Conhecimento de alunos do ensino médio sobre a história do esporte / Physical education in high school: on the history of sports / Conocimiento de los alumnos de la secundaria sobre la historia del deporte / L'éducation physique au lycée: sur l'histoire du sport

Resumo: Este artigo busca analisar o conhecimento de alunos do ensino médio sobre a história do esporte. Elaborou-se um questionário sobre a temática, respondido por 148 discentes de escolas públicas do noroeste do Paraná, cujos dados foram analisados à luz da teoria crítica da sociedade. Os alunos participantes indicaram rupturas entre as diferentes manifestações corporais, de períodos históricos distintos, acerca das regras, técnicas corporais, níveis de violência física e sentidos e significados dessas práticas, com predomínio da associação do esporte à Antiguidade, sem o reconhecimento deste como um fenômeno contemporâneo. Esse entendimento, influenciado pela indústria cultural, dificulta a reflexão sobre as manifestações corporais violentas como reprodução da própria dominação social.

Abstract: This article analyzes the knowledge high school students have regarding the history of sports. A questionnaire elaborated on the topic was answered by 148 students from public schools in northwestern Paraná, Brazil. Data was analyzed according to the Critical Theory of Society. The participants indicated a mismatch between the different bodily expressions, in distinct historical periods, regarding rules, bodily techniques, levels of physical violence and the meaning and significance of such practices, mainly associating sports with Antiquity, without acknowledging it as a present-day phenomenon. This understanding, influenced by the culture industry, hinders reflecting upon violent bodily expressions as reproduction of social control.

Résumé : Cet article analyse les connaissances des lycéens sur l'histoire du sport. Un questionnaire élaboré sur le sujet a été rempli par148 élèves d'écoles publiques du nord-ouest de Paraná, au Brésil. Les données ont été analysées selon la théorie critique de la société. Les participants ont indiqué des ruptures entre les différentes expressions corporelles, dans des périodes historique distinctes, concernant les règles, les techniques corporelles, le niveau de violence physique et les sens et les significations de ces pratiques, associant notamment le sport à l'Antiquité, sans le reconnaître comme un phénomène actuel. Cette compréhension, influencée par l'industrie culturelle, empêche de réfléchir aux expressions corporelles violentes en tant que reproduction du contrôle social.

Resumen: Este artículo se propone analizar el conocimiento de los alumnos de la secundaria sobre la historia del deporte. Se creó un cuestionario sobre el tema, el cual se aplicó a 148 alumnos de escuelas públicas de la región noroeste de Paraná (Brasil), y los datos se analizaron a la luz de la teoría crítica de la sociedad. Los alumnos destacan rupturas entre las diferentes manifestaciones corporales, de períodos históricos diferentes, sobre las reglas, las técnicas corporales, el nivel de violencia física y sentidos, y los significados de esas prácticas, con predominancia de la asociación del deporte a épocas remotas de la humanidad, sin reconocerlo como un fenómeno contemporáneo. Este entendimiento, influenciado por la industria cultural, dificulta la reflexión sobre las manifestaciones corporales violentas como reproducción de la propia dominación social.

Tipos de desenvolvimento profissional colaborativo contínuo em educação física: um diálogo / Les types de développement professionnel continu collaboratif en éducation physique: un dialogue / Types of collaborative continuous professional development in physical education: a dialogue

Este artigo apresenta um diálogo entre pesquisadores de três projetos de Desenvolvimento Profissional Continuado e Colaborativo (DPCC) de professores, cada um apoiado por um referencial teórico e desenhos de pesquisa diferentes. Os resultados destacam algumas complexidades do DPCC em diferentes níveis, desde o de pequena ao de larga escala, agenciando planejamento e implementação cuidadosos. Promover a proximidade, organizar horários e combinar diferentes modos de suporte são desafios que requerem respostas contextualizadas. Discutir nossos contextos únicos e escolhas em relação às abordagens do DPCC utilizadas nos permitiu realizar uma investigação apreciativa, buscando reconhecer e desenvolver os pontos fortes de cada projeto e considerar possibilidades para futuras propostas. É necessário que facilitadores e pesquisadores, ao escolherem uma abordagem de DPCC, considerem não apenas a eficiência, mas também o alinhamento com suas próprias crenças pessoais e teorias de aprendizagem, bem como com as crenças, interesses e necessidades dos professores em seus contextos locais.(AU)

