Safety of intrauterine devices in MRI.

OBJECTIVES: The paucity of safety information on intrauterine devices (IUD) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations is clinically relevant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the MRI safety of clinically used IUDs composed of copper/gold and stainless steel at 1.5T and 3.0T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed and compared the displacement force, torque effects, presence of imaging artifacts and heating of IUDs composed of copper/gold (western IUDs) and stainless steel (China) on 1.5 and 3.0T MRI systems. RESULTS: Gold/Copper IUDs can show small deflection angles of 7° ± 7° in the worst-case field gradient of 40T/m (equivalent to magnetic force of 0.5 mN), while the stainless steel IUD experienced significant magnetic force and deflection (Force > 7.5 N; deflection angle 90° ± 1°). Manual rotation and suspension method show no torque effects on gold/copper IUDs but high torque effects were observed by manual rotation on the stainless steel IUD. Heating measurements showed a temperature increase (rescaled to a wbSAR of 4 W/kg) of 1.4°C at 1.5T / 3.4°C at 3.0 T (stainless steel IUD), 3.2°C at 1.5 T / 3.8°C at 3 T (copper/gold IUD), 3.3°C at 1.5 T / 4.8°C at 3 T (copper 1), 3.8°C at 1.5 T / 4.8°C at 3 T (copper 2). The visible imaging artifacts of the copper and gold IUDs at 3 T MRI reach a diameter of 4 mm ± 1 mm, while the stainless steel IUD resulted in artifacts measuring 200mm ± 10 mm when using gradient echo pulse sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Standard IUDs (copper/gold) can be considered as conditional for MR safety at 1.5 T and 3.0 T, demonstrating at wbSAR up to 4W/kg and a magnetic field gradient of up to 40T/m with minimal imaging artifacts. The stainless steel IUD, however, induces unacceptable artifacts and is potentially harmful to patients during MRI due to high magnetic dislocation forces and torque (MR unsafe).

Reduction in respiratory motion artefacts on gadoxetate-enhanced MRI after training technicians to apply a simple and more patient-adapted breathing command.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a trained group of technicians using a modified breathing command during gadoxetate-enhanced liver MRI reduces respiratory motion artefacts compared to non-trained technicians using a traditional breathing command. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gadoxetate-enhanced liver MR images of 30 patients acquired using the traditional breathing command and the subsequent 30 patients after training the technicians to use a modified breathing command were analyzed. A subgroup of patients (n = 8) underwent scans both by trained and untrained technicians. Images obtained using the traditional and modified breathing command were compared for the presence of breathing artefacts [respiratory artefact-based image quality scores from 1 (best) to 5 (non-diagnostic)]. RESULTS: There was a highly significant improvement in the arterial phase image quality scores in patients using the modified breathing command compared to the traditional one (P < 0.001). The percentage of patients with severe and extensive breathing artefacts in the arterial phase decreased from 33.3 % to 6.7 % after introducing the modified breathing command (P = 0.021). In the subgroup that underwent MRI using both breathing commands, arterial phase image quality improved significantly (P = 0.008) using the modified breathing command. CONCLUSION: Training technicians to use a modified breathing command significantly improved arterial phase image quality of gadoxetate-enhanced liver MRI. KEY POINTS: • A modified breathing command reduced respiratory artefacts on arterial-phase gadoxetate-enhanced MRI (P < 0.001). • The modified command decreased severe and extensive arterial-phase breathing artefacts (P = 0.021). • Training technicians to use a modified breathing command improved arterial-phase images.

