridge. Dogs with lesions on the lateral trochlear ridge are significantly younger at the time of diagnosis, and tend to have a shorter duration of lameness before presentation.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Osteocondrose/veterinária , Tálus/cirurgia , Animais , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Osteocondrose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteocondrose/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tálus/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Primary flexor enthesopathy is a recently recognized elbow disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of elbow lameness. For treatment planning purposes, it is important to make a distinction between primary and concomitant forms of the disease. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare radiographic findings for dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy (n = 17), concomitant flexor enthesopathy (n = 24), elbow dysplasia (n = 13), and normal dogs (n = 7). All dogs underwent a complete radiographic examination and each radiographic image was evaluated for the presence or absence of following characteristics: irregular medial humeral epicondyle, spur and calcified body. Additionally, the presence or absence of other elbow disorders (medial coronoid process disease, osteochondritis dissecans, ununited anconeal process, incongruity, subtrochlear sclerosis, and osteoarthritis) was recorded. Radiographic characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were found in 86% of painful joints in the primary flexor enthesopathy group and in 100% of painful joints in the concomitant flexor enthesopathy group. Radiographic characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were not found in sound elbow and elbow dysplasia groups. Frequencies and details of individual radiographic characteristics did not differ between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy groups. Findings support the use of radiography as a first screening method for detection of flexor enthesopathy, but not as a technique for distinguishing primary vs. concomitant forms.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães/anatomia & histologia , Membro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Úmero/diagnóstico por imagem , Artropatias/veterinária , Articulações/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Artrografia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Feminino , Membro Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Membro Anterior/patologia , Úmero/anatomia & histologia , Úmero/patologia , Artropatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Artropatias/patologia , Articulações/patologia , Masculino , Países Baixos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the computed tomography (CT) findings in dogs with severe elbow incongruity combined with a fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) and compare these with normal joints and congruent joints affected by FCP. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs with elbow lameness (n = 40) and purpose bred dogs (n = 5; controls). METHODS: The CT features of 32 severely incongruent joints with concomitant FCP were compared with those of 32 congruent elbow joints affected with FCP and 10 normal joints. RESULTS: In severely incongruent elbow joints, a radioulnar step and widened joint spaces were visible on each CT plane. Additional features typically seen in severely incongruent elbows were a cyst at the radioulnar transition and fragmentation of the axial border of the medial coronoid incisure. None of these features appeared in normal or in congruent FCP joints. CONCLUSION: On CT, several features associated with severe elbow incongruity and concomitant FCP were detected, which were not found in normal joints or congruent joints affected by FCP.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães/lesões , Membro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Artropatias/veterinária , Ulna/diagnóstico por imagem , Animais , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Feminino , Membro Anterior/lesões , Membro Anterior/patologia , Artropatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Artropatias/patologia , Coxeadura Animal/etiologia , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterinária , Ulna/patologiaRESUMO
A 5-year-old castrated male Labrador Retriever was presented to a referring veterinarian for a swelling in the neck region. Based on the results of histopathology, a carotid body tumor, was diagnosed. The dog was referred to a medical imaging unit for further staging and follow up. This report describes the magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of a carotid body tumor.
Assuntos
Tumor do Corpo Carotídeo/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/veterinária , Animais , Tumor do Corpo Carotídeo/diagnóstico por imagem , Tumor do Corpo Carotídeo/patologia , Tumor do Corpo Carotídeo/radioterapia , Doenças do Cão/radioterapia , Cães , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterináriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report arthroscopic findings in dogs with severe elbow incongruity combined with fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) and compare these findings in normal joints and congruent joints affected by FCP. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study. ANIMALS: Dogs with elbow lameness (n = 40) and purpose bred dogs (5; controls). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Arthroscopic features of 32 severely incongruent joints with concomitant FCP were compared with 32 congruent elbow joints affected with FCP and 10 normal joints. A radioulnar step of ≥ 3 mm on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans was the selection criterion for a severely incongruent joint. Intraarticular structures were visually assessed at various sites within the joint. Regions of interest were: the radioulnar transition, humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space, trochlear notch, primary and secondary lesions of the medial coronoid process, and radial head. RESULTS: Incongruent joints had a radioulnar step and changes at the cartilage in the center of the trochlear notch, an irregular radioulnar transition, and an abnormal surface of the radial head. Coronoid pathology was present in every pathologic joint. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopy allowed detection of several features that were signs or consequences of severe elbow incongruity or accompanying inflammation. After a prominent radioulnar step, cartilage changes involving the radial head and trochlear notch were most frequently seen.