Cet article présente un dialogue entre les chercheurs de trois Projets de Développement Professionnel Continu Collaboratif (DPCC) utilisant des cadres théoriques différents. Les résultats mettent en évidence la complexité du DPCC, que ce soit de petite à grande échelle, et soulignent l'importance d'une planification et d'une implémentation réfléchies. Favoriser la proximité, gérer les emplois du temps et combiner différents modes d'accompagnement sont des défis qui nécessitent des réponses contextualisées. Discuter des contextes uniques et des choix effectués concernant les approches de DPCC préconisées nous a permis de nous engager dans une enquête d'appréciation. Nous cherchions ainsi à reconnaître les forces de chaque projet et à envisager des possibilités pour l'avenir. Il est nécessaire que les facilitateurs et les chercheurs, lorsqu'ils choisissent une approche de DPCC, tiennent compte non seulement de l'efficacité, mais aussi de leurs propres croyances et théories de l'apprentissage, ainsi que des préférences et des besoins des enseignants.(AU)

This paper presents a dialogue between researchers from three collaborative continuous teacher professional development (CCPD) projects, each of which involved a different theoretical framework and research design. Discussing our unique contexts and the CCPD approaches we used enabled us to engage in an appreciative inquiry, in which we sought to acknowledge and build upon the strengths of each project and consider possibilities for the future. Findings highlight complexities of CCPD at different levels from the small-scale to the large, requiring thoughtful planning and implementation. Promoting intimacy, organizing schedules and timetables, and combining different modes of support are challenges that require contextualized responses. There is a need for CCPD facilitators and researchers to consider not only characteristics of effectiveness when choosing a CCPD approach, but also alignment with their own personal beliefs and theories of learning, as well as the beliefs, interests, and needs of teachers in their local contexts.(AU)

Psychometric properties and construct validity of PLAYself: a self-reported measure of physical literacy for children and youth.

PLAYself is a tool designed for self-description of physical literacy in children and youth. We examined the tool using both the Rasch model and Classical Test Theory to explore its psychometric properties. A random selection of 300 children aged 8-14 years (47.3% female) from a dataset of 8513 Canadian children were involved in the Rasch analysis. The 3 subscales of the measure demonstrated good fit to the Rasch model, satisfying requirements of unidimensionality, having good fit statistics (item and person fit residuals = -0.17-1.47) and internal reliability (Person Separation Index = 0.70-0.82), and a lack of item bias and problematic local dependency. In a separate comparable sample, 297 children also aged 8-14 years (53.9% female) completed the PLAYfun, Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ), Physical Activities Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), a physical activity inventory (PLAYinventory), and repeated the PLAYself 7 days later. The tests with this sample confirmed test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.81-0.84), and convergent and construct validity consistent with contemporary physical literacy definitions. Overall, the PLAYself demonstrated robust psychometric properties, and is recommended for researchers and practitioners who are interested in assessing self-reported physical literacy. Novelty: The PLAYself is a self-reported measure of physical literacy This study validates the measure using the Rasch model and classical test theory The PLAYself was found to have strong psychometric properties.

The utility of physical education according to students from germany and chile / Lutilité de léducation physique, selon des étudiants allemands et chiliens / A utilidade da educação física segundo estudantes da alemanha e do chile / La utilidad de educación física según escolares de alemania y chile

Resumo O presente estudo tem o objetivo de determinar a forma como estudantes de diferentes culturas percebem a utilidade das aulas de Educação Física. Foram entrevistados 2.748 estudantes (1.373 da região da Araucanía, Chile; e 1.375 do Estado de Sarre, Alemanha). Tanto os alunos chilenos como os alemães reconhecem mais uma utilidade "esportivo-recreativa" que uma "socioeducativa", e os chilenos apresentam valores mais altos que seus pares alemães; por outro lado, ambos os grupos manifestam seu desacordo com a opinião de que a Educação Física não lhes serve para nada. Os estudantes consideram que suas aulas de Educação Física foram úteis, o que surge como uma oportunidade para reforçar a geração de experiências positivas nas aulas e consolidar as aprendizagens.