Suction/Inspiration against resistance or standardized Mueller maneuver : a new breathing technique to improve contrast density within the pulmonary artery: a pilot CT study.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to prospectively investigate whether the recently introduced suction/inspiration against resistance breathing method leads to higher computed tomography (CT) contrast density in the pulmonary artery compared to standard breathing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was approved by the Medical Ethics committee and all subjects gave written informed consent. Fifteen patients, each without suspicious lung emboli, were randomly assigned to four different groups with different breathing maneuvers (suction against resistance, Valsalva, inspiration, expiration) during routine CT. Contrast enhancement in the central and peripheral sections of the pulmonary artery were measured and compared with one another. RESULTS: Peripheral enhancement during suction yielded increased mean densities of 138.14 Hounsfield units (HU) (p = 0.001), compared to Valsalva and a mean density of 67.97 HU superior to inspiration (p = 0.075). Finally, suction in comparison to expiration resulted in a mean increase of 30.51 HU (p = 0.42). Central parts of pulmonary arteries presented significantly increased enhancement values (95.74 HU) for suction versus the Valsalva technique (p = 0.020), while all other mean densities were in favour of suction (versus inspiration: p = 0.201; versus expiration: p = 0.790) without reaching significance. CONCLUSION: Suction/Inspiration against resistance is a promising technique to improve contrast density within pulmonary vessels, especially in the peripheral parts, in comparison to other breathing maneuvers. KEY POINTS: • Suction/Inspiration against resistance is promising to improve contrast density within the pulmonary artery. • Patients potentially suffering pulmonary embolism are able to follow suction/inspiration against resistance. • Contrast density after suction is superior in comparison to other breathing maneuvers.

Small-bowel dislocation during long-term MRI observation - insights in intestinal physiology.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen is a widely established imaging modality in the diagnostic workup of patients suffering from abdominal disorders. Small-bowel motility analyses using MRI have recently been introduced to provide functional information about the intestine not provided by morphological analyses. This is of clinical importance as motility disorders correlate with inflammation. Yet motility analyses mainly rely on a series of acquisitions in coronal orientation. Temporal displacement of small-bowel loops out of the coronal slice could falsify qualitative and quantitative motility analyses. Thus, our study quantified three-dimensional (3D) dislocation of small-bowel loops during abdominal MRI examinations with the patient lying in prone position to investigate its influence on motility analyses. Our study revealed segmental small-bowel displacement during MRI examinations in prone position to predominantly occur in craniocaudal orientation and in a smaller extent in lateral and ventrodorsal orientation. However, the displacement amplitudes are rather small and might not significantly influence small-bowel motility analyses in 2D coronal plane in general.

Suction against resistance: a new breathing technique to significantly improve the blood flow ratio of the superior and inferior vena cava.

OBJECTIVES: Optimal contrast within the pulmonary artery is achieved by the maximum amount of contrast-enhanced blood flowing through the superior vena cava (SVC), while minimum amounts of non-contrasted blood should originate from the inferior vena cava (IVC). This study aims to clarify whether "suction against resistance" might optimise this ratio. METHODS: Phase-contrast pulse sequences on a 1.5T MRI magnet were used for flow quantification (mean flow (mL/s), stroke volume (Vol) in the SVC and IVC in volunteers. Different breathing manoeuvers were analysed repeatedly: free breathing; inspiration; expiration; suction against resistance, and Valsalva. To standardise breathing commands, volunteers performed suction and Valsalva manoeuvers with an MR-compatible manometer. RESULTS: Suction against resistance was associated with a significant drop of the IVC/SVC flow quotient (1.63 [range 1.3-2.0] p < 0.05 at -10 mmHg and 1.48 [1.1-1.9] p < 0.01 at -20 mmHg) corresponding to increased blood flow from SVC and diminished flow originating from the IVC. The remaining breathing commands (free breathing 2.2; inspiration 2.4; expiration 2.4; Valsalva 10 mmHg 2.3; Valsalva 20 mmHg 2.6; and Valsalva 30 mmHg 2.2) showed no differences (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Suction against resistance caused a significant drop in the IVC/SVC quotient. Theoretically, this breathing manoeuver might significantly improve the enhancement characteristics of CT angiography. KEY POINTS: Suction provokes reduction in blood flow in the inferior vena cava. Ratio between the inferior and superior vena cava blood flow diminished during suction. Manometer used during breathing standardises MR phase-contrast blood flow measurements.

Evaluation of the anti-peristaltic effect of glucagon and hyoscine on the small bowel: comparison of intravenous and intramuscular drug administration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively duration and effectiveness of aperistalsis achieved by glucagon(GLU) or hyoscine N-butylbromide(HBB) following various administration routes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six volunteers underwent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) after standardized oral preparation in random order five separate MR examinations with both spasmolytic agents (HBB intravenous(i.v.) or intramuscular(i.m.), GLU i.v. or i.m., and a combined scheme). The MR protocol included a sagittal 2D cross-section of the small bowel with a temporal resolution of 0.55 s acquired over 60 to 90 min. To quantify bowel motility, small bowel cross-sectional areas were summated over time. RESULTS: The anti-peristaltic i.v. effects of HBB and glucagon started on average after 85 s/65 s and ended after 21 min/23.3 min, respectively. By comparison, the anti-peristaltic effects of i.m. HBB and glucagon started significantly later 5.1/11.6 min (P = 0.001; Wilcoxon signed ranks test) and lasted for 17.7/28.2 min with greater inter-individual differences (P = 0.012; Brown-Forsythe test). The combined scheme resulted in a rapid onset after 65 s with effect duration of 31 min. CONCLUSION: Anti-peristaltic effects on the small bowel are drug dependant, i.e., their onset is faster and more reliable when administering i.v. than i.m.. Combining i.v. GLU with i.m. HBB provides an early onset of effect, sustained spasmolysis and the highest degree of motility impairment. KEY POINTS: • Anti-persitaltic agents are widely used before various diagnostic procedures of the abdomen. • The combination of iv-glucagon with im-hyoscine provides reliable spasmolysis with early onset. • Intravenous spasmolysis is more reliable compared to intramuscular administration. • Intravenous glucagon has a prolonged spasmolytic effect compared to intravenous hyoscine.

ECG-triggered non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography (TRANCE) versus digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the diagnostic value of electrocardiography-triggered non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (TRANCE) of the lower extremities including the feet versus DSA. METHODS: All 43 patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) underwent TRANCE before DSA. Quality of MRA vessel depiction was rated by two independent radiologists on a 3-point scale. Arterial segments were graded for stenoses using a 4-point scale (grade 1: no stenosis; grade 2: moderate stenosis; grade 3: severe stenosis; grade 4: occlusion). Findings were compared with those of DSA. RESULTS: In the 731 vessel segments analysed, intra-arterial DSA revealed 283 stenoses: 33.6% moderate, 16.6% severe and 49.8% occlusions. TRANCE yielded a mean sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy to detect severe stenoses or occlusions of 95.6%, 97.4%, 87.2%, 99.2%, 97.1% for the thigh segments and 95.2%, 87.5%, 83.2%, 96.6%, 90.5% for the calf segments. Excellent overall image quality was observed for TRANCE in 91.4% versus 95.7% (DSA) for the thigh and in 60.7% versus 91.0% for the calves, while diagnostic quality of the pedal arteries was rated as insufficient. CONCLUSION: TRANCE achieves high diagnostic accuracy in the thigh and calf regions, whereas the pedal arteries showed limited quality.

Feasibility of small bowel flow rate measurement with MRI.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether it is feasible to measure the segmental flux of small bowel content using MR phase-contrast (PC) pulse sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a phantom the accuracy of flux measurements was validated. Afterwards, 10 volunteers were included in a prospective clinical trial. To provide standardized small bowel distension, all volunteers ingested four equal portions of 400 mL of water doped with 5 mL gadoterate and 5.8 g Metamucil mite. The MR protocol covering the sagittal cross-sections of the small bowel included several two-dimensional (2D) PC sequences with a velocity encoding of 7 cm/second at a temporal resolution of 0.55 second. As proof of concept time-dependent flux was measured after intravenous (i.v.) administration of a spasmolytic agent in one volunteer. RESULTS: Phantom measurements resulted in an excellent correlation between pump and PC measured flow rates (R = 0.999). Time-resolved small bowel flux was successfully measured in distended small bowel loops of all volunteers. A mean flow rate of 0.188 mL/second (standard deviation +/- 0.144 mL/second) was documented. The flux plots presented a sinus wave-like shape with regular aboral and oral flow. A spasmolytic effect both on flux and motility could be shown with residual flux despite complete arrest of small bowel motility. CONCLUSION: PC MRI allows time-resolved in vivo measurement of small bowel flux in single well-distended bowel loops filled with gadolinium-doped aqueous solution.