Abstract The aim of this study is to show how the students of different cultures perceive their physical education classes. 2748 students (1373 from the Araucania Region in Chile and 1375 from Saarland in Germany) have been surveyed. The students of both countries agree that the "sportive-recreational" aspect is more important than the "social-educational" one, while the Chilean students present higher values than the German students do. In addition, the students of both countries disagree to the statement that physical education is useless for them. The Chilean and German students think that their physical education class is useful. This knowledge can be used as an opportunity to reinforce the generation of positive experiences in class and to consolidate the learning processes.

Résumé L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la façon dont des étudiants issus de cultures différentes perçoivent l'utilité des classes d'Éducation Physique. 2748 élèves (1373 de la région d'Araucania, au Chili; et 1375 de l'État de Sarre, en Allemagne) ont été interrogés. Les étudiants chiliens et allemands reconnaissent une utilité plus "sportive-récréative" que "socio-éducative", les valeurs présentées par les Chiliens sont cependant plus élevées que chez les allemands. En outre, les deux groupes expriment leur désaccord quant à l'opinion que l'éducation physique ne leur apporte rien. Dans l'ensemble, les élèves considèrent que les cours d'Éducation Physique ont été utiles, ce qui représente une opportunité pour renforcer les expériences positives en classe et pour consolider les apprentissages.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como propósito determinar cómo escolares de diferentes culturas perciben la utilidad de las clases de Educación Física. Fueron encuestados 2748 escolares (1373 de la Región de La Araucanía, Chile; y 1375 del Estado de Sarre, Alemania). Tanto los escolares chilenos como los alemanes reconocen una utilidad "deportivo-recreativa" por sobre una utilidad "socioeducativa", siendo los chilenos quienes presentan valores más altos que sus pares alemanes; además, ambos grupos manifiestan su desacuerdo en que la Educación Física no les ha servido para nada. Los escolares consideran que sus clases de Educación Física les han sido útiles, lo que se presenta como una oportunidad para reforzar la generación de experiencias positivas en las clases y consolidar los aprendizajes.

Physical literacy improves with the Run Jump Throw Wheel program among students in grades 4-6 in southwestern Ontario.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the introduction of a fundamental movement skills (FMS) program to grade 4-6 physical education (PE) classes could improve students' physical literacy (PL) and influence the amount of effort exerted in PE class. Athletics Canada's grassroots Run Jump Throw Wheel (RJTW) Program was delivered for 10 weeks during PE classes (2 schools: four grade 4, four grade 5, two grade 6, one split grade 5-6 class, and one split grade 6-7 class, totalling 310 students). Participants completed the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL) and wore heart rate monitors and pre- and postintervention. The CAPL score increased 3.3 (±8.8) points from the pretest to the post-test (t = 6.47, p < 0.001). Improvements were not significantly different by grade or gender, but those in the suburban-area school improved more so than those attending the rural-area school (F[1,294] = 4.82, p < 0.004). Among those participants that increased their PL (n = 186), the CAPL scores increased by 8.6 (±5.9) points versus those that decreased (n = 110; -5.6 ± 4.8 points), F[1,294] = 452.11, p < 0.001. No significant differences in time spent in physical activity were observed between the pre- and post-test (i.e., 17.0 ± 7.0 min and 19.3 ± 7.0 min, respectively, t = 1.70, p = 0.091). The RJTW program increased participants' overall FMS, as well as their knowledge and understanding regarding these FMS, both key components of PL.

The Role of Physical Exercise in Obesity and Diabetes.

SUMMARY: The prevalence of obesity is increasing world-wide. Obesity is associated with a plethora of metabolic and clinical constraints, which result in a higher risk for the development of cardiovascular complications and metabolic disease, particularly insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is an acknowledged determinant of glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes and accounts for the majority of premature death due to cardiovascular events. Physical exercise is generally recommended in patients with diabetes in order to prevent the development of or reduce existing obesity, as adopted by every international treatment guideline so far. Regular physical exercise has a beneficial impact on body composition, cardiovascular integrity, insulin sensitivity and quality of life. However, only a minority of patients participates in regular physical exercise, due to individual or disease-related barriers. In type 2 diabetes, there is robust evidence for beneficial effects of physical exercise on glycemic control, cardiovascular health and the development of diabetes-related long-term complications. In type 1 diabetes and patients treated with insulin, a higher risk for exercise-related hypoglycemia has to be considered, which requires certain prerequisites and adequate adaptions of insulin dosing. Current treatment guidelines do only incompletely address the development of exercise-related hypoglycemia. However, every patient with diabetes should participate in regular physical exercise in order to support and enable sufficient treatment and optimal glycemic control.

Correlates of sedentary behaviour in 8- to 10-year-old children at elevated risk for obesity.

The purpose of this study was to describe correlates of sedentary behaviour (SED) in children at elevated risk of obesity because of parental obesity. Participants were 534 children aged 8-10 years with ≥ 1 obese parent. SED and physical activity (PA) were measured by accelerometer, screen time by self-report, and height, weight, waist circumference, and cardiovascular fitness objectively measured. Data describing the child, parents, friends, and home and neighbourhood environments were from child self-report. Higher total SED time was significantly positively associated with child's age, mother's age, Tanner stage, weight status or waist circumference, less self-reported PA, choosing screen time over PA/sport, mother saying PA/sport good for them, and fewer weekly physical education (PE) classes. Exceeding 2 h/day screen time was significantly associated with child's age, male sex, weight status or waist circumference, choosing screen time over PA/sport, and dinnertime TV viewing. Children regularly watching TV with dinner had 2.3 times greater odds (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52, 3.58) of exceeding screen time guidelines compared with children rarely watching TV with dinner; children reporting ≤ 2 PE classes/week had 2.4 times greater odds (95% CI 1.41, 4.10) of being in the highest SED tertile compared with children reporting >2 PE classes/week. Hence, the most sedentary children are older, more biologically mature, less active, more overweight/obese, have fewer PE classes, and are more likely to choose screen time over PA and watch TV with dinner compared with less sedentary children. PE opportunities and mealtime TV viewing are potentially modifiable targets for reducing total SED and screen time in children.

A educação física no âmbito do tratamento em saúde mental: um esforço coletivo e integrado / Physical education in mental health treatment: a collective and integrated project / L'éducation physique et le traitement en santé mentale: un effort collectif et integré / La educación física en el tratamiento de la salud mental: un esfuerzo colectivo e integrado

Este artigo analisa a Educação Física no processo de tratamento de doenças mentais, identificando as contribuições dessa prática profissional às terapias em saúde mental. Discute-se nesse estudo o papel da Educação Física enquanto atividade terapêutica auxiliar na diminuição da sintomatologia dessas doenças em função da aplicação de atividades físicas identificada em diversos estudos. Concluiu-se que a integração da Educação Física como ciência auxiliar à Psiquiatria tem se constituído um esforço interdisciplinar nos tratamentos de pacientes em sofrimento mental.

This article analyzes the use of physical education in treating mental illness by describing the contributions of this area to mental health therapies. Based on several studies, the authors discuss the benefits of physical education as a therapeutic aid in reducing the symptoms of psychic disorders. The conclusion is that physical education and science can be useful to psychiatry as part of interdisciplinary efforts in the treatment of patients with mental distress.

Cet article analyse le processus de l'éducation physique dans le traitement des maladies mentales en identifiant les apports de cette pratique professionnelle aux thérapies de la santé mentale. Nous discutons le rôle de l'éducation physique comme activité thérapeutique auxiliaire qui permet de réduire les symptômes de ces maladies à travers l'application d'activités physiques, identifié dans plusieurs études. Nous concluons que l'intégration de l'Éducation Physique comme support à la Psychiatrie représente un effort interdisciplinaire dans le traitement des patients souffrant de troubles mentaux.

En este artículo se analiza el proceso de la educación física en el tratamiento de las enfermedades mentales, identificando los aportes de esta práctica profesional en las terapias de salud mental. Se examina en este estudio el papel de la actividad de educación física como ayuda terapéutica en la reducción de los síntomas de estas enfermedades debido a la aplicación de las actividades físicas identificadas en varios estudios. Se concluyó que la integración de la educación física como ciencia auxiliar a la psiquiatría ha constituido un esfuerzo interdisciplinario en el tratamiento de pacientes con dificultades mentales.