Comparison of diffusion-weighted whole body MRI and skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate or breast carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted whole body imaging with background whole body signal suppression (DWIBS) with skeletal scintigraphy for the diagnosis and differentiation of skeletal lesions in patients suffering from prostate or breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A diagnostic cohort of 36 patients was included in skeletal scintigraphy and 1.5 T DWIBS MRI. Based on morphology and signal intensity patterns, two readers each identified and classified independently, under blinded conditions, all lesions into three groups: (1) malignant, (2) unclear if malignant or benign and (3) benign. Finally, for the definition of the gold standard all available imaging techniques and follow-up over a minimum of 6 months were considered. RESULTS: Overall, 45 circumscribed bone metastases and 107 benign lesions were found. DWIBS performed significantly better in detecting malignant skeletal lesions in patients with more than 10 lesions (sensitivity: 0.97/0.91) compared to skeletal scintigraphy (sensitivity: 0.48/0.42). No statistical difference could be found between DWIBS (0.58/0.33) and skeletal scintigraphy (0.67/0.58) in the sensitivity values for malignant skeletal lesions in patients with less than 5 lesions. For benign lesions, scintigraphy scored best with a sensitivity of 0.93/0.87 compared to 0.20/0.13 for DWIBS. Interobserver agreement with Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated as 0.784 in the case of scintigraphy and 0.663 for DWIBS. CONCLUSION: With respect to staging, in prostate and breast carcinoma, the DWIBS technique is not superior to skeletal scintigraphy, but ranks equally. However, in the cases with many bone lesions, markedly more metastases could be discovered using the DWIBS technique than skeletal scintigraphy.

Aperistaltic effect of hyoscine N-butylbromide versus glucagon on the small bowel assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.

The aim of this prospective study was to compare the intraindividual aperistaltic effect of 40 mg hyoscine N-butylbromide (HBB/Buscopan) with that of 1 mg glucagon on small bowel motility by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten healthy volunteers underwent two separate 1.5-T MRI studies (HBB/glucagon) after a standardized oral preparation with an aqueous solution of Gd-DOTA and ispaghula (Metamucil). A 2D T1-w GRE sequence was acquired (TR 2.7 ms/TE 1.3 ms, temporal resolution 0.25 s) before and after intravenous (i.v.) drug administration and motility was followed over 1 h. On the resulting images the cross-sectional luminal diameters were assessed and plotted over time. Baseline motility frequency, onset of aperistalsis, duration of arrest, reappearance of motility and return to normal motility were analysed. Significant differences regarding reliability and duration of aperistalsis were observed. In the HBB group aperistalsis lasted a mean of 6.8 +/- 5.3 min compared with 18.3 +/- 7 min after glucagon (p < 0.0001). In 50% of cases HBB did not accomplish aperistalsis, whereas glucagon always succeeded (p = 0.05). There were no significant differences in terms of baseline and end frequencies for the onset of aperistalsis (22.2 +/- 37.5 s HBB/13.4 +/- 9.2 s glucagon, p = 0.1), nor for the return to normal motility. Arrest of small bowel motion is achieved more reliably and lasts significantly longer after i.v. administration of 1 mg glucagon compared with 40 mg HBB.

Small bowel MR imaging: 1.5T versus 3T.

This article provides practical information regarding patient preparation schemes for small bowel MR imaging, and offers dedicated pulse sequence protocols for 1.5-T and 3-T MR imaging scanners, with specific emphasis on the advantages and remaining limitations of the higher field strength.

Time-resolved, high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography of dialysis shunts using the CENTRA keyhole technique with parallel imaging.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of a dynamic keyhole magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) sequence combined with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for hemodialysis shunts, because surveillance with conventional contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) is limited by its low temporal resolution, resulting in arteriovenous overlay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 patients with Brescia-Cimino shunts were investigated prospectively using the new technique. During the contrast passage (gadoterate, Gd-DOTA) a series of five to nine dynamic central k-space measurements (10% for upper-arm shunt, 25% for lower-arm shunt) followed by a full reference data set were acquired. The outer k-space data of the single reference scan were used to complete the dynamic data sets. RESULTS: All studies were diagnostic (17 stenoses, three aneurysms) without complications. The acquisition times for a single dynamic scan of the upper- and lower-arm shunts were 2.2 and 3.2 seconds, respectively, while the reference scan needed 13 and 22.4 seconds, respectively. The dynamic angiograms allowed the differentiation of arterial and venous filling despite a mean peak delay time of only 4.2 seconds in the shoulder region. Image quality qualified in consensus by two experienced readers was rated "good" in 19 cases and "intermediate" in five cases with high mean values for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNRs). CONCLUSION: We have successfully implemented a fast, dynamic, CE-MRA technique with CE timing robust angiography (CENTRA) keyhole and SENSE in clinical routine. High spatial and temporal resolution improve the diagnostics of dialysis shunts and allow the assessment of detailed, dynamic, four-dimensional (4D) information.

Small bowel motility assessment with magnetic resonance imaging.

PURPOSE: To assess primarily the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool to monitor small bowel peristaltic motion and secondarily to validate this technique by demonstrating drug-induced motility changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After a standardized oral preparation of Ispaghula husk (Metamucil) and meglumine gadoterate (Gd-DOTA; Dotarem), 10 volunteers underwent dynamic MRI using a two-dimensional turbofast field echo (TFE) sequence with a slice repetition time of 500 msec. Intraluminal cross-sectional caliber changes over time were assessed allowing quantification of the peristaltic frequencies and amplitudes of the small gut on various regions of interest. Pharmacologically induced alterations of the peristaltic motion after spasmolytics and gastrokinetic motion enhancers were investigated. RESULTS: Small bowel diameter measurement resulted in a peristalsis of 10.96 (SD = +/-2.51) waves per minute, oscillating regularly with mean amplitudes of 6.65 mm (SD = +/-1.15 mm). Peristaltic frequency in normal individuals is consistent with that observed with other techniques. Intravenous administration of scopolamine butylbromide (= hyoscine butylbromide/Buscopan) resulted in small bowel paralysis within 21.3 seconds (SD = +/-2.8 seconds). Prokinetic effect of intravenous metoclopramide (Paspertin) after Buscopan paralysis was tested in one volunteer, characterized by a slow recovery of peristalsis, which propagated from the proximal to the distal segments and enhanced contraction amplitudes. CONCLUSION: Dynamic MRI allows observing and quantifying small bowel peristalsis, characterizing motion patterns, and monitoring the effects of interfering factors such as drugs.

High-resolution magnetic resonance angiography of hands with timed arterial compression (tac-MRA).

Timed arterial compression (tac) of blood flow can be achieved by inflation of a blood-pressure cuff. We postulated that this technique might improve contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the arteries of the hands. We studied eight volunteers and six patients with occlusive arterial disease of the hands with standard MRA and tac-MRA. Compared with standard MRA, acquisition time was extended with the blood-pressure cuff by a factor of four, leading to quadrupled image resolution (512x1024). Furthermore, flow-related artifacts were not seen. Tac-MRA permits visualisation of the peripheral arterial system in finer detail than that achieved with standard MRA.